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Health impairments arising from drinking water polluted with domestic sewage and excreta in China. 中国生活污水和排泄物污染的饮用水对健康的损害。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
B Ling
{"title":"Health impairments arising from drinking water polluted with domestic sewage and excreta in China.","authors":"B Ling","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Raw water of poor quality still causes many drinking-water associated health problems all over China, largely because of poor sanitation, inadequate disposal of sewage and excreta. Eutrophication due to excess of total nitrogen and phosphorous in some sources for drinking-water has led to massive proliferation of cyanobacteria. The dominant species of cyanophyta can produce microcystins, a potent liver cancer promotor. As in previous studies, high incidence of liver cancer coincided with high microcystin concentration in the source water, especially in pond water. A frequent consequence of heavy pollution of source water is further the high incidence of infectious intestinal diseases, which are more than 10-100 times as frequent in China than in developed countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"43-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Challenges for health and water resources in the Birim districts of eastern Ghana. 加纳东部Birim地区卫生和水资源方面的挑战。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
N O Laryea
{"title":"Challenges for health and water resources in the Birim districts of eastern Ghana.","authors":"N O Laryea","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the late 1970s and early '1980s, the Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation (GWSC) with assistance from the government of Germany (KfW through IGIP) drilled 144 wells in the Birim North and South Districts of the Eastern Region of Ghana. This was part of an overall provision of water to rural communities which later came to be known as the 3000 Wells Project. The wells were supply-driven and were centrally-maintained, without community involvement in planning and operation. Earlier in 1970, an agricultural development project was also promoted in the two otherwise deprived districts with the aim of increasing output of produce and thereby improving incomes of rural farmers with emphasis on cocoa, rice and oilpalm. In 1992, under a United Nations' Development Programme Rural Water and Sanitation Project with the GWSC, another 141 wells were drilled and assistance provided to households to build 750 Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) latrines coupled with hygiene education under a demand-driven community management approach. (About 60% of the budget was allocated to water, another 30% to sanitation while some 10% was meant for hygiene education interventions). All the wells were fitted with modified Indian Mk II pumps. These measures together were meant to improve the health of rural communities and make them contribute more positively to national development. The paper looks at some of the possible factors of the two water projects and the agricultural development project that could impact negatively on the water resources and health of people in these two districts.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"53-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21686994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nitrate pollution study in the aquifer of Dakar (Senegal). 达喀尔(塞内加尔)含水层硝酸盐污染研究。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
A A Tandia, E S Diop, C B Gaye, Y Travi
{"title":"Nitrate pollution study in the aquifer of Dakar (Senegal).","authors":"A A Tandia,&nbsp;E S Diop,&nbsp;C B Gaye,&nbsp;Y Travi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dakar is a peninsula inhabited by a population of about 2 million people in 1996. In some dug wells and piezometers, the nitrate content (NO3.) in the groundwater is above the World Health Organization (WHO) limit of 50 mg/l. In the unconfined part of the aquifer of the peninsula, all the samples from wells are contaminated by high nitrate contents which increased over time from 100 mg/l in 1987 to more than 250 mg/l in 1996. Only a limited area is affected by nitrate pollution in the confined layer. The results indicate anthropogenic pollution, a fact which indicates the increasing risk of pollution of drinking-water resources. Studies in the unsaturated zone and familiarity with the sanitation practices in the area indicate that the horizontal and vertical flux are linked mainly to defective septic tanks and direct organic waste elimination into the soil by more than 40% of the inhabitants. The correlation between tritium values (3H) and nitrate shows that the source of nitrate is recent. The relation of oxygen 18 (18O) to deuterium (2H) in water with high nitrate levels indicates that the concentrations of nitrate have been identified in evaporated points.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"191-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21687339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Wastewater reuse with groundwater safeguard. 废水回用与地下水保障。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
N Ouazzani, S Lyakhloufi, S Errouane, A Boussaid
{"title":"Wastewater reuse with groundwater safeguard.","authors":"N Ouazzani,&nbsp;S Lyakhloufi,&nbsp;S Errouane,&nbsp;A Boussaid","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In Morocco, reuse of raw wastewater for irrigation is practised around the big cities without taking into account the sanitary and environmental concerns. All national institutions involved in wastewater problems are convinced of the need for wastewater treatment with extensive systems before it can be applied for agricultural reuse. Our experimental work on wastewater treatment using lagooning, macrophytic plants, reed beds, infiltration percolation or over-land flow showed that of all these extensive systems lead to an effluent classified into category B according to WHO guidelines. However, the amount of nitrogen largely exceeded the crops' requirements and could cause serious problems for groundwater. Using the DRASTIC method, a vulnerability map was established for groundwater in the plain surrounding the city of Marrakech. The estimates of nitrogen amounts from wastewater that can reach groundwater after crop uptakes showed that only the low vulnerability zone could be safely irrigated with the treated wastewater. The second zone of moderate vulnerability covering 50% of the area in the plain could receive the treated wastewater, but a careful program of irrigation is required to avoid nitrate contamination of groundwater. The third zone at a high vulnerability level should be protected, without any further irrigation using wastewater, even after extensive treatment. This new approach integrating the results of the preliminary vulnerability study of groundwater zones could constitute a helpful tool to improve management of regional projects of wastewater reclamation and reuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"213-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21687342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ground water in Nigerian urban centres: problems and options. 尼日利亚城市中心的地下水:问题和选择。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
M K Sridhar
{"title":"Ground water in Nigerian urban centres: problems and options.","authors":"M K Sridhar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Results of a groundwater study in Nigeria in some of the major cities in the southern part, Lagos, Ibadan; in the eastern part, Warri, Benin, and Aba, and in northern part, Kano and Jos indicates that the quality of waters fell far below the WHO recommended levels for some of the quality parameters. The levels of nitrate, lead and coliform index were particularly far above the WHO limits, and some of the waters have higher levels of iron with low pH values. The quality is poor in high density or low-income areas. In addition Lagos waters also showed intrusion of salinity in the localities closer to the coast. Poor ground water quality was attributed to intrusion of sullage or gray water, indiscriminate defecation, and dumping of household refuse, industrial and hazardous wastes around the premises. Lead from locally produced gasoline and heavy road traffic in the urban centres, seepage of various leachates, inadequate governmental policies and poor implementation strategies, and indifferent attitudes of communities to the environment are some of the other identified reasons.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"393-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21687649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Status of domestic wastewater management in relation to drinking-water supply in two states of India. 印度两个邦与饮用水供应有关的家庭废水管理状况。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
R A Pandey, S N Kaul
{"title":"Status of domestic wastewater management in relation to drinking-water supply in two states of India.","authors":"R A Pandey,&nbsp;S N Kaul","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In India, supply of drinking water, treatment and disposal of domestic wastewater including faecal matter are managed by local bodies. The existing status of water supply, characteristics of domestic wastewater, modes of collection, treatment and disposal system for sewage and faecal matter in 82 municipalities and 4 municipal corporations were assessed in the States of Bihar and West Bengal in India. Domestic wastewater in the municipal areas is collected and discharged through open kachha (earthen), pucca (cement-concrete) and natural drains and discharged into water courses or disposed on land. Scavenger carriage system for night soil disposal is in-vogue at several places in the surveyed States. Open defecation by the inhabitants in some of the municipalities also occurs. The existing methods of collection, treatment and disposal of sewage impairs the water quality of different water sources. Techno-economically viable remedial measures for providing basic amenities, namely safe drinking-water supply and proper sanitation to the communities of these two States of India are suggested and discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"405-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21688144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Cyprus experience with protection of ground- and surface waters from domestic sewage and excreta. 塞浦路斯在保护地下水和地表水不受生活污水和排泄物影响方面的经验。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
C Andreou
{"title":"The Cyprus experience with protection of ground- and surface waters from domestic sewage and excreta.","authors":"C Andreou","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Water resources in Cyprus are scarce and expensive to exploit; rainfall is highly variable and droughts occur frequently. The Cyprus authorities are concerned with the conservation and protection of water supply sources. For this purpose the Water Pollution Control Law has been issued. According to the Street and Buildings Law, all dwellings must be equipped with a septic tank, followed by an absorption pit. When the pits overflow due to saturation of the soil, the septage is pumped out and transported to a sewage treatment plant for treatment and reuse. Based on land-use zoning, housing developments are not allowed in the vicinity of water-supply sources, rivers and reservoirs. In order to avoid contamination of the water sources from sewage and excreta, protection zones are designated in which the disposal of sewage is not allowed.</p>","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"105 ","pages":"433-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21688148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Antibiotic resistance in the environment]. [环境中的抗生素耐药性]。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
R Szewzyk, I Feuerpfeil
{"title":"[Antibiotic resistance in the environment].","authors":"R Szewzyk,&nbsp;I Feuerpfeil","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"106 ","pages":"59-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21816408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[The German environment and health action program in an international context]. [国际范围内的德国环境与卫生行动方案]。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
W K Schwerdtfeger
{"title":"[The German environment and health action program in an international context].","authors":"W K Schwerdtfeger","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"106 ","pages":"239-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21816420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
[Possibilities and limits of human biomonitoring]. [人体生物监测的可能性和局限性]。
Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene Pub Date : 2000-01-01
J Angerer
{"title":"[Possibilities and limits of human biomonitoring].","authors":"J Angerer","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76530,"journal":{"name":"Schriftenreihe des Vereins fur Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene","volume":"106 ","pages":"42-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"21816406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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