American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs最新文献

{"title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Milene Vitória Sampaio Sobral, Livia Kneipp Rodrigues, Abner Mácola Pacheco Barbosa, Naila Camila da Rocha, Isac Ribeiro Moulaz, João Pedro Pereira Dos Santos, Bruno Henrique Couto Oliveira, João Lucas de Magalhães Leal Moreira, Francis Lopes Pacagnelli, Camila Mota Guida","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00721-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00721-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Semaglutide has emerged as an effective medication for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). However, the cardiovascular effects and safety of this agent in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are unclear.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the clinical and laboratory effects of semaglutide compared to placebo in patients with HFpEF.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We systematically searched EMBASE, PubMed, and Cochrane databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized cohorts, from inception to July 2024, comparing semaglutide versus placebo in patients with HFpEF. Statistical analyses were performed using R Studio 4.3.2. Mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled across trials.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This meta-analysis included three studies, two RCTs and one non-randomized cohort, reporting data on 1463 patients. The follow-up time of the studies was 52 weeks. Compared to placebo, the use of semaglutide was associated with a significant increase in the 6-min walk distance (MD 16.20; 95% CI 10.19-22.21; p < 0.01; I² = 0%). Additionally, reductions were observed in systolic blood pressure (MD -2.22; 95% CI -3.60 to -0.83; p < 0.01; I² = 0%), C-reactive protein level (MD 0.59; 95% CI 0.49-0.70; p < 0.01; I² = 51%), and N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels (MD 0.81; 95% CI 0.74-0.89; p < 0.01; I² = 0%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that the use of semaglutide is associated with clinical and laboratory benefits in patients with HFpEF.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-02-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143188129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flurpiridaz F 18: First Approval","authors":"Susan J. Keam","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00718-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00718-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Flurpiridaz F 18 (FLYRCADO™) is an intravenous (IV) radioactive diagnostic drug being developed by GE Healthcare and Lantheus Medical Imaging for use in positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) to detect coronary artery disease (CAD). In September 2024, flurpiridaz F 18 was approved in the USA for PET MPI under rest or stress (pharmacologic or exercise) in adult patients with known or suspected CAD to evaluate for myocardial ischemia and infarction. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of flurpiridaz F 18 leading to this first approval for use in PET MPI in adult patients to evaluate for myocardial ischemia and infarction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"25 1","pages":"1 - 6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143035838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bempedoic Acid: A Review in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Statin-Intolerant Patients","authors":"Aisling McGuigan,&nbsp;Hannah A. Blair","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00714-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00714-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oral bempedoic acid (NEXLETOL^® in the USA; Nilemdo^® in the EU) and the fixed dose combination (FDC) of bempedoic acid/ezetimibe (NEXLIZET^® in the USA; Nustendi^® in the EU) are approved to reduce cardiovascular (CV) risk in statin-intolerant patients who are at high risk for, or have, CV disease. A first-in-class therapy, bempedoic acid inhibits the adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase enzyme in the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. In the multinational phase III CLEAR Outcomes trial in statin-intolerant patients, once-daily bempedoic acid 180 mg significantly reduced the risk of the primary endpoint (a four-component major adverse CV event composite of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or coronary revascularization) compared with placebo. Bempedoic acid was generally well tolerated and, unlike statins, was associated with a low incidence of musculoskeletal adverse events (AEs). In conclusion, bempedoic acid as a monotherapy or adjunctive to other lipid-lowering therapies expands the treatment options available for the pharmacological reduction of CV risk in statin-intolerant patients, supporting achievement of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets required for CV risk reduction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"25 1","pages":"7 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143021760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exercise Training Enhances Brachial Artery Endothelial Function, Possibly via Improved HDL-C, not LDL-C and TG, in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","authors":"Junghoon Lee,&nbsp;Minsoo Kang,&nbsp;Yoonjung Park","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00716-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00716-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>It remains controversial whether exercise training (EX) improves vascular endothelial function (VEF) independent of lipoprotein changes even though these are therapeutic goals for coronary artery disease (CAD).</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>The purpose of this study was to systematically review the effects of EX on VEF and blood lipid variables in patients with CAD.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This study adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. We searched five electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, SportDiscus, and Web of Science) until March 2024 for studies that met the following criteria: (i) patients with CAD aged ≥ 18 years; (ii) structured EX for ≥ 1 week in randomized or nonrandomized controlled studies; and (iii) measured brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) with or without blood lipid variables. We calculated effect sizes (ESs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using a random-effects model and conducted subgroup analyses to identify the effect of training factors (duration, intensity, and weekly volume) on outcomes.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>In total, 11 studies with 19 trials (629 patients, 60 ± 9 years) met the inclusion criteria. We conducted a separate meta-analysis for each of the four outcome measures: FMD (13 ESs), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C; eight ESs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; eight ESs), and triglycerides (TGs; eight ESs). EX significantly increased FMD (mean ES 0.57; 95% CI 0.44–0.70; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and HDL-C levels (mean ES 0.25; 95% CI 0.12–0.39; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) but had no effect on LDL-C and TG. Subgroup analyses for FMD found no significant variation in effect by training factor (duration, intensity, and weekly volume).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>EX improves VEF with increased HDL-C, but we found no changes in LDL-C and TG in patients with CAD, suggesting that HDL-C is preferentially associated with exercise-induced VEF improvement.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"25 3","pages":"399 - 410"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142998685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of PCSK9 Monoclonal Antibodies on Platelet Reactivity and Cardiovascular Events in Patients Receiving Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis.","authors":"Yao Yao, Qining Qiu, Zi Wang, Shikun Xu, Qianzhou Lv","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00719-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-024-00719-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have demonstrated promising effects in lowering cardiovascular incidents among patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, their influence on early platelet reactivity after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) remains unclear.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This research sought to investigate the effects of entirely human anti-PCSK9 antibodies on platelet function as measured by thrombelastography and 12-month postoperative results in patients receiving PPCI and treated with ticagrelor-based dual antiplatelet therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-center prospective study was conducted at Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, China, between January 2021 and June 2023. Patients were divided into two groups: those receiving standard statin therapy (statin-only group) and those receiving additional PCSK9 mAbs (either evolocumab 140 mg or alirocumab 75 mg, subcutaneously, every 2 weeks; PCSK9 mAb group). A total of 1250 eligible patients were enrolled. To equalize baseline characteristics, propensity score matching was conducted in a 1:1 ratio, resulting in 310 patients per group. Platelet activity was measured using thrombelastography 5 days after PPCI, presented as adenosine diphosphate-induced maximal amplitude (MA_ADP). The primary clinical outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events, which included cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, hospitalization for unstable angina, and coronary revascularization, measured over a 12-month period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At 5 days after PPCI, the PCSK9 mAb group exhibited levels of MA_ADP that were significantly lower than those in the statin-only group (17.10 ± 9.52 mm vs. 20.73 ± 12.07 mm, P < 0.001). The use of PCSK9 mAbs was significantly correlated with reduced MA_ADP (β - 0.166, P < 0.001). The occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events in the PCSK9 mAb group was significantly lower than in the statin-only group. Furthermore, individuals in the top MA_ADP tertile (MA_ADP > 21.7 mm) plus statin-only subgroup exhibited the lowest rate of cumulative event-free survival.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Incorporating PCSK9 mAbs into ticagrelor-based dual antiplatelet therapy significantly reduced platelet reactivity and correlated with better cardiovascular results over a 12-month period. These findings support the use of PCSK9 mAbs as an effective adjunctive therapy in the management of acute coronary syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142982388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kidney Injury Following Cardiac Surgery: A Review of Our Current Understanding","authors":"Christine-Elena Kamla,&nbsp;Melanie Meersch-Dini,&nbsp;Lilian Monteiro Pereira Palma","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00715-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00715-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Around one-quarter of all patients undergoing cardiac procedures, particularly those on cardiopulmonary bypass, develop cardiac surgery-associated acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI). This complication increases the risk of several serious morbidities and of mortality, representing a significant burden for both patients and the healthcare system. Patients with diminished kidney function before surgery, such as those with chronic kidney disease, are at heightened risk of developing CSA-AKI and have poorer outcomes than patients without preexisting kidney injury who develop CSA-AKI. Several mechanisms are involved in the development of CSA-AKI; injury is primarily thought to result from an amplification loop of inflammation and cell death, with complement and immune system activation, cardiopulmonary bypass, and ischemia-reperfusion injury all contributing to pathogenesis. At present there are no effective, targeted pharmacological therapies for the prevention or treatment of CSA-AKI, although several preclinical trials have shown promise, and clinical trials are under way. Progress in the understanding of the complex pathophysiology of CSA-AKI is needed to improve the development of successful strategies for its prevention, management, and treatment. In this review, we outline our current understanding of CSA-AKI development and management strategies and discuss potential future therapeutic targets under investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"25 3","pages":"337 - 348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40256-024-00715-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142969479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence and Risk Factors for Amiodarone-Induced Thyroid Dysfunction: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study","authors":"Seo Young Sohn,&nbsp;Yun Jin Kim,&nbsp;Sungsoo Cho,&nbsp;Sung Woo Cho","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00717-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00717-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Amiodarone is an effective anti-arrhythmic drug; however, it is frequently associated with thyroid dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factor of amiodarone-induced dysfunction in an iodine-sufficient area.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This retrospective cohort study included 27,023 consecutive patients treated with amiodarone for arrhythmia, using the Korean National Health Insurance database. A Cox regression analysis was performed to determine independent risk factors for amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>During a mean follow-up period of 6.4 years, 1326 (4.9%) patients developed thyrotoxicosis and 3121 (11.5%) developed hypothyroidism. The incidence rate of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT) and amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism (AIH) was 6.92 and 17.1 per 1000 person-years, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, chronic kidney disease (CKD) [hazard ratio (HR) 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–1.99], and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.31–3.07) were associated with AIT, while female sex (HR 1.22, 95% CI 1.14–1.32), diabetes (HR 1.14, 95% CI 1.06–1.24), CKD (HR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05–1.34), and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HR 2.26, 95% CI 1.66–3.09) were associated with AIH.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The incidence of AIH was higher compared with AIT in an area with sufficient iodine intake. Several potential risk factors for AIT and AIH were identified. When amiodarone treatment is considered for patients, particularly those at a high risk of thyroid dysfunction, it is warranted to perform regular thyroid function assessments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"25 3","pages":"419 - 425"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142963499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Baxdrostat","authors":"Jessica Huston,&nbsp;Dontia Orey,&nbsp;Ashish Kumar,&nbsp;Andrew Ashchi,&nbsp;Andrea Ashchi,&nbsp;Jason Berner,&nbsp;Yazan Alkhouri,&nbsp;David Sutton,&nbsp;Wasim Deeb,&nbsp;Mohannad Bisharat,&nbsp;Rebecca F. Goldfaden","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00713-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00713-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Patients with hypertension are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and death. Resistant hypertension, or hypertension that is unsuccessfully treated with multiple antihypertensive medications, further exacerbates the complications and negative outcomes for patients. A new pathway, via aldosterone synthesis inhibition, is currently being studied as a method to reduce blood pressure values in patients who are currently taking other antihypertensive medications. This review presents and discusses the current pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and clinical and scientific evidence pertaining to baxdrostat, a novel aldosterone synthase inhibitor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"25 3","pages":"329 - 336"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142908996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Digoxin vs Beta-Blockers on Left Atrial Strain for Heart Rate-Controlled Atrial Fibrillation: The DIGOBET-AF Randomized Clinical Trial","authors":"Nidhal Bouchahda,&nbsp;Mouna Bader,&nbsp;Aymen Najjar,&nbsp;Fathia Mghaieth Zghal,&nbsp;Ghada Sassi,&nbsp;Mohamed Sami Mourali,&nbsp;Mejdi Ben Messaoud","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00705-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00705-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and Objective</h3><p>Left atrial strain (LAS) has prognostic value in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Consequently, therapies that improve LAS may help reduce AF-related adverse cardiac events. We aimed to compare how digoxin and bisoprolol modulate LAS in patients with AF being treated with rate control.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This was a bicentric randomized controlled trial. Patients with AF, naïve to beta-blockers and digoxin, and scheduled for treatment with a rate control strategy were randomized to receive oral bisoprolol 5–10 mg daily or digoxin 0.25 mg daily. The primary aim was to compare the change in peak LAS before and after 30 days of treatment between the two groups.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>A total of 60 patients, equally distributed between the two groups, completed the trial. By day 30, there was no significant difference in global peak LAS between the groups. However, when analyzed separately, the two-chamber view showed a significantly higher peak LAS in the digoxin group than in the BB group (mean 7.5 ± standard deviation 3.2% vs. 5.9 ± 3.4%; <i>p</i> = 0.004). Similarly, the four-chamber view also showed a higher peak LAS in the digoxin group (7.2 ± 3.6% vs. 6.4 ± 3.8%; <i>p </i>= 0.047). Considering the entire LAS curve rather than solely the peak value, digoxin significantly increased all LAS curves. In the global and four-chamber view, the digoxin maximum effect occurred significantly earlier than the peak of the LAS curve (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). This effect remained constant over the cardiac cycle in the two-chamber curve (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings suggest that, in patients with rate-controlled AF, digoxin positively modulates LAS when compared with bisoprolol.</p><h3>Clinical Trials Registration Number</h3><p>NCT05540600, https://clinicaltrials.gov.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"25 3","pages":"411 - 418"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142891644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of NAD+ Metabolism in Cardiovascular Diseases: Mechanisms and Prospects","authors":"Huimin Li,&nbsp;Qingxun Hu,&nbsp;Deqiu Zhu,&nbsp;Dan Wu","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00711-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00711-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) is a promising anti-aging molecule that plays a role in cellular energy metabolism and maintains redox homeostasis. Additionally, NAD⁺ is involved in regulating deacetylases, DNA repair enzymes, inflammation, and epigenetics, making it indispensable in maintaining the basic functions of cells. Research on NAD⁺ has become a hotspot, particularly regarding its potential in cardiovascular disease (CVD). Many studies have demonstrated that NAD⁺ plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of CVD. This review summarizes the biosynthesis and consumption of NAD⁺, along with its precursors and their effects on raising NAD⁺ levels. We also discuss new mechanisms of NAD⁺ regulation in cardiovascular risk factors and its effects of NAD⁺ on atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, heart failure, hypertension, myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and dilated cardiomyopathy, elucidating different mechanisms and potential treatments. NAD⁺-centered therapy holds promising advantages and prospects in the field of CVD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"25 3","pages":"307 - 327"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142871101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}