American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs最新文献

{"title":"Cost-Effectiveness and Price Threshold Analysis of Tafolecimab in Chinese Patients with Elevated LDL Cholesterol Despite Statin Therapy.","authors":"Yuansheng Wan, Jinyu Liu, Xiaolian Zhan, Yu Zhang, Ruxu You","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00733-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-025-00733-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tafolecimab is a novel PCSK9 inhibitor developed in China. In recently published phase III clinical trials, tafolecimab demonstrated long-term safety and efficacy in Chinese patients with hypercholesterolemia despite statin therapy. However, pharmacoeconomic studies of tafolecimab have yet to be published. This study aimed to explore the maximum cost-effective price of tafolecimab compared with statins alone for Chinese patients with hypercholesterolemia at various willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A Markov cohort state-transition model was employed to assess the cost-effectiveness of tafolecimab from the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system. The low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering effect of tafolecimab was observed in the CREDIT-4 trial. The baseline and subsequent incidence and transfer probability of cardiovascular events were based on prospective observational data in China and meta-analyses from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists Study. Cost and utility values were obtained from the China Health Statistics Yearbook, health insurance, and published articles in China. The study also performed subgroup, sensitivity, and scenario analyses.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The annual price thresholds for tafolecimab as an adjunctive therapy to statins were Chinese yuan (CNY) 3304 and CNY 7022 at WTP thresholds of CNY 89,358 and CNY 268,074 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), respectively. The corresponding annual price thresholds for patients with hypercholesterolemia with acute myocardial infarction were CNY 10,355 and CNY 21,793 per year. Sensitivity analyses showed that the time horizon significantly impacted price thresholds, with a several-fold difference.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>From the perspective of the Chinese healthcare system, the cost-effective annual price threshold for tafolecimab for patients with hypercholesterolemia was CNY 7022, at a threshold of CNY 268,074 per QALY.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":"547-561"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143770915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trimetazidine in Cardiovascular Disease and Beyond: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Harsh Goel, Nicholas Roma, Michael Morgan, Riya Arora, Nayanika Sreejith, Deepak Goyal, Sunil Nadar","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00724-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-025-00724-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trimetazidine is a metabolic modulator that acts as a competitive inhibitor of the terminal enzyme in the β-oxidation pathway to shift energy substrate from free fatty acids to the more oxygen-efficient glucose metabolism. The resulting conservation of cellular adenosine triphosphate generation in the face of ischemia/hypoxia mediates the anti-ischemic efficacy of trimetazidine. Clinically, trimetazidine has been approved as an add-on treatment in patients with symptomatic angina that is poorly controlled with first-line agents or who cannot tolerate the first-line therapy. In addition, trimetazidine has demonstrated antioxidant, cytoprotective, and anti-apoptotic activity with applications beyond angina. The aim of this review was to summarize the mechanism of action and anti-anginal efficacy of trimetazidine and to discuss the putative role of these pleiotropic effects and the evidence behind its application in cardiovascular diseases in general.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":"443-460"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143778778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights on DAPT Abbreviation and De-escalation from ULTIMATE-DAPT and Related Trials: Are we Heading Toward an Aspirin-Free Strategy?","authors":"Harshit Khare, Satyendra Tewari, Roopali Khanna, Aditya Kapoor","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00725-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-025-00725-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The results of the recently concluded ULTIMATE-DAPT and T-PASS trials strongly support the emerging concept of antiplatelet monotherapy in patients at high bleeding risk undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Monotherapy with more potent antiplatelets such as ticagrelor is both a safe and an equally effective strategy to circumvent major bleeding episodes in patients at high bleeding risk while guarding against ischemic events. Although these results were not replicated with low-dose prasugrel monotherapy in the STOP-DAPT-3 trial, the other major trials investigating ticagrelor monotherapy (GLOBAL-LEADERS and TWILIGHT-ACS) suggested the feasibility and appropriateness of abbreviating the dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) as early as 1-3 months of the index procedure. Moreover, the recent data from TICO, T-PASS, and now the ULTIMATE-DAPT trial, hint toward early switchover to ticagrelor monotherapy without any undue concern of increased ischemic events. However, on closer examination, we find that study cohorts in most trials had lower anatomical complexity of coronary lesions and most adopted imaging-based revascularization strategies. Among these trials, those that achieved convincing levels of safety in ischemic endpoints mainly administered ticagrelor monotherapy. Can monotherapy with these newer antiplatelets sufficiently obviate the need for year-long DAPT? Can such antiplatelet monotherapy remain effective in all coronary artery disease subsets? Can we start patients solely on a single antiplatelet from day one of the procedure? These are some of the questions we attempt to answer by revisiting the results from these trials.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":"433-442"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disproportionality Analysis of Ivabradine in the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System: A Real-World Study Across Overall and Indication-Specific Populations.","authors":"Jinghua Yang, Cong Zhao, Lan Yang, Yonggang Yang, Nina Wang, Ang Gao, Xian Wang","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00734-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00734-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ivabradine, a selective I_f current inhibitor, is widely prescribed for heart failure and chronic angina; however, its post-marketing safety profile across diverse clinical contexts remains underexplored.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study analyzed ivabradine-associated adverse events (AEs) using the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System, with a focus on overall patterns and indication-specific subgroups.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We reviewed reports from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System from quarter 2, 2015, to quarter 2, 2024, and conducted a disproportionality analysis using four methods: reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio, Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and empirical Bayesian geometric mean. We stratified AEs by clinical indications (tachycardia, heart failure, coronary artery disease) and prioritized them using a semi-quantitative scoring system and important or designated medical event criteria as defined by the European Medicines Agency.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 2733 ivabradine-related AE reports were identified, involving 24 system organ classes. Cardiac disorders (n = 1045) and eye disorders (n = 352) were most frequent, with bradycardia, arrhythmias, and photopsia being the leading events. Subgroup analyses revealed distinct AE profiles: sinus tachycardia and supraventricular tachycardia in the tachycardia subgroup; blurred vision and angina in coronary artery disease; and severe AEs-such as dyspnea, prolonged QT interval, and ventricular fibrillation-primarily in heart failure. One rare but notable designated medical event, transient blindness (n = 3), was also identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ivabradine shows an overall favorable safety profile. Most AEs appear related to underlying disease or comedications rather than intrinsic drug toxicity. These findings support indication-specific monitoring to enhance clinical safety and pharmacovigilance.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Heart Failure.","authors":"Quanchi Guo, Yang Hua","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00741-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00741-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stem cells have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for ischemic heart failure, with multiple preclinical and clinical trials demonstrating encouraging outcomes. However, limitations and challenges encountered during clinical trials or follow-up periods hinder stem cell therapy's clinical translation for heart failure. In this review, we will elaborate on the applications of stem cell-based therapy, the main subtypes and fundamental properties of stem cells, and the mechanisms by which stem cells exert their effects in ischemic heart failure, such as remuscularization, paracrine effects, autocrine effects, and endocrine-like effects. We will also demonstrate and explain the extensive clinical trials of stem cell therapy in ischemic heart failure, focusing on safety, efficacy, and primary and secondary outcome measures. To improve transplanted stem cells' viability and retention rates, we will discuss various delivery routes and advanced biomaterials used to encapsulate stem cells, such as injectable hydrogels, cardiac patches, and cell sheets. Several challenges severely obstruct the clinical translation of stem cell therapy for ischemic heart failure, including immunological rejection, post-transplantation hypoxia, inflammatory reactions, the maturity of transplanted stem cells, and cost. Finally, we will focus on the prospects of stem cell-based therapy for ischemic heart failure, emphasizing the ongoing need for further research to address existing challenges and establish clearer avenues toward clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144504509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Drug-Drug Interaction Study Evaluating the Pharmacokinetic Consequences of Obicetrapib Therapy on Atorvastatin or Rosuvastatin Levels in Healthy Volunteers.","authors":"John J P Kastelein, Marc Ditmarsch, Andrew Hsieh, Douglas Kling, Ashley Walker, Mary R Dicklin, Zia Tayab, Mohammed Bouhajib, Michael H Davidson","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00740-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00740-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Obicetrapib, a selective cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor in development for the treatment of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk, is expected to be administered with high-intensity statins in clinical practice. This study was performed to assess the effect of obicetrapib on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of atorvastatin and rosuvastatin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An open-label study was conducted to evaluate the PK of atorvastatin 80 mg (cohort 1, n = 42) or rosuvastatin 40 mg (cohort 2, n = 32, non-Asians) with and without co-administration of 10 mg obicetrapib in healthy adult males and females. Study participants received statin on day - 4, obicetrapib on days 1-11, statin co-administered with obicetrapib on day 12, and obicetrapib on days 13-17. Blood samples were collected throughout the dosing period and analyzed for plasma obicetrapib (both cohorts); atorvastatin, ortho-hydroxy atorvastatin, and para-hydroxy atorvastatin (cohort 1), and rosuvastatin (cohort 2). Safety and tolerability were also assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The 90% confidence intervals of the geometric mean ratios for the log-transformed maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve from time 0 to the time of the last measurable concentration (AUC_t) and from time 0 to infinity (AUC_inf) for atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were all within the range pre-specified for bioequivalence (80.00-125.00%) of statin plus obicetrapib versus statin alone. Although there were significant treatment effects for atorvastatin AUC_t (p = 0.0026) and AUC_inf (p = 0.0012), the differences were small (9-10%) and not deemed clinically important. Overall, all study drugs were safe and well tolerated.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>No clinically significant PK interaction occurred between multiple daily doses of obicetrapib on the single-dose PK of either atorvastatin or rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers.</p><p><strong>Clinical trial registration: </strong>NCT06081166.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-Year Prognostic Differences and Management Strategies between ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Insights from the PRAISE Registry.","authors":"Luigi Spadafora, Paola Pastena, Stefano Cacciatore, Matteo Betti, Giuseppe Biondi-Zoccai, Fabrizio D'Ascenzo, Gaetano Maria De Ferrari, Ovidio De Filippo, Francesco Versaci, Sebastiano Sciarretta, Giacomo Frati, Francesco Fiorentino, Marco Borgi, Nicola Pierucci, Pierre Sabouret, Francesco Ajmone, Attilio Lauretti, Federico Russo, Alberto Polimeni, Maciej Banach, Giorgia Panichella, Marco Bernardi","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00739-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00739-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Whether ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) carry distinct prognoses after discharge remains a matter of debate. This study aimed to compare 1-year clinical outcomes between patients with STEMI and NSTEMI in a large, real-world cohort.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Among 23,270 patients with acute coronary syndrome enrolled in the international PRAISE registry between 2003 and 2019, we included 21,789 patients with a diagnosis of either STEMI or NSTEMI. Clinical characteristics, discharge medications, and outcomes at 1 year were analyzed. The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality, re-infarction, and major bleeding. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching were used to adjust for confounding. Subgroup and interaction analyses were also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The cohort included 12,365 patients with STEMI and 9424 patients with NSTEMI. At baseline, patients with NSTEMI had more comorbidities, cardiovascular risk factors (except diabetes), and prior revascularization. Patients with STEMI were more frequently treated with statins, beta-blockers, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors at discharge. At 1-year follow-up, overall outcomes were comparable between groups. Nonfatal reinfarction occurred more frequently in patients with NSTEMI (3.4% versus 2.8%, p = 0.022), but this association was not significant after adjustment (odds ratio [OR] 0.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-1.24, p = 0.519). Results from propensity score-matched analyses confirmed the absence of prognostic differences. Subgroup analyses revealed significant interactions for diabetes mellitus and completeness of revascularization.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>After accounting for clinical and therapeutic variables, 1-year outcomes were largely similar in patients with STEMI and NSTEMI. Differences in reinfarction risk appear to be driven by baseline characteristics and treatment patterns, rather than infarct type itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144482848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meta-analysis of the Effect of Semaglutide on Blood Pressure in Obese Populations.","authors":"Yihan Li, Kefan Xue, Rui Hu, Xiao Hu, Ran Guo, Hongxia Guo, Gang Li","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00738-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00738-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim was to systematically evaluate the effect of semaglutide on blood pressure in obese populations using meta-analysis methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Randomized controlled trials on the effect of semaglutide on blood pressure regulation published from the inception of the databases to October 2024 were searched for in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Stata software was used for statistical analysis of the outcome measures in all included studies. Egger's test was applied to assess the risk of publication bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 22 studies involving 15,347 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that, compared to the control group, the semaglutide group significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) (mean difference [MD] - 2.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] - 3.70 to - 2.11; P < 0.01) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD - 0.86, 95% CI - 1.34 to - 0.38; P < 0.01). Further subgroup analysis revealed that, compared to diabetic populations, semaglutide had a more significant reduction in SBP (- 1.87, 95% CI - 2.67 to - 1.06, vs - 5.02, 95% CI - 6.10 to - 3.94) and DBP (- 0.43, 95% CI - 0.89 to 0.02, vs - 1.96, 95% CI - 3.12 to - 0.80) in non-diabetic populations. The higher dose of semaglutide (2.4 mg) was found to significantly lower SBP (MD - 4.31, 95% CI - 5.18 to - 3.44) and DBP (MD - 1.84, 95% CI - 2.70 to - 0.98), although mild heterogeneity was present. Sensitivity analysis showed that the exclusion of any single study did not significantly affect the final results.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Current evidence suggests that semaglutide can lower SBP and DBP, and increasing the dosage can enhance the blood pressure-lowering effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Landiolol for Treatment of Sepsis-Related Tachyarrhythmia: Lost in Translation.","authors":"Athanasios Chalkias, Konstantina Katsifa, Athanasios Prekates, Paraskevi Tselioti","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00736-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00736-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144245914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Role of Weight-Loss Medications in the Management of Heart Failure: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Maryam, Treesa P Varghese, B Tazneem, Gurrala Rajshekhar Reddy","doi":"10.1007/s40256-025-00735-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-025-00735-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Heart failure is a major global health concern as it contributes to high rates of mortality and morbidity, with high rates of hospitalizations. The most prevalent risk factor or comorbidity of heart failure is obesity, which not only worsens and exacerbates disease progression and the course of illness, it also reduces its prognosis. Weight management is still not well addressed, even with major advancements in heart failure pharmacotherapies. Recent advances in weight-loss medications such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, and other novel anti-obesity drugs have sparked interest in their potential to improve clinical outcomes for patients with heart failure, especially those who also have obesity-related cardiac dysfunction. Weight-loss medications benefit heart failure by reducing adiposity-related inflammation, myocardial stress, and remodeling. These effects are auspicious in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, where obesity-driven mechanisms play a critical role. These medications have been demonstrated to help with weight reduction, improve heart failure symptoms, and reduce hospitalization rates. However, questions about their long-term safety, particularly in patients with severe heart failure, are still being researched. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current evidence on the safety and effectiveness of weight-loss medications in the treatment of heart failure, describe their mechanisms of action, and highlight knowledge gaps that require further research.</p>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144155467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}