American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs最新文献

{"title":"Trends in Oral Anticoagulant Use and Individual Expenditures Across the United States from 2014 to 2020","authors":"Omar S. Alkhezi,&nbsp;Leo F. Buckley,&nbsp;John Fanikos","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00638-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00638-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Landmark clinical trials have expended the indications for the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), but contemporary data on usage and expenditure patterns are lacking.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study aimed to assess annual trends in oral anticoagulant (OAC) utilization and expenditure across the United States (US) from 2014 to 2020.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We utilized the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to study the trends of use and expenditures of warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban between 2014 and 2020 in the US. Survey respondents reported OAC use within the past year, which was verified against pharmacy records. Payment information was obtained from the respondent’s pharmacy and was categorized as third-party or self/out-of-pocket. Potential indications and medical conditions of interest for OAC therapy were identified from respondent-reported medical conditions. We estimated the national number of OAC users and total expenditures across age, sex, race, ethnicity, insurance, and medical condition subgroups. Trends of OAC users’ characteristics, expenditure, and number of prescriptions were evaluated using the Mann–Kendall test for trends.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Between 2014 and 2020, the number of warfarin users decreased from 3.8 million (70% of all OAC users) to 2.2 million (<i>p </i>= 0.007) [29% of all OAC users], while the number of DOAC users increased from 1.6 million (30% of all OAC users) to 5.4 million (<i>p </i>= 0.003) [70% of all OAC users]. The total expenditure of OACs in the US increased from $3.4 billion in 2014 to $17.8 billion in 2020 (<i>p </i>= 0.003), which was driven by the increase in DOAC expenditures (<i>p </i>= 0.003).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>DOACs have replaced warfarin as the preferred OAC in the US. The increased costs associated with DOAC use may decline when generic formulations are approved.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 3","pages":"433 - 444"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140602154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Low/Moderate-Intensity Statin plus Ezetimibe Combination Therapy vs. High-Intensity Statin Monotherapy in Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis","authors":"Ishaque Hameed,&nbsp;Syeda Ayesha Shah,&nbsp;Ashnah Aijaz,&nbsp;Hasan Mushahid,&nbsp;Syed Husain Farhan,&nbsp;Muhammad Dada,&nbsp;Adam Bilal Khan,&nbsp;Reeha Amjad,&nbsp;Fawad Alvi,&nbsp;Mustafa Murtaza,&nbsp;Zaid Zuberi,&nbsp;Mohammad Hamza","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00642-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00642-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aim</h3><p>Statin therapy is considered the gold standard for treating hypercholesterolemia. This updated meta-analysis aims to compare the efficacy and safety of a low/moderate-intensity statin in combination with ezetimibe compared with high-intensity statin monotherapy in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A systematic search of two databases (PubMed and Cochrane CENTRAL) was conducted from inception to January 2023 and a total of 21 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were identified and included in the analysis. Data were pooled using Hedges’s <i>g</i> and a Mantel–Haenszel random-effects model to derive standard mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cis). The primary outcome studied was the effect of these treatments on lipid parameters and safety events.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results revealed that combination therapy was more effective in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (SMD= − 0.41; CI − 0.63 to − 0.19; <i>P</i> = 0.0002). There was no significant change in the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), Apo A1, or Apo B. The safety of these treatments was assessed by the following markers alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and creatine phosphokinase (CK), and a significant difference was only observed in CK (SMD: − 0.81; CI − 1.52 to − 0.10; <i>P</i> = 0.02).</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This meta-analysis demonstrated that the use of low/moderate-intensity statin combination therapy significantly reduced LDL-C levels compared with high-intensity statin monotherapy, making it preferable for patients with related risks. However, further trials are encouraged to evaluate potential adverse effects associated with combined therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 3","pages":"419 - 431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140581813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors’ Reply to Rangwala et al: “Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: An Updated Meta-analysis”","authors":"Ioannis Bellos,&nbsp;Smaragdi Marinaki,&nbsp;Pagona Lagiou,&nbsp;Vassiliki Benetou","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00645-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00645-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 3","pages":"467 - 468"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140853514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment Patterns, Outcomes, and Persistence to Newly Started Heart Failure Medications in Patients with Worsening Heart Failure: A Cohort Study from the United States and Germany","authors":"Alexander Michel,&nbsp;Coralie Lecomte,&nbsp;Christoph Ohlmeier,&nbsp;Hanaya Raad,&nbsp;Frederike Basedow,&nbsp;Dennis Haeckl,&nbsp;Dominik Beier,&nbsp;Thomas Evers","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00643-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00643-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Data are limited regarding guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) treatment patterns in patients with worsening heart failure (HF).</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>We used administrative claims databases in Germany and the USA to conduct a retrospective cohort study of patients with worsening HF. Two cohorts of patients with prevalent HF and a HF hospitalization (HFH) from 2016 to 2019, alive at discharge (<i>N</i> = 75,140 USA; <i>N</i> = 47,003 Germany) were identified. Index date was the first HFH during the study period. One-year HF rehospitalization and mortality rates were calculated and a composite endpoint of both outcomes assessed using Kaplan–Meier estimation. We evaluated HF medication patterns in the 6 months before and after the index date. New users of a HF medication (at discharge/after index HFH) were followed for 1 year to evaluate persistence (no treatment gaps &gt; 2 months)</p><h3>Results</h3><p>One-year HF rehospitalization rates were 36.2% (USA) and 47.7% (Germany). One year mortality rates were 30.0% (USA) and 23.0% (Germany), and the composite endpoint (mortality/HF rehospitalization) was reached in 55.1 % (USA) and 56.6% (Germany). Kaplan–Meier plots showed the risk for the composite endpoint was high in the early post discharge period. Comparison of patterns pre- and postindex HFH showed some increase in use of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), and triple therapy; use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor/ angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) plus beta-blockers remained constant/slightly declined; &lt; 20% patients received triple therapy (ACE inhibitor/ARB plus beta-blocker plus MRA). A third of patients were new users; 1 year persistence rates were often low.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Morbidity, mortality, and rehospitalization risk is high among patients with worsening HF; uptake and continuation of GDMT is suboptimal.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 3","pages":"409 - 418"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drug Therapy for Acute and Chronic Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction with Hypertension: A State-of-the-Art Review","authors":"Hiroaki Hiraiwa,&nbsp;Takahiro Okumura,&nbsp;Toyoaki Murohara","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00641-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00641-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this comprehensive state-of-the-art review, we provide an evidence-based analysis of current drug therapies for patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the acute and chronic phases with concurrent hypertension. Additionally, we explore the latest developments and emerging evidence on the efficacy, safety, and clinical outcomes of common and novel drug treatments in the management of HFpEF with concurrent hypertension. During the acute phase of HFpEF, intravenous diuretics, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and vasodilators are pivotal, while in the chronic phase, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers have proven effective in enhancing clinical outcomes. However, the use of calcium channel blockers in HFpEF with hypertension should be approached with caution, owing to their potential negative inotropic effects. We also explored emerging drug therapies for HFpEF, such as sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators, novel MRAs, and ivabradine. Notably, SGLT2 inhibitors have shown promise in reducing heart failure hospitalizations and cardiovascular mortality in patients with HFpEF, regardless of their diabetic status. Additionally, ARNI and sGC stimulators have demonstrated potential in improving symptoms, functional capacity, and quality of life. Nonetheless, additional research is necessary to pinpoint optimal treatment strategies for HFpEF with concurrent hypertension. Furthermore, long-term studies are essential to assess the durability and sustained benefits of emerging drug therapies. Identification of novel targets and mechanisms underlying HFpEF pathophysiology will pave the way for innovative drug development approaches in the management of HFpEF with concurrent hypertension.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 3","pages":"343 - 369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40256-024-00641-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140581814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digoxin is Not Related to Mortality in Patients with Heart Failure: Results from the SELFIE-TR Registry","authors":"Rengin Çetin Güvenç,&nbsp;Tolga Sinan Güvenç,&nbsp;Mert Efe Çağlar,&nbsp;Abdullah Ayar Al Arfaj,&nbsp;Ailin Behrad,&nbsp;Mehmet Birhan Yılmaz","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00639-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00639-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Aims</h3><p>Digoxin has been used in the treatment for heart failure for centuries, but the role of this drug in the modern era is controversial. A particular concern is the recent observational findings suggesting an increase in all-cause mortality with digoxin, although such observations suffer from biased results since these studies usually do not provide adequate compensation for the severity of disease. Using a nationwide registry database, we aimed to investigate whether digoxin is associated with 1-year all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure irrespective of phenotype.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 1014 out of 1054 patients in the registry, of whom 110 patients were on digoxin, were included in the study. Multivariable adjustments were done and propensity scores were calculated for various prognostic indicators, including signs and symptoms of heart failure and functional capacity. Crude mortality, mortality adjusted for covariates, mortality in the propensity score-matched cohort, and Bayesian factors (BFs) were analyzed.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Crude 1-year mortality rate did not differ between patients on and off digoxin (17.3% vs 20.1%, log-rank <i>p </i>= 0.46), and digoxin was not related to mortality following multivariable adjustment (hazard ratio 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.539–1.402, <i>p </i>= 0.57). Similarly, all-cause mortality was similar in 220 propensity-score adjusted patients (17.3% vs 20.0%, log-rank <i>p </i>= 0.55). On Bayesian analyses, there was moderate to strong evidence suggesting a lack of difference between in unmatched cohort (BF₁₀ 0.091) and weak-to-moderate evidence in the matched cohort (BF₁₀ 0.296).</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In this nationwide cohort, we did not find any evidence for an increased 1-year mortality in heart failure patients on digoxin.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 3","pages":"399 - 408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy in Heart Failure: Overcoming Challenges and Maximizing Benefits","authors":"Zixi Zhang,&nbsp;Cancan Wang,&nbsp;Tao Tu,&nbsp;Qiuzhen Lin,&nbsp;Jiabao Zhou,&nbsp;Yunying Huang,&nbsp;Keke Wu,&nbsp;Zeying Zhang,&nbsp;Wanyun Zuo,&nbsp;Na Liu,&nbsp;Yichao Xiao,&nbsp;Qiming Liu","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00646-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00646-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The delayed titration of guideline-directed drug therapy (GDMT) is a complex event influenced by multiple factors that often result in poor prognosis for patients with heart failure (HF). Individualized adjustments in GDMT titration may be necessary based on patient characteristics, and every clinician is responsible for promptly initiating GDMT and titrating it appropriately within the patient’s tolerance range. This review examines the current challenges in GDMT implementation and scrutinizes titration considerations within distinct subsets of HF patients, with the overarching goal of enhancing the adoption and effectiveness of GDMT. The authors also underscore the significance of establishing a novel management strategy that integrates cardiologists, nurse practitioners, pharmacists, and patients as a unified team that can contribute to the improved promotion and implementation of GDMT.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 3","pages":"329 - 342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40256-024-00646-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140585746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comment on: “Aspirin for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: An Updated Meta-analysis”","authors":"Hussain Sohail Rangwala,&nbsp;Hareer Fatima,&nbsp;Burhanuddin Sohail Rangwala","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00644-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00644-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 3","pages":"465 - 466"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140334371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of Intravenous Iron in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction and Iron Deficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials","authors":"Andrew Sephien,&nbsp;Denisse Camille Dayto,&nbsp;Tea Reljic,&nbsp;Xavier Prida,&nbsp;Joanna M. Joly,&nbsp;Matthew Tavares,&nbsp;Jason N. Katz,&nbsp;Ambuj Kumar","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00635-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00635-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The European Society of Cardiology (ESC) provided a focused update to the 2021 Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure, now providing a 1A recommendation for intravenous iron in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and iron deficiency (ID). However, the findings from randomized controlled trials (RCT) are mixed. This systematic review of RCTs aims to provide an update and synthesize the evidence addressing the association of intravenous iron with patient-based outcomes in patients with HFrEF and ID.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Any RCT evaluating the effect of intravenous iron in patients with HFrEF and ID was eligible for inclusion. A complete search of the EMBASE and PubMed databases was conducted from inception until 15 September 2023. The primary outcome was the composite of the quality of life (QoL) questionnaires, while the secondary outcomes included first heart failure (HF) hospitalizations and all-cause mortality. Data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Data were pooled using a random-effects model.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Of the 1035 references, 15 RCTs enrolling 6649 patients were included in this study. Intravenous iron was associated with significant improvement in the composite of QoL (standardized mean difference − 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 2.24 to − 0.48; <i>p </i>= 0.002), a significant reduction in first HF hospitalizations (hazard ratio [HR] 0.73, 95% CI 0.56–0.95; <i>p</i> = 0.02), and with no change in all-cause mortality (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.79–1.03; <i>p</i> = 0.12). The certainty of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Intravenous iron is possibly associated with improved QoL and reduced HF hospitalizations, without impacting all-cause mortality. These findings not only support the use of intravenous iron in patients with HFrEF but also emphasize the need for well-designed and executed RCTs with granular outcome reporting and powered sufficiently to address the impact of intravenous iron on mortality in patients with HFrEF and ID.</p><h3>Registration</h3><p>PROSPERO identifier number CRD42023389</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 2","pages":"285 - 302"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140193116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Rationale for Using Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy in the Management of Hypertension in Colombia: A Narrative Review","authors":"Dora Inés Molina de Salazar,&nbsp;Antonio Coca,&nbsp;Luis Alcocer,&nbsp;Daniel Piskorz","doi":"10.1007/s40256-024-00634-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40256-024-00634-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and the leading cause of death in Colombia. While the rate of hypertension awareness in Colombia is generally high, rates of treatment initiation, adherence, and blood pressure (BP) control are suboptimal. Major international hypertension guidelines recommend starting treatment with a combination of antihypertensive agents, and the use of a single-pill combination (SPC) to maximize adherence. In contrast, Colombian hypertension guidelines recommend starting treatment with diuretic monotherapy in most patients, and only initiating combination therapy in those with BP &gt; 160/100 mmHg. Therefore, the aim of the current narrative review is to examine the rationale for using SPCs to treat hypertension in Colombia, in the context of the major issues for BP control there. There is evidence of widespread therapeutic inertia in hypertension management, particularly in primary care, in Colombia. Moreover, combination therapy, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and long-acting calcium channel blockers, which are internationally recommended as first-line drug therapies, are underutilized there. Adherence to antihypertensive therapy is low in Colombia and may be enhanced by use of SPCs as well as better patient education and follow-up. While there are promising national initiatives to improve BP management, more needs to be done by individual physicians. Antihypertensive SPCs are available on the national essential medicines list and may help to overcome some of the problems with suboptimal adherence, therapeutic inertia, and low rates of BP control that contribute to the high cardiovascular death rate in Colombia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7652,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs","volume":"24 2","pages":"197 - 209"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10972912/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140136346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}