Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum最新文献

{"title":"The effects of tobacco sales promotion on initiation of smoking--experiences from Finland and Norway.","authors":"M K Rimpelä, L E Aarø, A H Rimpelä","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Norway and Finland were among the first countries to adopt a total ban on tobacco sales promotion. Such legislation came into force in Norway and Finland in 1975 and 1978 respectively. These two countries are sometimes referred to as illustrations that such legislation has been successfully used as a means to reduce tobacco consumption. Tobacco industry spokesmen seem to interpret available evidence in the opposite way and maintain that the prohibition has not contributed to reducing the use of tobacco. Among the publications referred to and misused by tobacco industry spokesmen are publications from the authors of the present report. The effects of a ban on advertising can only be properly examined after describing a reasonable conceptual model. Such a model has to take into account (i) other social and cultural predictors of smoking, (ii) tobacco sales promotion in the contexts of all other mass communication, (iii) control measures other than a ban, and (iv) the degree of success in implementing the ban on advertising. Like any other kind of mass communication tobacco advertising influences the individual in a rather complex way. Behaviour change may be regarded as the outcome of an interpersonal and intrapersonal process. Social science research on tobacco advertising and the effects of banning such advertising has a short history, most studies having been carried out in the late 1980s. After examining available evidence related to the effects of tobacco advertising on the smoking habits of adolescents we conclude as follows: the few scientifically valid reports available today give both theoretical and empirical evidence for a causal relationship. Tobacco sales promotion seems both to promote and to reinforce smoking among young people. The dynamic tobacco market represented by children and adolescents is probably the main target of tobacco sales promotion. In Finland, there have been few studies explicitly addressing the causal links between tobacco sales promotion and the smoking habits of adolescents. In Norway, no such studies have been carried out. If we examine the changes in the use of tobacco over time, the data available do not lend support to the conclusions drawn by the tobacco industry spokesmen. In Norway the prevalence of daily smokers was higher in 1975, when the ban on tobacco advertising came into force than either before or after. The strongest decrease in the prevalence of daily smokers took place during the first five-year period after the ban was introduced.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"49 ","pages":"5-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19254788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Tampere Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Description of the study. Basic results on health and functional ability.","authors":"M Jylhä,&nbsp;J Jokela,&nbsp;E Tolvanen,&nbsp;E Heikkinen,&nbsp;R L Heikkinen,&nbsp;S Koskinen,&nbsp;E Leskinen,&nbsp;A L Lyyra,&nbsp;P Pohjolainen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"47 ","pages":"1-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12610360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational causes of some rare cancers. A literature review.","authors":"H Kolstad,&nbsp;E Lynge,&nbsp;J Olsen,&nbsp;S Sabroe","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"48 ","pages":"1-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12610361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of health policy--principles and practice.","authors":"C Ham","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Health policy analysis covers a wide range of activities: from university-based research to practical activities carried out by bureaucrats and professionals working within the health system with independent unit or think tanks for health policy analysis as a third alternative. A key distinction is between analysis of policy and analysis for policy, which has eight key features: problem-centered; bias to facts and data; multidisciplinary; emphasis on feasibility; uses techniques and political awareness; quantitative and qualitative analysis; role of values; and timing of analysis. Decision-making is not a rational, logical process in which information and research determine policy outcomes, but a highly political process in which power and interest are the main driving forces. Health policy analyses can make a small contribution. Communication and salesmanship must go hand in hand with good academic techniques if research is to influence policy.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"46 ","pages":"62-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12967192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economics of health planning--Costa Rica as an example.","authors":"D Neuhauser","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Costa Rica has been unusually successful in providing high levels of health for its people given its economic resources. It is proposed that there are two reasons for its success. Having no military, Costa Rica has had resources to invest in health care. Having a relatively equal income and education distribution and a democratic government, it has been able to provide health care widely rather than just to the elites. This paper examines production functions for health and possible directions for appropriate management of health as Costa Rica confronts the chronic disease pattern of the developed world.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"46 ","pages":"110-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12968609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic development, health interventions and mortality decline in Costa Rica.","authors":"L Rosero-Bixby","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Costa Rica, whose life expectancy was 74 years by 1985, has reached a health level comparable to a developed country. The health achievements of this country are product of political and socioeconomic circumstances as well as of right public health policies. Until about 1970 the features of Costa Rica mortality, although somewhat better than the Latin American average, evolved in a similar way to the rest of the region. In particular, the decades of 1940s and 1950s saw dramatic improvements in life expectancy, thanks mainly to the import of low-cost, high-effectiveness health technologies. In the 1970s, however, Costa Rica departed from a regional pattern of stagnation and managed to close the gap with developed countries in terms of mortality levels. A dramatic decline in the infant mortality rate from 60 to 19 per 1,000 took place in this decade. The main determinants of this breakthrough were health interventions, notably a primary health care program, even though favorable socioeconomic conditions and a reduced fertility also played a role. Ecological data and other evidence suggest that up to three fourths of the mortality decline was accounted for contemporary improvements in public health services, with about 40 percent attributable to primary health care interventions. Furthermore, by targeting interventions on the less privileged population, these interventions had the merit of reducing geographic and socioeconomic differentials in child mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"46 ","pages":"33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12968616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of the evolution of the health situation of the population.","authors":"S Cervantes,&nbsp;C Raabe","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of the present project is to evaluate the relative importance of different governmental social programmes for health development during the 1970's. National statistics available for the whole period and disaggregated to district level were analyzed with particular regard to three indicators of infant health status when the infant mortality rate was used, increased access to secondary care and improved socio-economic status were related to improvement in infant health status. When the percentage of neonatal deaths or the percentage of deceased live births per woman was used, neither the socio-economic improvement nor the assess to secondary did explain the improvement. Moreover, the primary health programme did not seem to be of importance in explaining the changes in the three indicators of infant health status. A second phase of the project, currently ongoing, is aimed at the evaluation of other factors such as the degree of efficiency of some of the health programmes. This study is based on directly collected information, quantitative as well as qualitative. Structured interviews have been used together with anthropological information from in-depth interviews with individuals and groups. The preliminary results of this second phase indicate that the contradictions observed in the first phase might be due to shortcomings in the national registers. In one of the study areas the coverage of PHC developed earlier than indicated by the official information. In other areas it was found that different obstacles as access problems, lack of health centers, socio-economical problems and lack of cultural knowledge reduced the effectiveness and impact of the primary health programmes.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"46 ","pages":"43-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12968617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of health policy in Costa Rica--some preliminary remarks.","authors":"C G Eriksson,&nbsp;E Mohs,&nbsp;B Eriksson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Costa Rica is one of the world's success stories in primary health care. During the past 20 years the country has experienced a demographic and epidemiological transition. However, during the 80's the economic recession severely affected the country. The social, economic, political and geographic contexts are important for the assessment of health policy. The longstanding democracy, investments in public education and health all contribute to the peace and stability. Assessment of health policy needs both a quantitative and qualitative approach. The policy-making process--how policies are made, translated into action and evaluated--is a research challenge. The national health policy 1986-1990 includes commitment to Health for All strategy; development of the National Health Care System; strengthening of the health care infrastructure; consolidation of health achievements and undertaking of new problems and approaches on integral care for the population; community participation in all health care system activities; and health care priorities. Important research issues are the relationship between the needs of the population and health policy development and the impacts of health policy on the health of the population. A comprehensive study of policy-making includes studies of policy content, process, output and evaluation of impacts (including economy of health policy), and analysis for policy, i.e. information for policy making, process and policy advocacy. Recent successful health policy issues are child health and HIV/AIDS, while water pollution and traffic accidents have been more problematic policy issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"46 ","pages":"82-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12967194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Export-led growth as a determinant of social development in Costa Rica.","authors":"M Lundahl","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Costa Rica has put considerable effort into the development of education, health care, housing and social security. In order to be sustainable, this process requires that the output of such sectors as agriculture and manufacturing expands over time. The article examines the growth of the Costa Rican economy in a long run perspective, with an emphasis on foreign trade policy. The fate of the Costa Rican economy has been highly dependent on the exports of primary products, mainly coffee and bananas, for more than a century. This, however, has created a very vulnerable economy. As a result, during the 1960s, a new development strategy emerged: production of manufactures for the Central American Common Market (CACM). At the end of the 1970s, the prices of traditional export fell and the CACM more or less collapsed. The Central American economies were thrown into an acute crisis, aggravated by faculty domestic economic policies, which also jeopardized social development. This necessitated a stabilization effort on the one hand, and the development of a new trade strategy--promotion of non-traditional exports--on the other. It would appear that both efforts have been successful, although not without difficulties.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"46 ","pages":"92-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12967195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic analysis of immunization programmes.","authors":"P Bjerregaard","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Two economic analyses of immunization programmes, one from Denmark and one from Kenya, are described with emphasis on practical problems in relation to the collection of data. The Danish study was performed by a study group with participation of experts within health economics and epidemiology and a specifically designed computer programme was developed. The Kenyan study was performed by the management unit of the Kenyan immunization programme using standard computer software developed by WHO (EPICost) and without external assistance. Both studies yielded results of significant relevance for the dialogue with the administration and politicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"46 ","pages":"115-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1991-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"12968610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}