Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum最新文献

{"title":"Refugee children from the Middle East.","authors":"E Montgomery","doi":"10.1080/14034949850153329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14034949850153329","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To map the frequency (prevalence) of torture victims among parents in asylum seeking Middle Eastern refugee families, to map the occurrence (prevalence) of experiences of war and other forms of organised violence among the children in these families, to map the occurrence (prevalence) of emotional symptoms and behavioural problems among the children, and to identify risk indicators and modifying factors for anxiety symptoms among the children.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Interview with parents using a structured interview questionnaire developed for this study. Validated through a blinded semi-structured interview conducted with approximately 1/3 of the families. AUSPICES: The study has been carried out by the Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT) in cooperation with the Danish Red Cross.</p><p><strong>Material: </strong>Structured interviews with parents regarding 311 children aged 3-15 from 149 families, all registered as asylum seekers from the Middle East between February 1, 1992 and April 30, 1993. The response was 90.4%. PRINCIPAL VARIABLES: Background (past-past)--social and demographic data; trauma complex (past)--war-related life circumstances (conditions) and experiences of war and other forms of organized violence such as loss, separation, direct exposure to violence and witnessing acts of violence (specific events and changes of life conditions); present life context (past-present)--family circumstances upon arrival in Denmark; effect (present)--the child's current psychological state.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>28% of the parents (44% of the fathers and 13% of the mothers) had been tortured, to the effect that 51% of the children were part of a family including a survivor of torture. The most frequent specific types of violence-related events or circumstances were 'lived in a refugee camp outside the home country' (92%), 'lived under conditions of war' (89%) and 'been on the run with parents' (89%). Twenty percent of the children had lost one parent, and another 60% had been separated from one parent for more than a month. The highest prevalence of emotional symptoms were found within the anxiety dimension, as 67% of the children were assessed as being clinically anxious. The most important risk indicators for anxiety were 'lived in a refugee camp outside the home country', 'part of a torture surviving family', 'lack of opportunities for play with other children', 'beaten/kicked by an official', and 'loss of father'. Current parental behaviour was also an important risk indicator for anxiety, if the mother or father hit or punished the child more than was the case prior to arrival in Denmark. The most important anxiety-modifying factor was arrival in Denmark in the company of both parents.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Asylum seeking refugee children from the Middle East have had many experiences of war and other forms of organised violence. The children frequently r","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"54 ","pages":"1-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/14034949850153329","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20449151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cognitive functioning of 75- and 80-year-old people and changes during a 5-year follow-up.","authors":"I Ruoppila,&nbsp;T Suutama","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of the study was to analyze cognitive functioning among two cohorts of elderly people, aged 75 and 80 years at baseline, and changes in the functioning during a five-year period. Cognitive functioning was assessed using psychometric tests, neuropsychological tasks, metacognitive self-evaluations, cognitive screening tests and reaction time tasks. The objective methods correlated significantly with each other, and only one general factor was clearly produced by the factor analyses. However, the speed of cognitive processing was concluded to have a central meaning in the kind of assessments used in this study. Selective attrition affected the results of psychometric and neuropsychological methods; subjects with better cognitive functioning participating in the follow-up assessments. Among those retested, the cognitive level decreased significantly, but the magnitude of the decline was usually low. Differences between the men and the women were mostly nonsignificant. The retest correlations were high in the psychometric tests but lower in many of the neuropsychological and metacognitive methods. Connections between the metamemory scores and the objective test scores were variable.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"53 ","pages":"44-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20185163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional capacity and health of elderly people--the Evergreen project. Background, design and methods of the project.","authors":"E Heikkinen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"53 ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20185160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What is the long term value of multiphasic health screening and the initial judgement of benefit?","authors":"E Allander,&nbsp;J Bring,&nbsp;L Gudmundsson,&nbsp;S Mattson,&nbsp;O Olafsson,&nbsp;K G Rignér,&nbsp;B Sigurgeirsson,&nbsp;A Taube","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The long term effects of multiphasic health screening (MHS) are rarely studied. In 1964 a random sample of 546 women and 544 men born 1899, 1904, 1909, 1914 or 1919 equally distributed on cohorts from the Swedish town Eskilstuna were invited to examination. For several reasons 167 persons (15%) did not participate in the study. In 1969 the whole sample was invited to a second MHS together with a control group that had not been exposed to MHS. Furthermore, 79 of those alive 1989 born 1899 or 1904 and examined 1964 and 1969 were reexamined. Over all survival rate 1989 for those examined 1964 was for males 18% and for females 35%. Screening instruments 1964 and 1969 were questionnaires, laboratory tests, antropometric measurements, ECG, measurement of blood pressure, chest radiography, peak expiratory flow (PEF), tonometry and fundoscopy of the eyes, audiometric screening, dental, gynecological and general clinical examination. Systolic hypertension for both sexes, low PEF and smoking, low cholesterol in women were negatively related to survival. Of 18 diabetics only one was alive at follow-up. No association was found between BMI and mortality for men, but some (1964 p < 0.01; 1969 p < 0.05) for women. Altogether 87 individuals were 1969 judged to have had some benefit of the MHS in 1964, 40 of them substantial. This was, however, not statistically significantly associated with improved survival. Of the reexamined survivors 86% reported to be generally satisfied with their life situation. The prognostic value of graded benefit was analysed in some detail. The survival to age 85 in the group allotted any benefit was somewhat less good (37%) than in the group with no benefit (44%). The difference did not reach statistical significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"51 ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20185158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socio-economic status, health and life-style in two elderly cohorts in Jyväskylä.","authors":"P Pohjolainen,&nbsp;E Heikkinen,&nbsp;A L Lyyra,&nbsp;S Helin,&nbsp;K Tyrkkö","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"52 ","pages":"1-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20185159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in physical capacity and sensory/psychomotor functions from 75 to 80 years of age and from 80 to 85 years of age--a longitudinal study.","authors":"P Era,&nbsp;T Rantanen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of the study was to describe the performance of initially 75- and 80-year-old men and women in physical, sensory and psychomotor tests, to analyse longitudinal changes in these measures over a five-year follow-up period, and to ascertain if the performance in these measures is predictive for survival. At baseline, all 75- and 80-year-old men and women living in the town of Jyväskylä (n = 663) were invited to participate in the study. Five years later those who had participated at baseline, survived and were still resident in Jyväskylä (n = 432) were again invited. As expected, a better performance in men than in women was found in tests of maximal walking speed, stair mounting and maximal isometric muscle strength in both age groups. Men also had better performance in psychomotor tests and visual acuity whereas auditory functions and postural balance were on average better in women. In some measures the longitudinal changes in five years were more pronounced than suggested by the cross-sectional comparisons between the 75- and 80-year-olds at baseline (e.g. psychomotor speed). In some others the longitudinal changes were smaller than expected on the basis of the cross-sectional comparisons (e.g. isometric muscle strength). In sensory functions longitudinal changes corresponded well with the results of the cross-sectional comparisons. Poor physical capacity at baseline was a significant predictor of subsequent death during the follow-up among the women but much less among the men. For both sexes a low psychomotor speed at the baseline was indicative of a poor survival. It is concluded that the correspondence of the results obtained in cross-sectional comparisons with longitudinal changes varies from one function to another. This correspondence may also be influenced by mortality which is differentially associated with the physical, sensory and psychomotor functions analysed in the present study.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"53 ","pages":"25-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20185162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depressed mood among the elderly in Jyväskylä. A five-year follow-up.","authors":"R L Heikkinen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this article is to describe the changes that occurred in depressive symptomatology over a five-year period among 75- and 80-year old residents of Jyväskylä. It also addresses the question of whether the mood disturbance detected is a permanent phenomenon or whether it has a more episodic nature. In both follow-up cohorts, depressed people were interviewed to find out how the elderly themselves experienced depression and to assess the validity of the CES-D self-rating scale in measuring depressive symptomatology. The purpose of the study was also to find out if depression was predictive for survival. During the five-year follow-up the mean score describing depressed mood (CES-D total scale) did not significantly change in any age group or gender, nor did the mean score of those who died during the follow up differ significantly from the core of the survivors. The mean score of the CES-D subscale Lack of well-being increased among 80-year old women over a five-year follow-up period and those who died had a significantly lower well-being score than those who survived. More than half of the interviewees were classified depressed in both age-cohorts in both examination times. Almost all those elderly people whose score indicated depressiveness in the second examination confirmed that the diagnoses of depressed mood based on the CES-D scale was correct. The higher the CES-D score, the more frequent and/or the more difficult were the problems mentioned in their narratives of depression. Compared with the situation at baseline, the proportion of men and women aged 80 who reported loneliness increased significantly during the follow-up.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"53 ","pages":"66-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20186342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morbidity and disability in 75- and 80-year-old men and women. A five-year follow-up.","authors":"P Laukkanen,&nbsp;R Sakari-Rantala,&nbsp;M Kauppinen,&nbsp;E Heikkinen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Purpose of this report is to describe the changes that occurred in morbidity, symptoms of illness and disability of 75- and 80-year-old residents of Jyväskylä, Finland, over a five-year period. The study population consisted of the elderly residents of the city of Jyväskylä in central Finland who were born in 1914 and 1910. At baseline (in 1989 and 1990), 355 (92.9%) persons from the younger age group and 262 (91.9%) from the older age group were interviewed and 311 (81.4%) and 230 (80.7%), respectively, took part in the physical examination. At follow-up (in 1994 and 1995), the corresponding numbers were 250 (93.3%) and 148 (88.6%) for the interviews and 217 (81.0%) and 127 (76.0%) for the physical examinations. The prevalence of chronic conditions was determined in connection with the medical examinations on the basis of self-report and the respondent's prescriptions and medical information cards. To measure the occurrence of symptoms, the respondents were asked whether during the past 14 days they had suffered from any of 17 listed symptoms. Functional capacity was assessed in connection with the interview carried out at the respondent's home in terms of needing help in activities of daily living (ADL). In the baseline examinations, subjects were found to have on average 2-3 diseases. During the follow-up the number of diseases and the proportion of people with co-morbidity increased in both age groups. Both men and women had on average 1-2 symptoms that caused them much trouble, and the number of such symptoms increased to some extent during the follow-up. The proportions of those needing help increased during the follow-up in all groups and the increase was most prominent among the women of the older age group. Of those who managed independently with physical ADL (PADL) at baseline, 14.9%-44.9% reported need of help in at least one task at follow-up. The need for help in PADL was greatest with cutting toe-nails, negotiating stairs, moving outdoors, washing the upper body and in instrumental ADL (IADL) with vacuuming, shopping, handling finances and in the use of public transport. Successful prevention and postponement of functional disabilities in the elderly population depends not only on the early diagnosis of illness but also on identifying even minor signs and symptoms of disease and functional limitations, and to focus health care interventions accordingly.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"53 ","pages":"79-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20186343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in physical characteristics and body composition during 5-year follow-up in 75- and 80-year-old men and women.","authors":"H Suominen","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A five-year longitudinal study was conducted to examine the changes observed in the physical characteristics and body composition assessed by bioimpedance in 75- and 80-year-old men and women. During the follow-up, there was a systematic decline in body height in all groups studied, the mean changes being somewhat higher in women (1.3-1.6 cm) than in men (0.9-1.1 cm). Body weight and lean body mass declined in women in both age groups and in men in the younger group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the 80-year-old men. The relative proportion of body fat did not change with increasing age in any of the groups studied. Among 80-year-olds, the men participating in the follow-up showed some tendency to have more fat in the baseline than those who subsequently died, while the corresponding group of women tended to be somewhat taller than the other drop-outs. The results support the earlier observations on the age-related decrease in body height, and in the case of women, also on reduced body weight and lean body mass with old age.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"53 ","pages":"19-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"20185161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of mental disorders, personality traits and mental complaints in the Lundby Study. A point prevalence study of the 1957 Lundby cohort of 2,612 inhabitants of a geographically defined area who were re-examined in 1972 regardless of domicile.","authors":"O Hagnell,&nbsp;L Ojesjö,&nbsp;L Otterbeck,&nbsp;B Rorsman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Lundby Study is a prospective, psychiatric-epidemiological study of a normal population that has been repeatedly examined over a period of 25 years. Experienced psychiatrists made home visits and collected the basic information through personal examinations adding supplementary data from other relevant sources. The present book contains point prevalence data of mental disorders such as neuroses, psychoses, organic brain syndromes, psychosomatic disorders, psychopathy, mental retardation, alcoholism, mental complaints, and also of various personality traits in a normal population at two points of time, 15 years apart. Together with earlier published incidence studies the present monograph is intended to give as complete a picture as possible of the mental morbidity in a total population. Our most conspicuous finding was the increase over time of the prevalence of neurotic illnesses. Depressive illnesses represented the largest increase. In the male sex the rate of Neurosis trebled from Time 1 to Time 2, although the female preponderance still remained. Psychopathy and Alcoholism, on the other hand, were very markedly male disorders. A description of how the investigations were performed is included and also a list of publications originating from the Lundby Study. This book will be of interest to physicians and psychiatrists interested in epidemiology and also to governmental planners and social scientists.</p>","PeriodicalId":76526,"journal":{"name":"Scandinavian journal of social medicine. Supplementum","volume":"50 ","pages":"1-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"18847693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}