African journal of medicine and medical sciences最新文献

{"title":"Awareness and distribution of ABO, Rhesus blood groups and haemoglobin phenotypes among medical undergraduates in a Nigerian university.","authors":"T S Akingbola,&nbsp;S Yuguda,&nbsp;O O Akinyemi,&nbsp;S Olomu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In the past two decades the Nigerian government and religious organisations have put more emphasis on knowing the haemoglobin electrophoresis of school children and intending couples respectively. Knowledge of the distribution of blood groups and haemoglobin electrophoretic patterns among young people is vital for the prevention of haemoglobinopathies in the population and for providing effective blood banking services. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the frequency and awareness of blood group and haemoglobinphenotypes among a new set of fourth year clinical medical and dental students of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data, including socio-demographics, self- reported blood group and haemoglobin phenotypes, were obtained from 155 students using a self-administered questionnaire. The ABO, Rhesus (Rh) blood groups and haemoglobin electrophoresis were determined by the tile (slide) technique and cellulose acetate at alkaline phrespectively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Only 43.9% of the participants knew their blood groups while less than a third (29.7%) knew their haemoglobin phenotypes. knowledge of both their blood groups and haemoglobin phenotypes was documented in as low as 20.6% of the respondents. The frequency of haemoglobin AA, AS, AC and. CC were 78.0%, 16.8%, 3.9% and 1.3% respectively. Similarly, the distribution of blood groups were: 0 RhD positive - 47.8%;0 RhD negative- 1.9%;ARhD positive- 21.9%; A RhD negative - 1.3%; B RhD positive - 23.2%; B RhD negative -1.3% and AB RhD positive - 2.6%. No participant was AB RhD negative. Participants who bad previously donated blood and those who were females were more likely to know their blood groups and haemoglobin phenotypes respectively (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Awareness of blood groups and haemoglobin phenotypes among the medical and dental students was poor. Documentation and routine screening for haemoglobinphenotypes as well as blood grouping, accompanied by appropriate counseling should be institutionalised in Nigeriantertiary institutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"275-280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge and attitude of sexually transmitted diseases among adolescents in Ikeji-Arakeji, Osun State, in South-Western Nigeria.","authors":"M E Akokuwebe,&nbsp;B Daini,&nbsp;E O Falayi,&nbsp;O Oyebade","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Globally, sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a public health problem. In Nigeria, adolescents form a substantial proportion (22%) of the population and are particularly prone to STDs because of the influence of peer pressure and urge to experiment sexual activity. The study examined the knowledge and attitude of adolescents towards the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The survey study was descriptive cross- sectional and carried out among consenting secondary school students aged 10-24 years completing a self- administered questionnaire on knowledge and attitude in relation to sexually transmitted diseases in Ikeji- Arakeji, Oriade Local government, Osun State, Nigeria. The proportionate sampling technique was used to recruit 341 participants into the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Male-Female distributions were 46.3% and 53.7% respectively. Mean age at first sex (sex initiation) was 16.8 years (approximately 17years) and about 97% of the respondents knew about STDs. The media/ magazine was the major source of information about STDs, accounting for more than half (57%) of the responses on sources of STD information followed closely from that from friends with 31%. Parent's source of information was about 11%. Knowledge of STDs centred mainly on HIV/AIDS with 83% and there was a poor knowledge (78%) of its symptoms. About 40% of all respondents had initiated sex at the time of the study and 46% of the adolescents, as against 54%, thought it was bad to initiate sex before marriage. There was a significant association between perception about initiating sex before marriage and ever having sex using bivariate analysis x(2)=268.4, P<0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the different groups (sources of information) in influencing sex initiation (F=318.47 and P=0.000). Post-hoc analysis showed that each of the different groups (sources of information) was distinct.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Adolescents' knowledge of STDs generally limited to HIV/AIDS and perception about sex significantly influenced the decision to initiate sex. There is, therefore, a serious need to implement sexual education and other sexual and reproductive health interventions early for adolescents in Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"281-289"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spectrophotometric studies of a novel Gedunin-2-Hydroxypropyl- β-cyclodextrin binary system.","authors":"M O Ologe,&nbsp;A O Adegoke,&nbsp;E O Iwalewa,&nbsp;O G AdeMowo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gedunin, a limonoid, is linked with antimalarial, anticancer and anti-allergic activities. This study was aimed at preparing an inclusion complex of gedunin and 2-hydroxypropyl-p-cyclodextrin (HBD) to increase solubility of-gedunin in polar solvents which will increase absorption and bioavailability in vivo and thus enhance pharmacological effects.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Gedunin was obtained from the hexane extract of Entandrophragma angolense heartwood by column and preparative thin layer chromatography. The structure was previously confirmed by spectroscopic means (NMR). The electronic absorption spectra data of the complexes formed between gedunin. and HBD in various solvents was determined using the UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The stoichiometry of inclusion was determined by Job's method of continuous variation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Evidence of interaction was observed between gedunin and HBD in the various solvents but gedunin and its complex with HBD exhibited sharp absorption bands in acetate buffer (pH 3.5).The spectrophotometric titrations showed curves with a single point of inflexion when the experiment was carried'out at 25⁰C (298 K) and 37⁰C (310 K). A stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 for complex formation was obtained. The formation constants (K,) obtained at 25⁰C and 37⁰C.were 9.539 x.10³ M⁻¹ and .1.853 x 10⁴ M⁻¹ respectively. Thermodynamic considerations revealed hydrophobic interaction between gedunin and HBD.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A stable inclusion complex of gedunin and HBD was formed at room and body temperature. This complex formation involved trapping of poorly soluble gedunin into the hydrophobic core of the cyclodextrin and may enhance the pharmacological activity of gedunin in vivo.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"159-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35851148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A prospective study of adverse events to antiretroviral therapy in HIV- infected adults in Ekiti State, Nigeria.","authors":"T D Popoola,&nbsp;O Awodele,&nbsp;K A Oshikoya","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART); the-current standard of antiretroviral therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected persons, has been documented to drastically, reduce the number of cases of Acquired Immune Deficiency Sypdrome (AIDS). However, adverse. events are a challenge to the use of HAART. This study intends to determine the nature and incidence of suspected advcrse events to prescribed anti retroviral drugs in treatment centers in Ekiti State.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>One hundred and twenty participants were enrolled and followed up over a period of six months. At each clinic visit, there was an administration of a detailed interviewer questionnaire that was completed by the attending pharmacist together with the participant. The form is designed to obtain information on the demographics of the patients, WHO clinical stage of their HIV infection, HAART regimen for the patients, and suspected adverse events associated with the antiretroviral drugs used by the patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Tenofovir/Lamivudine/Eifavirenz (72.5%), Zidovudinc/Lamiv.udin/Nevirapine (16.7%), Zidovudine/Lamivudiine/ElafIvirenz (6.7%), Tenofovir/ Lamivudine/Nevirapine (3.3%), and Abacavir/ Lamivudine/Nevirapine (0.8%) were the HAART regimens prescribed to the patients. About half (57%) of the participants reported clinical adverse events; 92% of which were reported within two weeks of HAART initiation. Most of the reported adveise events were nausea (14.5%), abdominal discomfort (8.2%), and insomnia (7.5%). A few (6%) of those who reported adverse events required regimen switch or drug substitution.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Antiretroviral drugs exposure often presents with adverse events, an observation similar to other studies. Most of the clinical adverse events were not severe or life threatening.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"179-187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35851150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endodontic flare up: incidence and association of possible risk factors.","authors":"S O Gbadebo,&nbsp;A O Sulaiman,&nbsp;O O Anifowose","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endodontic emergency during root canal treatment (flare up) is a common occurrence in multivisit root canal treatment (RCT) and it may be associated with many factors. The occurrence however can affect the prognosis of the tooth and the patient -clinician relationship.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine the incidence and risk factors associated with occurrence of flare up in a multi visit RCT.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Patients planned for multi-visit (RCT) were recruited for the research. Standard protocol was followed in all cases. After the first visit, the patients were followed up for possible development of flare up. Patients' demographics, presence or absence of preoperative pain, status of the pulp and occurrence of flare up were among the data collected. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 with level of significance set at P <0.05.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>A total of 106 root treated teeth were analyzed in patients aged 17 to 73years with a mean of 33±13.2 and male to female ratio of 1:1.5. Incidence of flare up was 8.5%. Prior to treatment, 47% of the cases had pain, 61.3% had apical radioluscency and 83% had pulpal necrosis. Majority (7, 77.8%) of the flare up occurred after the first visit (p=0.000). Only pre- treatment pain had a statistical significant ielationship with occurrence of flare up (p=0.009).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Incidence of flare up was 8.5% and the major risk factor was preoperative pain. First visit in a multi visit RCT is an important stage which if well handled, can reduce the incidence of flare up.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"207-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35850552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriology of middle meatal aspirate of adult patients with chronic rhinosinusitis in Lagos. University Teaching Hospital, Lagos.","authors":"S M Oladeji,&nbsp;C C Nwawolo,&nbsp;A J Fasunla,&nbsp;C J Elikwu,&nbsp;C O Ezeamagu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) significantly lowers the quality of life of patients. The common use of broad spectrum antibiotics for its treatment may alter the pathogens that promote the persistence of this condition. However, the data concerning the distribution of bacteria species. in patients with CRS are not consistent.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To isolate the common aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from the middle meatal aspirates of adult patients with CRS and determine their antibiotic sensitivity patterns Methods: This was a case-control study of adults with diagnosis of CRS. Middle meatal aspirate and swab were obtained from cases and control respectively for bacteriological studies. Data analysis was done using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 17 Result: Forty one aerobic bacteria were cultured. Sixty one percent of the aerobic bacteria isolated were gram positive (staphlylococcus.aureus was the most frequently found) organisms while the remaining 39% was gram negative. Fifteen peicent of the cultured isolates yielded mixed growth of both aerobes (Gram positive and gram negative).3(6%) isolates of Bacteroides species were cultured Conclusion: The present study found that Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides spp) were the common bacterial flora in the paranasal sinuses of patients with CRS.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"135-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35851767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validation of a Yoruba version of the arthritis self-efficacy scale.","authors":"B O A Adegoke,&nbsp;A C Odole,&nbsp;A T Adekunle-Balogun,&nbsp;I Umar","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Arthritis Self Efficacy Scale (ASES) measures a patient's perceived efficacy to cope with the consequences of chronic arthritis. The aim of this, study was to translate ASES in to Yoruba, one of the indigenous Nigerian languages, and to investigate the validity and reliability of the translated version.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty one (21 males; 20 females).patients diagnosed with arthritis participated in this cross sectional survey, although only thirty seven (87.8%) were available for the reliability study. The ASES was translated to Yoruba language using forward-backward translations. Participants completed both English and Yoruba version of ASES on the first day while the second administration of the two versions of ASES was.. completed at one week after the first administrations. Data was analyzed -using descriptive statistics, Spearman correlation and intra-class correlation (at p=0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a significant direct correlation (p<0.0001) between the scores obtained on the English and Yoruba versions (r=0.933). Also there was a significant direct correlation (p<0.0001) between the scores obtained on the first and second administrations of the English and Yoruba version of the ASES.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Yoruba version of the ASES is a valid and reliable outcome measure for health outcomes assessment in Yoruba-speaking populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"189-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35851152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods of voluntary reporting medication administration errors among nurses in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.","authors":"R E Ilesanmi,&nbsp;E O Okojie,&nbsp;A C Ojerinde","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reporting medication administration error (MAEs) is a significant strategy to ensure patient safety. Literature had it that most of what is reported as errors of administration is just a tip of the iceberg, suggesting that a lot more go unreported. The methods of reporting medication administration errors in Nigeria have not been well explored. This study examined the methods of reporting MAEs by nurses in selected wards. in the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Nigeria. Methods- A cross sectional survey of 286 nurses, who were conveniently selected from Medical, Surgical and Accident and Emergency departments of the University College Hospital, Ibadan Nurses who gave consent to participate completed a 42-item structured questionnaire on the methods and reasons for non-reporting MAEs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the study cohort, 162(64.8%) admitted to have committed MAEs in the past, of which 137(84.4%) voluntarily reported. Common methods included reporting to inmmediate supervisor (88; 34%), and confiding in a colleague 62 (24.8%). Only 39 (15.6%) documented and completed report forms. In addition, 183 (73.2%) believed that anonymous reporting enhances the rate of reporting errors. The major reason for non-reporting was the fear of being punished and labelled as incompetent practitioner (Mean 3.82, ± 1.09).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Findings suggest that not all MAEs committed by the study cohort were reported, and the methods used differ with individuals and units of practice. There is therefore a need to create more awareness that disclosure of MAEs will help to identify the specific causes of errors, thereby fostering safe practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"197-206"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35850550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sport participation and injuries among undergraduate students of a Nigerian University.","authors":"O B A Owoeye,&nbsp;S R A Akinbo,&nbsp;S O Giwa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Backgroud: Sports participation is a healthy behaviour but it is not without the risk of injuries. Information on the extent of sport participation and sport injuries among Nigerian Unversity students is sparse. Objeclive: To determine the prevalence and types of sport participation and injuries among university.students in Nigeria. Factors associated with sport participation among students were also examined.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire to collect information on the frequcncy and types of sport participation and sport-related injuries among a representative sample of undergraduate students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. Resuts: A sport participation prevalence of 64.2% (95%CI: 59.5 - 68.7) was recorded among students. Football (soccer) (53.2%) had the highest participation rate. Male students (78.4% vs.41.2%) participated more frequently in sports (p <0.001). Overall injury rate was 52.5 injuries/100 students/ year (95%CI: 46.5 - 58.5). The prevalence of injury was 45.7% in male and 12.7% in female students. About half (49.3%) of reported injuries resulted in time loss. The leg and ankle were the most frequently injured body parts for all injuries and most serious injuries. Football recorded the highest prevalence of injury (73.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Sport participation among students was fair and injury rate was considerably high, mostly affecting the lower extremity and most injuries resulting from football participation. This study suggests the need for improved sport participation support among students and the need for the initiation of injury prevention initiatives by stakeholders.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"171-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35851153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dental care seeking behaviour of children in a rural Nigerian community.","authors":"F B Lawal,&nbsp;O Ibiyemi,&nbsp;J O Taiwo,&nbsp;G A Oke","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is sparse information about oral health seeking behaviour of children in rural areas of developing countries. The aim of the Study was to determine the dental care seeking-behaviour of children attending the first rural based community oral health centre in Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective review of records of patients aged 16 years or younger treated at the Primary Oral Health Care Centre in Ibarapa, Nigeria over six years was conducted. Data on sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, pattern of presentation and their oral hygiene practices were collected and processed using SPSS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 239 paediatric patients were seen during the period with a mean age of 9.7 ± 4.4 years and 132 (55.2%) were males. The majority, 225 (94.1%), were presenting for the first time. All the children sought dental care for one problem or the other and the most common reasons for seeking care were: tooth ache in 105 (43.9%), trauma in 30 (12.6%) and perceived unclean mouth in 20 (8.4%) patients. Older children were more likely to seek dental care because of pain (p < 0.00 1), while younger children sought care principally on account of trauma (p < 0.001) and the under 5 years were seen more often for gum ache (p =0.006). The majority, 175 (73.2%), used toothbrush and 182 (76.2%) cleaned their teeth once daily.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>None of the children presented for routine check-up, rather, consultation was as a result of dental problems with toothache being the most common reason.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 2","pages":"143-149"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35851147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}