African journal of medicine and medical sciences最新文献

{"title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus and Graves' disease in Down's syndrome--a rare combination.","authors":"T. Akande, J. Adeleye, N. Sepu, O. Awofisoye","doi":"10.1016/s1530-891x(20)44820-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/s1530-891x(20)44820-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"51 1","pages":"299-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73092465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in kidney function and oxidative stress biomarkers in offspring from dams treated with dexamethasone during lactation in Wistar rats.","authors":"S O Jeje,&nbsp;O O Akindele,&nbsp;G Ushie,&nbsp;Y Rajil","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The effects of maternal exposure to glucocorticoids during gestation on various organs in the offspring have been reported in literature. There is paucity of information on the effects of maternal glucocorticoids treatment during lactation on organ functions in the offspring. The present study was designed to investigate the changes in kidney function and oxidative stress biomarkers in offspring of dams treated with dexamethasone during lactation in Wistar rats METHODS: Twenty pregnant rats (180-200g) were divided into 4 groups (n=5). Group I was administered 0.02ml/100g/day of normal saline (subcutaneously, s.c) at lactation days 1-21 (control). Groups 2,3, and 4 were administered 100 μ/kg/day dexamethasone (Dex) (s.c) at lactation days 1-7 (Dexl-7),1-14(Dexl-14), and 1-21(Dexl-21) respectively. Evaluation of serum creatinine, urea and markers of oxidative stress in the kidney and histopathology of the kidney were carried out at 12 weeks of postnatal life.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum creatinine and urea levels were. significantly (p<0.05) higher in the Dexl-7, DexI-14and Dexl-21 when compared with the control. Kidney MDA level was also significantly (p<O.05) increased in the Dexl-7, Dexl-14 and Dexl-2lgroups when compared with the control. Kidney SOD activities, catalase activities and protein in the treatment groups Dexl-7, Dexl-14 and Dexl-21 were all significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control. Histology of the kidney showed mild, moderate and severe tubular necrosis in the Dexl-7, Dexl-14 and Dexl-21 groups respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results suggest that maternal exposure to dexamethasone during lactation may lead to increase oxidative stress in the kidney and increase renal necrosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"237-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuroprotective effects of kolaviron against psycho-emotional stress induced oxidative brain injury in rats: The whisker removal model.","authors":"G F Ibironke,&nbsp;A A Fasanmade","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The study investigated the neuroprotective potentials of kolaviron (a biflavonoid complex of Garcinia kola) against psycho-emotional stress induced oxidative brain injury in Wistar rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-four adult Wistar rats (180-220g) randomly divided into four groups (1-1V,n=6) were used for the study . Group 1 served as control (non stressed), group 11 consisted of stressed rats induced by complete removal' of the whiskers around the mouth and the nose without anaesthesia. The rats in group 111 were pre- treated with 200mg/kg kolaviron per oral (p.o), daily for seven days before being subjected to the stress procedure' while group 1V rats also had 200mg/kg oral kolaviron alone without being stressed. The animals were later euthanized by cervical dislocation, cerebellum and frontal cortex removed and then subjected to biochemical and histopathological analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Whisker removal significantly(p<0.05) increased lipid peroxidation (U/mg protein) in the cerebellum (3.82±0.22 vs 6.50±0.41) and the cerebral cortex (14.57±2.50 vs 30.11± 4.70) compared with their controls, it also produced significant reductions 'in catalase activities (U/min/mg protein) in cerebellum (169.65±11.02 vs 87.72, p <0.001) and the cerebral cortex (264.5 ± 40.57 vs 122.71 ± 15.70,p< 0.001). Glutathione levels (U/mg protein) were similarly significantly (P<0.001) reduced in both cerebellum (132.40 ± 4.81 vs 37.60 ± 1.50) and the cerebral cortex (370.42 ±20.51 vs 120.51± 25.35) compared with their corresponding controls. There were also histological abnormalities like cellular degeneration and necrosis in both the frontal cortex and the cerebellum of the stressed rats. Pre- treatment with kolaviron not only reversed these biochemical alterations but also significantly attenuated these observed histopathological changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study demonstrated the neuroprotective potential of kolaviron against psycho-emotional stress-induced oxidative brain injury through the inhibition of oxidative stress.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"253-260"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zinc salt enhances gastroprotective activity of risperidone in indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer.","authors":"F S Oluwole,&nbsp;C Onwuchekwa","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Zinc has been reported to mediate cellular responses to injury by producing cytoprotection via the scavenging of reactive oxygen species. Anti-stress medications are generally anti-psychotic drugs and anti- depressants. Some Anti-psychotic drugs such as risperidone have been reported to possess anti-ulcer activity. Risperidone as an antipsychotic drug blocks several neurotransmitter systems including dopaminergic, adrenergic, histaminergic and serotonergic pathways.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The study investigated the antiulcer activity of Zinc Chloride (ZnCl(2)) in combination with risperidone in male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into two groups of twenty animals each for ZnCl(2) and risperidone groups. Each group was further divided into four subgroups. ZnCl(2) was administered orally at 20mg/kg, 40mg/kg and 80mg/kg to a subgroup, while 80mg/kg of ZnCl(2) was administered in combination with risperidone (0.1mg/kg, 0.3mg/kg and 0.5mg/kg) orally once daily for 21 days. The controls were treated with distilled water. Ulcer was induced using indomethacin. Histology of the stomach tissues was prepared with PAS and H& E stains. Ulcer score and ulcer area were assessed using standard methods. Data were analysed using student t-test and Graphpad Prism 5.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were decreases in ulcer scores using the different doses of ZnCl, (20mg/kg, 40mg/kg and 80mg/kg). Also using the highest dose ZnCl(2) (80mg/ kg) and different doses of risperidone there were decreases in ulcer scores compared to the control. This effect of the risperidone showed a significant dose- dependent reduction. The effect ZnCl(2), and risperidone were also reflected in the ulcer area and in the histology.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggest that ZnCl(2), enhances the gastroprotective activity ofrisperidone in indomethacin- induced gastric ulcer. However, more detailed studies are necessary to confirm the relevance of this finding and its implications in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"291-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dealing with diabetes-specific emotional distress: A cross-sectional survey of physical activity option.","authors":"A F Adeniyi,&nbsp;O O Ogwumikel,&nbsp;I A Adegboyega,&nbsp;J O Adeleye","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetes-specific emotional distress is common among people with type 2 diabetes due to the complexities associated with care and maintenance of wellness among the patients. Unlike the focus on glycaemic control, literature appears unavailable about how physical activity may help in the control of diabetes-specific emotional distress. This study was conducted to investigate the link between diabetes- specific emotional distress and physical activity.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Type 2 diabetes patients (n = 206) were enrolled into this study from two major health care facilities in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire while diabetes-specific emotional distress was assessed using the Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics at ± 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The participants' mean age was 58.6 12.7 years with 109 (52.9%) reporting low physical activity levels and 182 (88.3%) reporting varying degrees of diabetes- specific emotional distress. Compared to participants with low physical activity, those who reported moderate-to- vigorous physical activity reported a reduced risk of diabetes-specific emotional distress (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.26-0.82). Age, sex and level of education were not associated with the distress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A substantial proportion of patients with type 2 diabetes reported low physical activity levels and much more reported diabetes-specific emotional distress. Those who reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity reported a significantly lower risk of diabetes-specific emotional distress. Reduction in. the risk of diabetes-specific emotional distress may be yet another strong point in advocacy for physical activity among patients with type 2 diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"229-236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accuracy of non-endoscopic predictors of oesophageal varices in liver cirrhosis using platelet count, splenic size and portal vein diameter.","authors":"K O Akande,&nbsp;A Akere,&nbsp;J A Otegbayo,&nbsp;S O Ola,&nbsp;D Ousunmade","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Endoscopy has been recommended for all patients with liver cirrhosis to detect varices, but it is expensive, invasive and uncomfortable. There is therefore, need to find non-endoscopic means to predict oesophageal varices.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>To determine the sensitivity and specificity of platelet count, splenic size and portal vein diameter to predict oesophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>Subjects were patients with liver cirrhosis and controls without liver disease aged 18 years and above. Platelet count was determined using Mindray BC-3000plus auto-analyzer. Portal vein diameter was measured at a point where it crosses the hepatic artery. Splenic length was measured through the hilum, as the distance between the dome and the tip. All the patients had upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Varices were graded into I,II, III based on the Japanese classification of oesophageal vatices.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The patients comprised 59 (81%). males and 14 (19%) females, while controls comprised 29 (73%) males and 11 (27%) females. The mean±(S.D.) age of the patients and controls was 44±12.6 and 40± 13 years respectively. There was statistically significant difference in the means of platelet count and platelet count/splenic size between patients with large oesophageal varices and those with small or no varices (p=0.00), while no such difference in the means of splenic size, portal vein diameter and the presence/size or absence of varices. (p=0.06).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Platelet count has the best sensitivity and specificity among the three values in predicting both small and large varices in patients with liver cirrhosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"243-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type 1 diabetes mellitus and Graves' disease in Down's syndrome--a rare combination.","authors":"T O Akande,&nbsp;J O Adeleye,&nbsp;N Sepu,&nbsp;O I Awofisoye","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Autoimmune diseases including thyroid. disorders, type 1 diabetes and celiac disease are commoner in persons with Down's syndrome compared with the general population. Coexistent type 1 diabetes and hyperthyroidism in Down's syndrome is however not commonly reported in literature.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To report a case of a lady presenting with Graves' disease and type 1 diabetes at the same time.</p><p><strong>Clinical presentation: </strong>We report the case of a 22- year-old lady with Down's syndrome who presented with weight loss, polyuria and polydipsia. Physical examination revealed typical dysmorphicfacies of Down's syndrome and a goitre. Laboratory data revealed hyperglycaemia (random plasma glucose-331 mg/dl). She also had biochemical evidence in keeping with hyperthyroidism and markedly elevated thyroid peroxidase antibodies (>1087.0 IU/ml). She improved after rehydration, insulin therapy and antithyroid drugs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Coexisting autoimmune diseases may present in patients with Down's syndrome. We advocate for routine screening for diabetes and thyroid dysfunction in ersons with Down's syndrome.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"299-301"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional health of patients with knee osteoarthritis in a family medicine clinic in Ibadan.","authors":"T Ilori,&nbsp;M M Ladipo,&nbsp;A M Ogunbode","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Patients with knee osteoarthritis experience pain and functional impairment, which impacts upon activities of daily living ultimately leading to a loss of functional independence and low quality- of-life. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the functional health status of patients with knee osteoarthritis in the Family Medicine clinic, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 270 eligible respondents between January and March 2011. The Ibadan Knee/Hip Osteoarthritis Measure (IKHOAM) was administered after screening with the knee pain screening tool (KNEST). Respondents'Socio- demographic characteristics and knee pain intensity ratings were also recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The age range of respondents in the study was from 28 years to 85 years with a female: male ratio 5:1. Out of the 270 respondents studied, 146 (54.1%) reported restriction in performing duties at work. One hundred and twenty seven respondents (47.0%) needed some assistance in walking outside the house for 15 to 20 minutes, whilst 195 (72.2%) required some assistance in climbing stairs. Thirty four (12.6%) of Muslims and 77 (28.5%) of Christians could not kneel to pray. Males are twice more likely to have a better functional health than females (OR= 2.1, 95% CI= 1.0- 4.6, p=0.046).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Knee osteoarthritis significantly impairs activities of daily living, especially some socio-cultural and religious practices of respondents. Therefore in addition to treating the knee symptoms, removing environmental barriers may reduce immobility within and outside the home thereby improving functionality.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"269-274"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Essential professional duties for the sub-Saharan medical/dental graduate: An Association of Medical Schools of Africa initiative.","authors":"E O Olapade-Olaopa,&nbsp;N Sewankambo,&nbsp;J E Iputo,&nbsp;P Rugarabamu,&nbsp;A H Amlak,&nbsp;M Mipando,&nbsp;Monekosso G L","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BACKGROUND - Globally, human resources for health are being optimized to address the increasing health burden and concomitant increased demands on health professionals. These demands are even more exacting in Sub-SaharanAfrica considering the shortage of health care workers, especially physicians. The noteworthy efforts at deploying task-shifting to address this situation not-withstanding, the situation also signals the need to re-define the objectives of medical instruction to ensure effective and contemporary medical practice in a mostly physician-led health workforce across the sub-continent. In this regard, medical and dental graduates must be educated to perform certain minimum essential professional duties competently. Essential Professional Duties are locally relevant professional activities of international standard that represent identifiable outcomes against which the effectiveness of physicians in a specific community can be measured to ensure social accountability. PROCEDURE AND PRODUCT - The Association of Medical Schools of Africa has developed the 'Essential Professional Duties for sub-Saharan medical and dental graduates' to ensure these physicians provide safe and effective contemporary medical/dental practice on the sub-continent. The duties have been grouped into those required for basic patient care, basic administrative skills, basic emergency care, communication, inter-professional relationships, self-directed learning and social responsibilities. Their relevance and suitability have been evaluated prior to their adoption by the Association. CONCLUSION; These Essential Physician Duties have been developed to serve as targets for health professionals training instruments and thus give direction to health system strategies. It is hoped that they will be adopted by medical and dental schools across sub-,. Saharan Africa.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"221-227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraints in the neurosurgical management of pituitary tumours in an African developing country: a 5-year observational study from Benin Republic.","authors":"H J Gandaho,&nbsp;A O Adeleye,&nbsp;A Kerekou,&nbsp;P Yekpe,&nbsp;F Djrolo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Benin Republic, a very low-income-sub- Saharan African developing country, has a severely resource-constrained health system. There is hardly any data available on the pattern of pituitary tumour in this country METHODS: A single surgeon, hospital-based retrospective analysis of the pattern, presentation and clinical / surgical course of7a prospective cohort of pituitary tumours seen over a 5-year period is presented RESULTS: There were 38 cases, 20 (52.6%) female; 27% of all brain tumours seen. They were macroadenomas in 97. 4%, and greater than 4cm in 63.2%. They occurred mainly (86.8%) in people aged 15 to 59 years. Delayed neurosurgical presentation, mean 5.16years (range 1-23years) was the rule in 94.7%%; and, visual and endocrinological dysfunction the two most prominent symptomatology. Due to severe logistic constraints, neuroimaging evaluation was possible with cranial CT only in about 90% of the cases. Also only 9 cases (23.7%) did eventually receive the planned neurosurgical operative treatment, in 5 cases of which even this surgical treatment Was only facilitated by some foreign neurosurgical missions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Pituitary adenomas represent a sizeable proportion of brain tumours in Benin Republic. National health care resources in this low income African country for their optimal clinical / radiological evaluation, and surgical treatment, are grossly inadequate; indeed, almost non-existent.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"45 3","pages":"261-267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35847718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}