African journal of medicine and medical sciences最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of mental foramen in dry human mandibles of adult Nigerians.","authors":"D E O Eboh,&nbsp;E I Oliseh","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study was undertaken to investigate the dimensions number, shape and actual location of the mental foramen as well as to assess the occurrence of accessory mental foramen in dry human mandibles of adult Nigerians. It also considered the distances between the foramen and some anatomical landmarks.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A total of 54 adult dry human mandibles obtained from bone collections in the department of Anatomy of selected Nigerian Universities were used for this study. The sliding digital caliper was used for taking measurements from mental foramen to symphysismenti, posterior border of ramus, lower and superior borders of the mandible. The vertical and transverse diameters of the mental foramen were also measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The most common location of the mental foramen was in line with the second premolar tooth (64.8%). The oval shape occurred more (63.6% on the left side and 56.6% on the right side) than the round shape. The dominant mental foramen was single mental foramen (76.9%) and there was no significant association between occurrence, location and shape of mental foramen and sides of the mandibles in this study (P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study will be of clinical relevance to the dentists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and anaesthetists. It will also be useful to the anthropologists and archeologists in identification and population studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 2","pages":"107-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32881251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nursing diagnosis domains utilized in the intensive care unit of a tertiary hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria.","authors":"P O Adejumo,&nbsp;V F Akolade","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nursing process has been identified as a tool for effective nursing practice. However, current evidence reveals either poor implementation or outright none utilization even in the 21st century. One of the reasons is lack of understanding of the process based on lack of patient assessment by the nurses and inaccurate nursing diagnostic statements. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which nursing assessment was performed by the nurses and to identify the nursing diagnostic domains being frequently utilized in the study setting.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>This was a retrospective study conducted in the burn and cardiothoracic intensive care unit of the University College Hospital (UCH), Ibadan. A total of-230 nursing process booklets of patients were conveniently sampled which included 80 and 150 nursing process booklet of patients with head and burn injury respectively. Descriptive statistics was used to compute the results of the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed that, initial nursing assessment was done for all the patients; hence first set of nursing diagnoses were identified. Time lapsed assessment with accompanying changes in nursing diagnoses was done for only 28% and 32.5% of the patients with burns and head injury respectively. The most frequently used nursing diagnoses were from domain 11- safety/protection (35.7%). The second category include nursing diagnosis domain 4--Activity/ est\" (28.6%), 14% were domain 2- utrition, while the remaining 21% (7% each) were the domains 3, 5 and 12- Elimination, cognitive and perceptual patterns and safety/protection respectively. There were no nursing diagnoses from domains 1: health promotion, domain 6: self perception, domain 7: role relationships, domain 8: sexuality, domain 9: coping/stress tolerance, domain 10: life principles and domain 13:. growth and development. CCONCLUSION Intensified.effort through continuing nursing education or seminars should be instituted to educate nurses on the importance of quality assessment in effective clinical judgment and utilizing nursing diagnosis fully in all domains with adequate 'documentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 2","pages":"167-75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32879751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pharmaceutical equivalence and stability of multisource metronidazole suspensions.","authors":"T O Ajala,&nbsp;M I Oreagba,&nbsp;O A Odeku","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To determine the pharmaceutical equivalence and stability of eighteen randomly selected brands of metronidazole suspensions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The tests conducted include ease of redispersibility, sedimentation volume, particle size measurements, viscosity and assay of drug content.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that 16 (88.9%) out of 18 brands including the innovator (SR) were redispersed between 30 seconds to one minute, while 2 (11.1%) took more than two minutes. The sedimentation volume for 15 (83.3%) of the brands was less than 0.50 while the innovator brand had a significantly higher (p < 0.001) value (0.91). The particle size of the brands ranged between 1.942 and 5.92 μm and the sedimentation rate was between 20-50 mL/day. The viscosity of the brands were significantly different (p < 0.05) with SA, SB, SC, SD, SE and SF having 250-400cp, brands SG, SH, SI, SM, SP and SQ had 10-50cp while the remaining six brands had 100-190cp. Four brands including the innovator (SK, SP, SQ and SR) met Pharmacopoeal requirement for metronidazole suspension on drug content. Moreover, colour change, reduced viscosity and significant increase (p < 0.05) in particle sizes were observed for samples stored at 42 degrees C for seven weeks while those stored at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C maintained stability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Four out of eighteen brands of metronidazole suspensions evaluated in this study were found to be pharmaceutically equivalent. The stability studies showed that there is the need to adhere strictly to storage of metronidazole suspensions in a cool place.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 2","pages":"139-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32879746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nurses' reported practice and knowledge of wound assessment, assessment tools and documentation in a selected hospital in Lagos, Nigeria.","authors":"O M Oseni,&nbsp;P O Adejumo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Complete wound assessment and accurate documentation are two pivots on which effective wound care is based and wound care is the traditional role of nurses. This study was designed to assess nurses' reported practice and knowledge of wound assessment, assessment tools and documentation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Cross sectional descriptive design was adopted and the study was conducted in National Orthopaedic Hospital, Igbobi (NOHIL) Lagos, Nigeria which was selected because of high incidence of orthopaedic conditions with accompanying wounds of various types. A purposive sample of 251 nurses participated in the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings show less than adequate reported practice and knowledge. Some of the respondents, 83 (33.1%) reported that they were familiar with wound assessment methods. However, only 18 (7.2%), 29 (11.6%) and 7 (2.8%) correctly cited photographic method, physical observation, and tape rule respectively while 21 (25%) of them cited wrong methods such as evaluation of PH and chemical method, and the rest could not cite any method. Majority, 144 (57.4%) reported they were not quite or not at all familiar with Pressure Ulcer Status Tool, and none of the respondents who claimed to be familiar with these tools could answer any questions that tested their knowledge on specific aspects of the tool. What respondents claimed they included in their documentation varies from wound dressing done/wound is clean/wound is healing by 111(44.2%) while 40(16%) of them reported no idea of what to document. Modifiable variables like rank (NOII) and years of experience (1-5 years) were found to significantly affect their reported knowledge of wound assessment and reported practice of wound documentation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Participants in this study are deficient in knowledge and practice of wound assessment and documentation. Utilization of wound assessment tools and continuing professional development for nurses are necessary to improve care outcomes for all patients living with wounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 2","pages":"149-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32879748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of geographical information system for lymphatic filariasis and malaria control in Nigeria.","authors":"P N Okorie","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Geographical Information System (GIS) is defined as an information system used to capture, store, edit, retrieve, analyze and visualize geographically referenced data. The use of GIS is one technology that is very useful in the prevention and control of Vector Borne Diseases (VBDs) such as lymphatic filariasis (LF) and malaria which cause high morbidity and mortality in Nigeria. This paper focuses on how the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) can be harnessed for surveillance, prevention and control of LF and malaria in Nigeria. GIS can be used as an operational tool to assist with resource allocation, as a monitoring and evaluation tool and as a tool to investigate various research projects on spatial aspects of LF and malaria epidemiology. This paper provides information on the benefits and potential of using GIS as a tool for the national malaria and LF control programmes with particular reference to Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 2","pages":"161-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32879750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection control: nurses' knowledge and practice of universal precaution in Delta State, Nigeria.","authors":"S E O Egwuenu,&nbsp;F A Okanlawon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Health personnel especially nurses are at high risk of various occupational acquisition of infections such as blood-borne infections, body fluids and contaminated medical equipment. Health personnel may transmit the acquired infections to clients, colleagues and other people they come in contact with. Infection control reduces the risk of transmission of infections among clients, clients to nurses or other health personnel and vice versa. Literature reveals that nurses' knowledge and attention to infection control in Primary Health Centres (PHC) in Nigeria is very limited. This study was therefore designed to assess the nurses' knowledge and practice of infection control in PHC in Delta State, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Cross-sectional design was utilised and target population were the nurses working in PHC in Delta State. Using Slovan's sampling formula; a sample size of 231 nurses was obtained from the randomly selected 17 out of the 25 local government areas in Delta State. A self-administered structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Items on knowledge have Yes/No responses while items on practice have Always, Sometimes, Not at all and not applicable responses. Data were analysed and hypothesis tested with Chi square test at significant level of p < 0.05.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings revealed that nurses in the study setting had good knowledge of infection control, but not fully reflected in the level of their practice of infection control. Majority of them knew that the following precautions could prevent infection: cleaning/covering of sores with waterproof plaster (96.1%), washing of hands with soap and water (97.8%), wearing of gloves (99.1) and disinfecting re-usable instruments (95.2%). In practice, the percentage was below average in the use of hand gloves (47.6%), disinfection of re-usable instrument (45.9%), use of face mask (17.7%), use of eyeshield (7.0%). There was relationship between the years of working experience and practice of infection control (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study reveals that the practice of universal precaution is not given much attention in the PHC and this may constitute health risk to the nurses and the patients in the study setting. It is essential that activities that will encourage the practice of infection control should be put in place in PHC to prevent transmission of infection.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 2","pages":"127-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32879744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Commentary on 'Nurses reported practices and knowledge of wound assessment, assessment tools and documentation in a selected hospital in Lagos, Nigeria'.","authors":"S A Ademola","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 2","pages":"158-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32879749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of chronic administration of ethanolic extract of kolanut (Cola nitida) and caffeine on vascular function.","authors":"H M Salahdeen,&nbsp;A O Omoaghe,&nbsp;G O Isehunwa,&nbsp;B A Murtala,&nbsp;A R A Alada","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Kolanut (Cola nitida) is consumed in virtually every part of the world. The caffeine content of kolanut is scarce and the number of investigations studying the health benefits of kolanut is negligible compared to coffee.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study was designed to identify the caffeine content of kolanut and evaluate the effect of its chronic consumption on cardiovascular functions in rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The caffeine content of kolanut was determined by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups (10 Rats/group). Kolanut extract (11.9 mg/kg), caffeine extracted from kolanut (7.5 mg/kg), decaffeinated of kolanut extract (6 mg/kg) and distilled water (control) was administered orally to each group for six-weeks. Effect of treatment on body weight, blood pressure and relaxation response to acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) of the aortic rings was assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The total caffeine content of kolanut extract was found to be 51% and it was 96% pure from GC-MS analysis. Chronic consumption of kolanut and caffeine significantly (p < 0.05) decreased body weight. Similarly, kolanut extract decaffeinated kolanut and caffeine significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the contractile response to noradrenaline and higher potassium solution. Kolanut extract and caffeine also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the mean arterial blood pressure. Caffeine and kolanut consumption reduced the relaxation response to both acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside. Atropine and L-NAME considerably inhibit the ACh-induced relaxation of the rat aortic ring suggesting the involvement of cholinergic mechanism. However, indomethacin (10(-4)M) also attenuated the ACh response indicating involvement of protanoids.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results suggest that treatment with both kolanut extract and caffeine had similar characteristics between the two groups with no significant differences in the ACh-induced relaxation of thering suggesting that the action of kolanut extract is due to its caffeine content.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"17-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32762606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for pterygium recurrence after surgical excision with combined conjunctival autograft (CAG) and intraoperative antimetabolite use.","authors":"B A Olusanya,&nbsp;O A Ogun,&nbsp;C O Bekibele,&nbsp;A O Ashaye,&nbsp;A M Baiyeroju,&nbsp;O Fasina,&nbsp;A O Ogundipe,&nbsp;A O Ibrahim","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To identify the determinants of recurrence following primary pterygium excision combined with conjunctival autograft (CAG) and intraoperative use of Mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing 5-FU (50 mg/ml) plus CAG versus MMC (0.01%) plus CAG in preventing recurrence of primary pterygium following excision.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 80 eyes of 80 subjects were studied, with 46 eyes in the 5-FU group and 34 eyes in the MMC group. The mean age was 50.7 +/- 13.1 years with a male: female ratio of 0.95:1. Mean follow up period was 35.2 +/- 29.1 weeks. The overall recurrence rate was 10%, with a rate of 8.7% in the 5-FU group and 11.8% in the MMC group. The mean age of the patients who had a recurrence was 38.1 +/- 13.3 years compared to 52.1 +/- 12.4 years in those without a recurrence (p = 0.003). The median size of the pterygium in patients who had a recurrence was 3.2mm, while the median size in patients who did not have a recurrence was 3.0mm (p = 0.8). Five (12.8%) males had a recurrence compared to three (7.3%) females (p = 0.48); while 10.5% of fleshy pterygia recurred compared to none (0%) of the non-fleshy pterygia (p = 1.00).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Younger age remains a risk factor for recurrence when both CAG and antimetabolites are combined in the treatment of pterygium, while the effect of gender, size and morphology of the pterygium may be diminished by such combination.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"35-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32763051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compliance with intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy among postpartum women in Ibadan, Nigeria.","authors":"O A Oluwatosin,&nbsp;J O Aluko","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Malaria has adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes for mothers, their foetuses and newborns. The effective use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment - Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPT-SP) would be of benefit to these vulnerable women. The aim of this study is to assess the compliance with IPT during pregnancy among postpartum women in Ibadan, Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The descriptive survey collected data from 346 postpartum women attending postnatal and child welfare clinics of the University College Hospital, Adeoyo Memorial Maternity Specialist Hospital and Saint Mary Catholic Hospital (all in Ibadan, Nigeria) using a questionnaire. The three settings were selected based on their high client flow and strategic locations within the reach of resident people of Ibadan (both the rich and the poor). The three settings operate the traditional model of antenatal care. None of the settings provide preconception care. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Antenatal visit recorded among the women were marked with irregularities. Majority of the women received information on IPT during clinic visits. Nearly half of the women received other antimalaria prophylaxis apart from SP. Less than 40% of the women had good knowledge of malaria in pregnancy (MIP). Only 20.9% demonstrated positive attitudes towards the use of IPT-SP for malaria prevention. Presentation of malaria symptoms influenced the uptake of IPT significantly.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study recommends integration of focused antenatal care with fewer clinic visits into the existing health care system to improve Ante-natal care (ANC) service utilization. Since majority of the women accessed information on IPT during antenatal clinic visits, same should be intensified to improve its uptake and compliance among women.</p>","PeriodicalId":7616,"journal":{"name":"African journal of medicine and medical sciences","volume":"43 1","pages":"67-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32763055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}