Agroforestry Systems最新文献

{"title":"Shade tree species composition in a cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) agroecosystem in Ghana","authors":"Jacob Danso,&nbsp;Gilbert J. Anim-Kwapong,&nbsp;Sampson Konlan","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01329-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01329-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shade trees are important in cocoa agroforestry systems. However, the decline in shade tree cover on cocoa farms, alongside diminishing forest cover due to deforestation and overexploitation, raises concerns about agroecosystem function and long-term sustainability in Ghana. Enhancing multifunctionality in shaded cocoa systems requires understanding the ecological attributes that drive biodiversity and productivity. This study examined how location and corresponding soil association influence the composition, abundance and diversity of shade trees in cocoa agroecosystems. A complete tree census was conducted across 40 stratified-randomly selected mature cocoa farms in four locations (L), namely Pankese (L1), Pramang (L2), Abirem-Afosu (L3) and Akoase (L4), each representing a distinct soil association. A total of 1185 trees representing 78 species were recorded within 40 (100 m × 100 m) plots. The results indicated that the most abundant species were <i>Spathodea campanulata</i> (6.7%), <i>Alstonia boonei</i> (5.5%), and <i>Milicia excelsa</i> (5.2%). Rényi diversity profiles revealed variation in species richness and evenness across locations, with L2 having the highest richness (α₀ = 3.97) and L3 the lowest (α₀ = 3.52). L3 had the most uneven distribution, while L1 had the highest evenness. Bray–Curtis distances and Distance-based Redundancy Analysis (db-RDA) showed that locations had some shade tree species in common. However, ecological distances were relatively high, indicating dissimilarity in species composition between locations. These findings showed that location and soil association influence shade tree diversity in cocoa agroecosystems and highlight the potential of cocoa agroforests for ex-situ conservation of native tree species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of indigenous knowledge on propagation of native trees in the agro-ecological zone of Ghana","authors":"Abdul-Aziz Adam,&nbsp;Dzigbodi Adzo Doke,&nbsp;Rikke Reisner Hansen,&nbsp;Anne Mette Lykke,&nbsp;Felix Kofi Abagale,&nbsp;Albert Kojo Quainoo","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01318-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01318-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Despite the ecological and socio-economic importance of native trees to rural livelihoods in West Africa, indigenous knowledge and scientific validation of their propagation remains poorly documented, especially in northern Ghana. In this study, we assessed local knowledge on the propagation of four key multipurpose native tree species, <i>Adansonia digitata, Parkia biglobosa, Lannea microcarpa,</i> and <i>Bombax costatum,</i> in the Guinean savanna agro-ecological zone of Ghana to inform domestication strategies. From September to October 2022, we conducted fieldwork across 13 communities in the Kassena Nankana municipality, Kumbungu district, and Nandom municipality. We used semi-structured questionnaires to interview 260 respondents (138 males and 122 females) selected through purposive sampling with local leaders. Our results revealed significant variations in propagation knowledge, fruiting perceptions, and perceived tree population trends across locations and age groups. Most respondents relied on seed-based propagation, while few had knowledge of vegetative techniques. Older participants, especially those aged 50–69, demonstrated greater propagation knowledge, particularly for <i>P. biglobosa</i>. Communities reported that fruit maturation varied seasonally and by location. Livestock herbivory emerged as the main constraint to seedling survival, alongside cultural taboos and ecological barriers such as seed dormancy. These findings highlight the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge into tree domestication and conservation strategies. By embedding this knowledge into policy and reforestation initiatives, we can promote more culturally relevant, ecologically sound, and socially inclusive approaches to landscape restoration and rural development.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210851","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The promises and missed opportunities of upscaling agroforestry: Lessons from Mexico’s Sembrando Vida program","authors":"Pablo Gonzalez-Moctezuma,&nbsp;Sophia Winkler-Schor,&nbsp;Mar Moure","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01281-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01281-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scaling up agroforestry programs globally has faced significant challenges, despite agroforestry's promise as a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation, biodiversity conservation, and poverty reduction. Programs worldwide have consistently experienced barriers including insufficient funding, mismatched incentive structures, and the challenges of tailoring programs to diverse landscapes. All of this is compounded by a lack of research going beyond parcel-level analysis. These challenges contribute to the fragmented adoption of agroforestry and hinder the realization of its full potential in mitigating pressing social and environmental challenges worldwide. We examine <i>Sembrando Vida</i>, Mexico’s flagship agroforestry program, estimated to cost $13 billion USD, which aimed to restore one million hectares of degraded lands. In this perspectives article, we reflect on our experience researching the <i>Sembrando Vida</i> program complemented with a document analysis of scientific publications, official data and communications, and grey literature. We identify six innovations that advanced agroforestry scaling, including significant financial investment, streamlined governance, technical support, distribution mechanisms, a focus on community cohesion, and gender equity. However, we also highlight three critical shortcomings: limited external evaluation due to government resistance to outside scrutiny, prioritization of social objectives over environmental outcomes, and insufficient measures for climate resilience and market access. These gaps pose risks to the program’s effectiveness and sustainability and undermine opportunities for stakeholders to learn from <i>Sembrando Vida</i>. We argue that large-scale agroforestry initiatives require procedural and administrative transparency, robust monitoring, and balanced socio-environmental strategies that enhance long-term adoption and impact. Nonetheless, <i>Sembrando Vida</i> serves as both a milestone in agroforestry policy and sheds light on the complexities of scaling nature-based solutions in diverse socio-ecological contexts.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3>\u0000<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10457-025-01281-x.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seeing is believing: the effect of product-quality validation on consumer willingness to pay (WTP) for high-quality agroforestry seedlings in Malawi","authors":"Chisomo Haswell,&nbsp;Robertson R B. Khataza","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01339-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01339-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Scaling out ecosystem restoration programs in sub-Saharan Africa will require supply of the right quality and quantity of planting stock. Yet, the supply of quality agroforestry germplasm is not widespread. We apply contingent valuation method (CVM) to elicit potential demand for quality-enhanced germplasm for three multipurpose agroforestry tree species in Malawi. Following a split-sample CVM design, we employed a Multivariate probit regression model to test the effects of product-quality validation— through audio-visual information aids —on willingness to pay (WTP) bids. Hypothetical bias was mitigated using cheap/pep talk (consequentialism) and follow-up certainty questions (calibration). The results reveal that landholders who viewed seedling quality-attributes through video-based information platform reported 28–40% higher WTP bids for quality-enhanced seedlings compared to their counterparts who received verbal information. Mean WTP for improved grafted <i>Mangifera indica</i>, <i>Acacia polyacantha</i> and <i>Faidherbia albida</i> were estimated at MWK1329 (US$1.28), MWK547 (US$.52), and MWK539 (US$0.52), respectively, for landholders in the treatment (video) group. Further, multivariate probit regression results show that product-quality validation (through audio-visual aids), gender, distance to seedling suppliers, and credibility of suppliers significantly influenced WTP offers. The findings highlight that there is potential demand for improved agroforestry seedlings and, hence, the need for seed supply chains to embrace or invest in seedling quality enhancement technologies (SETs) and quality control mechanisms.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The adoption of agroforestry practices: the determinants and constraints among smallholder farmers in Juba County, South Sudan","authors":"Joseph Mayindo Mayele,&nbsp;Takeshi Sakurai","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01316-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01316-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Agroforestry (AF) is an integrated farming system that offers both tangible and intangible benefits. In many developing countries like South Sudan, where resources for agricultural development are limited, farmers still tend to increase their motivation to incorporate woody perennials into agroforestry practices. However, several studies have shown that socioeconomic and institutional factors play crucial roles in farmers' decision-making processes regarding agroforestry adoption. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the key factors influencing farmers' adoption decisions in Rajaf Payam, Juba County, South Sudan, by applying probit and multivariate probit regression analyses. Since different agroforestry practices may have varying impacts on farmers’ adoption decisions, a multivariate probit approach ensures that these practices are analyzed simultaneously, compared to using a simple probit model applied to a binary dummy variable of each agroforestry practice separately. The data were collected from 348 randomly selected households using structured questionnaires administered to household heads. Key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) were also conducted. The main findings revealed that gender, access to credit, access to quality and improved seeds, household size, distance to market, mode of farmland acquisition, extension contact, livestock ownership, and parcel size significantly affected agroforestry adoption. The study also found that common agroforestry practices included scattered trees on croplands (44.60%), homegardens (22.44%), and boundary planting (16.34%). These practices mainly involved fruit tree species such as <i>Mangifera indica</i> (26.9%), <i>Citrus sinensis</i> (15.8%), <i>Carica papaya</i> (10.1%), and <i>Azadirachta indica</i> (9.2%), which were primarily used for food provision (24.4%), shade (7.2%), and protective/windbreak purposes (6.6%). Moreover, the results indicated that the major constraints hindering adoption were a lack of low-cost, quality inputs (ranked 1st), high rates of insecurity (ranked 2nd), a lack of capital (ranked 3rd), and insufficient labour (ranked 4th). Overall, to scale up and sustainably increase adoption rates, targeted efforts to promote agroforestry interventions should be prioritized, including mobilizing and allocating more resources to these practices.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10457-025-01316-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the effect of tree position on crown area, height, and crown asymmetry in Silvopastoral systems using drone laser scanning (DLS)-based segmentation","authors":"Gina Dogliotti,&nbsp;Ivan Rizzo,&nbsp;Andres Baietto,&nbsp;Juan P. Posse,&nbsp;Natalie Aubet,&nbsp;Nahuel Lamas,&nbsp;Jaime Gonzalez-Talice","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01340-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01340-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Silvopastoral systems (SPS) represent a promising approach to sustainable land use by integrating trees with livestock production. In SPS, the spatial arrangement of trees plays a significant role in crown development. Edge trees, located at the plantation perimeter, are particularly important in alley arranged SPS, as they are the most prevalent and exhibit distinct structural characteristics. The study evaluates the effects of tree position on crown asymmetry, Crown Area (CA), and height (Ht) in a triple-row silvopastoral system using Drone Laser Scanning (DLS) data. The research was conducted on two <i>Eucalyptus grandis</i> stands, 3 and 10 years old. Inverted watershed segmentation method was used to estimate dendrometric variables such as CA and Ht, and trees were classified based on their position within the triple-row arrangement into three categories: external east (EE), external west (EW), and middle (M). Crown asymmetry was analyzed using six indices (CAI4, CAI5, CAI10, CAI13, DistTC, Dist/CA). Results demonstrated significantly larger CA in external trees (EE and EW) compared to middle trees, reaching differences of up to 39% in the 10-year-old stand. In contrast, tree height showed minimal positional differences (1–3%). Crown asymmetry indices (CAIs) were strongly correlated (Spearman’s ρ = 0.83–0.99), with CAI13, CAI10, and CAI4 showing particularly high consistency. This research highlights the importance of tree position in determining crown structure and demonstrates the effectiveness of remote sensing technologies for precise dendrometric assessments, informing better management and design of sustainable silvopastoral systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145210852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Traditional agroforestry systems in Europe revisited: a systematic review","authors":"Thuy Hang Le,&nbsp;Gianmaria Bonari,&nbsp;Martin Sauerwein,&nbsp;Tobias Plieninger,&nbsp;Stefan Zerbe","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01335-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01335-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Traditional agroforestry systems (TAFs) in Europe represent an interface between agriculture and biodiversity conservation, being able to offer sustainable production while supporting diverse ecosystems often with unique species assemblages. This systematic review synthesises research on TAFs conducted between 1992 and 2024 using the PRISMA methodology. We analysed 232 studies to assess TAFs types, their distribution, biodiversity significance, and ecosystem services’ contributions across Europe. The findings highlight regional variations, with <i>dehesa</i>/<i>montado</i> systems dominating Southern Europe and traditional orchards and wood pastures being prevalent in Central and Eastern Europe. Our review gives evidence that TAFs provide multifaceted ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility enhancement, water regulation, and cultural heritage preservation. Additionally, TAFs harbour a rich biodiversity, particularly among vascular plants, birds, and insects, whose ecological roles are pivotal to the ecological functioning of these systems. Despite their significance, studies indicate that a decline in economic viability and changing land-use patterns have threatened the future of TAFs. This review emphasises the need for innovative management practices that integrate traditional knowledge, alongside political and public support, to ensure the long-term conservation and restoration of TAFs in Europe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10457-025-01335-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodiversity and ecosystem services of cacao agroforestry arrangements in the Colombian Amazon","authors":"Juliana Andrea Solarte-Soto,&nbsp;Fabiola Ospina-Bautista,&nbsp;Tobias Fremout,&nbsp;William Felipe Melo-Zipacon,&nbsp;Manuel C. Valencia-Molina,&nbsp;Mirjam Pulleman","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01326-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01326-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Cacao agroforestry systems (AFS) represent a more sustainable alternative to monocultures by providing significant benefits in terms of carbon stocks and biodiversity conservation. For their adoption, farmers must make key decisions regarding the tree species to integrate and the type of spatial arrangement to implement. This study aimed to evaluate how tree diversity in AFS influences the provision of ecosystem services (ES), as well as the potential synergies and trade-offs among them, in the southern Colombian Amazon region. We analyzed three AFS arrangements, scattered trees, live fences, and alley cropping, and four ES (aboveground carbon stocks, and provision of cacao, timber and fruit). Thirty farms were sampled using variable-area transects to record tree composition and density. Carbon stocks were estimated using an allometric equation, cacao yields were reported by farmers, and timber and fruit provision were indirectly quantified through the basal area of fruit and timber trees. A total of 121 tree species were identified, mostly native species. Although tree diversity and density did not vary significantly among AFS arrangements, composition differed. Significant synergies were detected between regulating ES (aboveground carbon stocks) and provisioning ES (timber provision), both of which were associated with tree species richness and density. In contrast, no statistically significant trade-offs were found between cacao yields and other ES. In conclusion, diverse AFS can sustain multiple ES, but require careful planning and incentives that recognize their value in terms of ecosystem service delivery and biodiversity conservation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145171045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forest dependence and livelihood dynamics: A study of non-timber forest products based economies in forest fringe communities of a dry deciduous forest region of West Bengal","authors":"Bipul Paul,&nbsp;Trishita Debnath,&nbsp;Akshay Rana,&nbsp;Nilanjana Das Chatterjee","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01333-2","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01333-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Non timber forest products(NTFPs) play a significant role in the livelihoods of forest fringe people in the dry deciduous forest region of West Bengal. This study investigates the economic contribution of NTFPs and the socioeconomic factors influencing household dependence (share of NTFP income) on it. A multistage sampling approach was employed, with data collected from 133 households across six villages using semi-structured questionnaires. The study revealed that forest products contribute significantly to household income (33.10%), second only to agricultural wage labor (34.36%). Sal leaves appeared as the most economically significant NTFP, accounting for 62.34% of total forest income. Analysis across income terciles demonstrated an inverse relationship between total household income and forest dependence, with low-income households exhibiting greater reliance on forest resources. Multiple regression models identified education, household size, and alternative income sources as significant determinants of forest income and dependence. These findings underscore the need for policies that promote livelihood diversification and sustainable forest management to enhance community resilience and ensure the long-term ecological integrity of the region.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corn and bean in an agroforestry system: growth, yield, and efficiency of solar radiation interception","authors":"Valeria Pohlmann,&nbsp;Edgar Ricardo Schöffel,&nbsp;Eberson Diedrich Eicholz,&nbsp;Ernestino de Souza Gomes Guarino,&nbsp;Gustavo Rodrigues Scheer,&nbsp;Eduarda Voigt Franz,&nbsp;Frederico de Castro Mayer","doi":"10.1007/s10457-025-01336-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10457-025-01336-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The cultivation of maize and beans in agroforestry systems can be a sustainable strategy, however, the reduction in available solar radiation may pose a challenge. This study aimed to evaluate solar radiation availability, the extinction coefficient, and radiation interception efficiency, as well as to quantify precipitation deficits and analyze crop growth and productivity under different shading conditions. Experiments were conducted using a randomized block design in a factorial arrangement (2 × 4, two maize cultivars, BRS 015FB and BRS 019TL, and four tree distances: 1.3, 2.1, 2.1, and 1.3 m) for maize, and a monofactorial design (7 tree distances: 1.3, 1.7, 2.1, 2.5 m center, 2.1, 1.7, and 1.3 m) for beans. We evaluated the crop coefficient and efficiency of photosynthetically active radiation interception of the species, as well as plant growth and yield. The results show that at noon, solar radiation is reduced by 50.7% for maize and 54.9% for beans. Maize had a lower extinction coefficient and higher efficiency in intercepting photosynthetically active radiation compared to beans. The precipitation deficit was more pronounced in the 2022/23 crop season, with 85 mm during the bean cycle and 118 mm during the maize cycle. For maize, productivity was not affected by tree distances, while for beans, the highest productivity occurred in the central rows between the trees.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":7610,"journal":{"name":"Agroforestry Systems","volume":"99 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145170682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}