Forest dependence and livelihood dynamics: A study of non-timber forest products based economies in forest fringe communities of a dry deciduous forest region of West Bengal

Non timber forest products(NTFPs) play a significant role in the livelihoods of forest fringe people in the dry deciduous forest region of West Bengal. This study investigates the economic contribution of NTFPs and the socioeconomic factors influencing household dependence (share of NTFP income) on it. A multistage sampling approach was employed, with data collected from 133 households across six villages using semi-structured questionnaires. The study revealed that forest products contribute significantly to household income (33.10%), second only to agricultural wage labor (34.36%). Sal leaves appeared as the most economically significant NTFP, accounting for 62.34% of total forest income. Analysis across income terciles demonstrated an inverse relationship between total household income and forest dependence, with low-income households exhibiting greater reliance on forest resources. Multiple regression models identified education, household size, and alternative income sources as significant determinants of forest income and dependence. These findings underscore the need for policies that promote livelihood diversification and sustainable forest management to enhance community resilience and ensure the long-term ecological integrity of the region.