American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Chemical profile of common varieties of Allium cepa L. sold in FCT-Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"A. Samali, K. Izebe, A. Adamu","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v22i1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v22i1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Onions (Allium cepa L.) belong to the family of vegetables and herbs with strong antioxidants properties that combats the formation of free radicals and other microbial based disease conditions. The study aimed at investigating chemical profile of common varieties of Allium cepa L. sold in FCT-Abuja, Nigeria. The samples were randomly purchased at point of sales, processed and analyzed for Phytochemical, antioxidant, mineral elements, microbial activities and GC-MS fingerprints using standard methods. Results indicated presence of alkaloid, flavonoids and tannin; antioxidant inhibitory concentrations (IC50) range of 1.496 - 2.961 mg/mL and presence of Ca, Mg, Cu, Cr and Fe were observed. The GC-MS fingerprints identified 17 compounds with retention times ranging from 3.09 to 9.77 minutes. The presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins corroborated report from the earlier studies of white onions. Inhibitory concentrations of the antioxidants obtained are lower than values reported from previous similar studies. The levels of the mineral contents of all the samples are within the safe limits in terms of mineral overloads and contamination, while the GC-MS fingerprints indicated nine (9), eight (8) and seven (7) compounds in the red, white and brown varieties respectively. The allyl group from organosulfur compounds is responsible for the antimicrobial activities. All the varieties of Allium cepa L analyzed contained alkaloid, flavonoids, free from heavy metals contamination and also had potent antimicrobial activities due to the presence of the 17 compounds revealed by the GC-MS fingerprints which was not previously reported. The findings of the present study has therefore contributed to additional knowledge on the existing database on Nigerian cultivars of Allium cepa .","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80140628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Objective assessment of the variation in number of doses of generic timolol eye drops along with their cost effectiveness.","authors":"J. Isaac, I. Galadima, Toyosi Olatunji Kazeem","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v22i1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v22i1.5","url":null,"abstract":"First, this study aims to ascertain if truly the generic timolol eye drops circulating in Abuja and it environ are interchangeable. Secondly, we explore their cost effectiveness in naira based on the dispensing position. Using official guidelines, we assessed seven generic timolol ophthalmic preparations for organoleptic, pH, viscosity, sterility, and assay test. After this, they were tested in the vertical (90 ⁰) and horizontal (30 ⁰) positions for filled volume in a bottle, the total number of drops per bottle, drops per mL; and eventually the total number of bottles needed per year, cost per year and their cost effectiveness per mmHg were extrapolated. All brands were colorless and devoid of particulate contamination. Assay, pH, and viscosity values were within the compendia specification (BP and USP) for eye drops. The sterility assay showed no evidence of bacterial or fungi growth. All brands had actual filled volume less than or equal to the stated label claim. Their drops per 5 mL bottle range from 141-169 and 122-139 when dispensed in vertical and horizontal positions respectively; while for brands with 10 mL label volume, they range from 305-321 and 299-309 drops per bottle for vertical and horizontal dispensing respectively. Brand T1 (which is the most expensive) would need two bottles less in a year if the medication were to be dispensed vertically, amounting to N 3,200.00 ($ 7.04) reduction in treatment cost and a 45 % improvement in cost-effectiveness per intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction per year. In conclusion, the dispensing technique played a significant role in the number of drops per bottle, this would however impact on the treatment cost of glaucoma patient placed on timolol eye drop.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81116522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric analysis and antioxidant property of leaf extracts of Chamaecrista rotundifolia","authors":"A. A. Hamid, A. Shehu, M. Bale, U. Idris, S. B. Issa, M. Zubai̇r, S. Ibrahi̇m, Y. Yakub, A. Abdulsalam, F. O. Adefila, S. A. Oladele, O. Olaniyi","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v22i1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v22i1.7","url":null,"abstract":"Chamaerista rotundifolia is a medicinal plant whose leaves are useful for the treatment of many diseases including cancer, diarrohea and pain. This plant is underexploited in the area of extraction and bioassays that will establish its efficacy. The aim of the present study is to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant properties as well as to analyze the chemical compositions of the extracts from the plant leaves through the use of Gas chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC- MS) technique. The antibacterial activity of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of the plant was tested against six (6) strains of bacteria named Pseudominas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aerus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli. The extracts of the plant exhibited no significant antibacterial property on the tested organisms. The result of antioxidant activity (using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazy (DPPH) radical scavenging) revealed that Chamaecrista rotundifolia ethyl acetate extract has low antioxidant properties due to its high (>1164.878), and negative (< 0) Inhibition Concentration at 50% values for antioxidant. However, the methanol extract exhibited antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 5 μg/mL, which is comparable to that of ascorbic acid, 2.55 μg/mL. The GC-MS results of this extract showed that it contains some bioactive compounds. Meanwhile, the ethyl acetate extract of the plant contains 75 chemical compounds, 4 of which are principal constituents, 6 are minor and others are trace. The chloroform extract of C. rotundifolia leaf was, however, inactive in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria as the extract also had a high inhibition value when compared with the inhibition concentration at 50%, which shows its low level of antioxidant activity. Our results of antibacterial activity were found not promising while the antioxidant activity on its own showed an interesting result that could be useful in the prevention of oxidative stress side effects and cancer related diseases.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87311611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic interaction between Bambusa arundinacea and Euphorbia hirta leaf extract on antioxidant, antiglycation and DNA protective properties.","authors":"Macwan Dipeksha, Hiteshkumar V. Patel","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v22i1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v22i1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Oxidative stress and enhanced non-enzymatic protein glycation result in the pathogenesis of various disorders in humans, including diabetes mellitus. This study examined the synergistic action of Bambusa arundinacea with Euphorbia hirta leaf extract for anti-oxidant potential, antiglycation effect on fructose-mediated proteins, and DNA-protective properties. The methanolic extract shows significantly (P<0.01) higher total phenolic and flavonoid content when compared with ethyl acetate and hexane extract in both plants. The combined methanolic extract (CME) of both plants exhibits higher antioxidant potential, as indicated by the lower IC50 values obtained for DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity (4.82 μg/ml) and NO (nitric oxide) scavenging activity (3.94 μg/ml) with stronger Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity when compared to B. arundinacea and E. hirta individually. The antiglycation analysis revealed that CME is more potent to inhibit fructose-mediated glycation of human serum albumin (HSA) at the early and middle stages. In addition to this, CME more effectively inhibits protein glycation in the late phase, which was confirmed by declining fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, a high degree of positive correlation was obtained between antioxidant and antiglycation capacities through Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results also demonstrated that CME displays a synergistic effect in protecting DNA from oxidative damage and preventing the formation of glycation of DNA.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73713903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of phytochemical constituents, total phenolic contents and in vitro antioxidant activities of Mucuna pruriens fractions leaves","authors":"O. Oyinloye, A. A. Murtala, F. Oladoja, O. Okunye, A. Aderinola, E. Kasumu","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v22i1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v22i1.2","url":null,"abstract":"Mucuna pruriens is a tropical annual climbing legume plant used in traditional medicine systems to treat diabetes, arthritis, dysentery, hematinics, inflammation, and cardiovascular conditions. The present study investigates the phytochemical constituents, phenolic contents and in vitro, antioxidant potentials of M. pruriens leaf fractions using spectrophotometric methods. Phytochemical screening of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions of M. pruriens was determined using standard methods. The antioxidant activities of the fractions were assessed against total phenolic contents, total antioxidant contents, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assay, and 1,1-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity using standard protocols. Phytochemical screening showed that only the ethyl acetate fraction of M. pruriens leaves contain all the phytochemical constituents tested for, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenol. The activities of the fractions against total phenolic contents were high in ethyl acetate fraction (1.958±0.24 mg GAE/g), while chloroform fraction gave the lowest total phenolic contents (1.476±0.19 mg GAE/g). On the contrary, chloroform fraction showed more significant total antioxidant contents (2.078±0.80 mg ASCE/g). The methanol fraction demonstrated higher ferric ion-reducing antioxidant power (4.866±1.19 mg ASCE/g). The methanol fraction scavenging activity against DPPH radical exhibited a lower IC50 value of 404.92 (μg/mL) relative to other fractions. It is concluded that ethyl acetate and methanolic fractions of Mucuna pruriens leaves, which contain large amounts of phenolic compounds, exhibited high antioxidant activities. These in vitro assays indicated that Mucuna pruriens leaves fraction is a significant source of natural antioxidants, which might help prevent the progress of various oxidative stresses. \u0000 ","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74214724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic activity of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Abrus precatorius fractions extract against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis","authors":"S. K. Izebe, Y. Ibrahim, J.A. Onoalapo, K. Ibrahim, P. Oladosu, N. Ibekwe, P. Adigwe","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v22i1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v22i1.3","url":null,"abstract":"Streptococcus pneumonia and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and both account for high morbidity and mortality globally. This study is aimed to determine the antimicrobial and synergistic activity of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Abrus precatorius against these two respiratory infections. The leaves of T. tetraptera and A. precatorius were extracted using 70% methanol and further fractionations of the further fractionation. The crude and fractions were screened for antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus pneumonia and Mycobacterium tuberculosis using micro-dilution technique. The synergistic activity of fractions of T. tetraptera and A. precatorius was analyzed using standard checkerboard. The phytochemical composition of the fractions was analyzed using standard technique. The crude extracts of T. tetraptera and A. precatorius had activity against S. pneumoniae and M. tuberculosis at varied concentrations of 0.7 to 6.9 mg/l. The fractions alone of T. tetraptera and A. precatorius had activity at lower concentrations ranging 0.03 to 0.98 mg/ml against test bacteria. The combined fractions T. tetraptera and A. precatorius against S. pneumoniae and M. tuberculosis provided better activity at concentrations of 0.01 to 0.33 mg/ml to give synergy and indifference activity. The phytochemicals identified in A. precatorius and T. tetraptera included tannins, saponins, flavonoids, phenols and resins but differ in alkaloids detected in only T. tetraptera. This study has shown that A. precatorius and T. tetraptera possess antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumonia and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The combined fractions of T. tetraptera and A. precatorius showed greater antimicrobial activity than when each plant is used individually. The synergistic effect of these fractions of T. tetraptera and A. precatorius can be used in the development of phyto-medicine that will be efficacious, increase cure rate and decrease resistance in S. pneumoniae and M. tuberculosis.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81829294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of three hepatitis b virus detection protocols in blood donors","authors":"R. P. Akpan, V. Azuh, S. Alkhalil, D. Ugbomoiko, Anslem Ajugwo","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v22i1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v22i1.6","url":null,"abstract":"Hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA diagnosis plays a critical role in the transmission of HBV infections. Accurate protocols in HBV detection will reduce the spread of the virus from blood donors. Therefore, this research compared the HBV detecting potentials of three different HBV protocols in the virus detection. Blood from 200 donors at the University college blood bank Ibadan were sampled and tested for HBV using the ABON™ HBsAg Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Tests (strip test), Monolisa TM HBsAg ULTRA (ELISA test) and Huruian biology HBV detection kit (qPCR test). HBV positive samples were genotyped by sequencing to ascertain genotype identity. Results showed that of the 200 samples tested, both ABON™ HBsAg Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Tests and Monolisa TM HBsAg ULTRA (for ELISA) did not record any positive sample. However, Huruian biology HBV detection kit via qPCR recorded a total of twenty-three positive samples. Of the twenty-three samples, twenty were of genotype E while three were of genotype B. The results from this study showed that that qPCR is more accurate in HBV virus detection than ELISA technique and also HBV genotype E is the most common genotype isolated in Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88461155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hepatorenal function of Wistar rats treated with Alamo and Jekomo, an alcoholic herbal bitters in Nigeria","authors":"M. Adeyemi, Olayinka M. Afolabi, Nifemi Balogun","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.18","url":null,"abstract":"Increased demand for herbal remedies and natural quest for alcohol consumption has positioned alcoholic herbal bitters an acclaimed blood detoxifying and liver cleansing potential as an ideal drink without scientific validation. This study assessed the hepatorenal effect of Alomo and Jekomo, commonly consumed alcoholic bitters in male Wistar rat. Thirty male Wistar rats weighing 110 to 130 g were divided into six groups of five animals each and treated with distilled water, ethanol, Alomo and Jekomo Alcoholic Bitters at 2.68 mL/kg body weight respectively for 28 days. The serum and kidney homogenate were used to determine biochemical parameters such as total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea and bilirubin following standard methods. There was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum and kidney levels of total protein and albumin in alcohol treated groups. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum creatinine levels of ethanol and kidney homogenate of Jekomo bitters treated group when compared with control. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in serum and kidney urea and bilirubin concentration was also observed in all alcohol treated groups when compared with control. A combined elevation in urea and creatinine and bilirubin suggest a moderate to severe form of kidney and liver damage induced by the alcoholic herbal bitters. As essential markers of kidney function, the recorded elevation of urea and creatinine shows a potential exposure to renal dysfunction. Prolonged and increased consumption of these alcoholic herbal bitters should be discouraged to prevent hepatocellular injury or damage.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73556358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening and identification of candidate therapeutic drugs from plants for the management of patients infected bacterial infection associated with SARS COV-2","authors":"S. Ibrahim, F. Mukhtar, S. Abdulkarim, M. B. Yarima, A. Ali, E. Chifu, K. Yamuna, A. B. Mohammad, K. Nafisatu, J. Balogun, M. Bashir, U. Saifullahi","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of COVID-19 (SARS-COV-2) has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. Nigeria has recorded over 2000 deaths due to the disease. Development of alternative medicine from plants against SARS-COV-2 can be a potential therapy for treatment of secondary complications. To investigate plants with potential to manage respiratory tract infections. The plants were extracted and screened for phytochemical constituents; their acute and subacute toxicity profile was evaluated. The plant extracts were tested against clinical microbial isolates associated with respiratory tract infection. All the plants extract were found to have acute toxicity dose above 5000 mg per kg body weight. Among the four tested medicinal plants Guiera senegalensis was found to have significant zone of inhibition against Klebsiella pneumonia and Moraxella catarrhalis more than the standard drug (Gentamicin). Guiera senegalensis has been used in traditional medicine to treat bacterial infections without any report of toxicity. The preclinical study indicated that Guiera senegalensis can be used in the management of respiratory infections associated with symptoms of COVID 19. Guiera senegalensis can therefore be used as a potential medicinal plant for management of secondary bacterial infections in Covid19 patients.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84562055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of some quality parameters of five brands of Cetirizine hydrochloride tablets marketed in Abuja, Nigeria.","authors":"Olubukola A. Odeniran, K. Ekere, I. Galadima, R. A. Kirim, F. Tarfa, K. B. Mustapha","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.14","url":null,"abstract":"Cetirizine Hydrochloride is a non-drowsy second-generation antihistamine and a derivative of piperazine with a half-life of eleven hours. It is used to relieve allergy symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, rhinitis, urticaria and watery eyes. It is a key adjuvant therapy in management of some covid-19 related symptoms. To assess the quality of five brands of Cetirizine hydrochloride 10mg tablets marketed in Abuja. The weight variation, friability, hardness, disintegration, dissolution tests and HPLC assay were evaluated using USP methods. The hardness and friability of the samples ranged from 2.03kgF to 7.54KgF and 0.00 to 0.90% respectively. The disintegration time were within 5mins, for dissolution, 80.0 to 103.3% of the API in the samples were released within 30mins, the assay ranged from 93.1 to 101.6%. The cetirizine tablets conformed with quality standards.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82208114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}