American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics最新文献_第2页

Perception and attitude of herb sellers towards Covid -19 Pandemic – a pilot study of FCT and its environs 草药销售商对Covid -19大流行的看法和态度——FCT及其周边地区的试点研究

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.5

O. Adigwe, O. Fatokun, K. Esievo, J. Ibrahim, B. Adzu, Christiana Yetunde Isim

{"title":"Perception and attitude of herb sellers towards Covid -19 Pandemic – a pilot study of FCT and its environs","authors":"O. Adigwe, O. Fatokun, K. Esievo, J. Ibrahim, B. Adzu, Christiana Yetunde Isim","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.5","url":null,"abstract":"The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic came along with a lot of challenges including the absence of precautionary measures towards the prevention of the disease observed in market places around FCT. Also, herbal medicine practitioners became first point of call by locals even in advent of the disease. The perception regarding COVID-19 among herbal medicine sellers in different parts of the F.C.T was studied. A cross-sectional study using semi-structured questionnaire; descriptive and inferential statistics was done. Association between variables using chi square test (x2) and logistic regression analysis was done (p-value ≤0.05). Respondents (87%) were aware of COVID-19. 41% thought the pandemic was an inflated event strengthened by symptoms of seasonal diseases. Respondents (70%) had no herbal drugs to manage COVID-19, 30% had herbs to manage the disease while 41% stated an increase in sales of herbs used to manage symptoms. Precautions were taken by 72% while 44% and 26% practiced handwashing and social distancing respectively. The contribution of wrong belief towards COVID-19 risk precaution measures has been reported. A significant relationship (x2 = 9.7) was observed between awareness of COVID-19 and the belief that it existed (p˂0.05). There is need to educate the people, especially the herb-sellers on COVID-19 and to also integrate them into public health related programs as they may be the only alternative to locals in advent of disease.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86718849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Studies on the antimicrobial properties and GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of Annona muricata seeds 番荔枝种子乙酸乙酯提取物抑菌性能及GC-MS分析研究

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.4

UF Babaiwa, T. Okonkwo, O. Erharuyi, S. Eraga, J. Akerele

{"title":"Studies on the antimicrobial properties and GC-MS analysis of ethyl acetate extract of Annona muricata seeds","authors":"UF Babaiwa, T. Okonkwo, O. Erharuyi, S. Eraga, J. Akerele","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing resistance profile of many bacterial and yeast strains to conventional antimicrobial agents has heightened the search for bioactive compounds from higher plants that would serve as lead molecules in the discovery and development of new drugs. This study determined the antimicrobial properties and chemical constituents of the ethyl acetate extract of Annona muricata seeds. Crude extract obtained by maceration of pulverized seeds of Annona muricata in ethyl acetate was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against six clinical bacterial isolates (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella aerogenes) and one fungus (Candida albicans) using agar-well diffusion method. GC-MS method was used to determine the chemical constituents of the extract. The extraction yielded 19.93% of an oily yellow crude mass. The extract inhibited the growth of all test bacteria with inhibitory zone diameters range of 23.5 - 17.02 mm and 25.90 - 31.50 mm for the standard antimicrobial agents. The GC-MS analysis identified 48 chemical constituents in the extract with 9,12-octadecadienal, 1,14-tetradecadienal, phthalic and fatty acids accounting for 15.26, 7.77, 2.53 and 11.20% respectively. The data from this study revealed the possible antimicrobial potentials and chemical constituents of Annona muricata seeds and hence the scientific basis for its traditional use in the treatment of some infections.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89436734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation of quality of some commonly used herbal medicinal plants in local markets of FCT, Abuja, Nigeria 尼日利亚阿布贾FCT当地市场一些常用草药植物的质量评价

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.17

F. Tarfa, A. Samali, N. Ibekwe, O. Adigwe

{"title":"Evaluation of quality of some commonly used herbal medicinal plants in local markets of FCT, Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"F. Tarfa, A. Samali, N. Ibekwe, O. Adigwe","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.17","url":null,"abstract":"The safety of herbal medicines has become a major concern to both national health authorities and the general public. Hence their production, quality, distribution and use are regulated. Some medicinal plants commonly used for malaria, diabetes and Tuberculosis and respiratory conditions were evaluated for qual-ity. The objective of the study is to assess some quality specifications, physicochemical and heavy metals of some medicinal plant extracts. The samples were identified, purchased, processed and analyzed using appropriate standards methods specified by WHO and AOAC; while the heavy metals content was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophometer (AAS). All the analyzed samples passed WHO permissible limit established for heavy metals content, however 42.8 and 21.4% of the samples failed moisture and ash con-tent permissible limits respectively. High level of moisture content will favor microbial and fungal growth and shortens shelf-life of the samples. The WHO maximum permissible limits for moisture and ash content are ≤15 and ≤8. The ash content was also above standard permissible limit in 80% of the samples, this could be associated to improper handling that has resulted to introduction of inorganic substances such as silica and other inorganic matters. The levels of heavy metals content were all below the WHO maximum per-missible limits. The moisture, ash and heavy metals are among the important parameters of medicinal plants that require frequent routine monitoring in order to ensure safety.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75609580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Computational prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters as an in vitro approach for assessing paracetamol tablets for IVIVC; a strategy in COVID-19 disruptive times. 计算预测对乙酰氨基酚片体外治疗IVIVC的药动学参数这是在COVID-19动荡时期的战略。

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.6

Isaac J. Ajeh, Galadima I. Hayatu, Ekeh I. Ezekiel

{"title":"Computational prediction of pharmacokinetic parameters as an in vitro approach for assessing paracetamol tablets for IVIVC; a strategy in COVID-19 disruptive times.","authors":"Isaac J. Ajeh, Galadima I. Hayatu, Ekeh I. Ezekiel","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) is a desirable attribute for any drug dissolution test to establish relevance and confidence in evaluating the quality and safety of products. The pharmacokinetic parameters of paracetamol have been studied extensively but information about the IVIVC is scanty and mostly controversial; this justifies its choice as a model drug for this study. This work is aimed to evaluate and compare the IVIVC dissolution profile of different brands of paracetamol tablets using authentic pharmacokinetic parameters such as; maximum observed dug concentration (Cmax), time to reach Cmax (Tmax) and Area under Curve concentration-time curve (AUC) obtained from literature. In vitro release data were obtained for each brand (n=12) using the USP II apparatus at 50 rpm in 900 ml phosphate buffer of pH 5.8, maintained at 37±0.5 °C and the results were mathematically extrapolated to predict in vivo data. The percent predicted error (% PE) for Cmax ranges from 1.70 to 6.52 % across the brands, while those for Tmax and AUC were < 0 % and > 20 % respectively. The observed low prediction error for Cmax and Tmax (<10 %) demonstrated that the paracetamol IVIVC model was valid based on FDA guidelines. While a satisfactory result could not be achieved for AUC, promising results were obtained exploiting the convolution based IVIVC model.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78930964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Heavy metals monitoring on NIPRD Botanical Garden 国家公园植物园重金属监测

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.16

A. Samali, Nneke N Ibekwe, Ajiboye O. Adedolapo

引用次数: 0

The percentage acceptability of the non-pharmaceutical measures in containing the spread of COVID-19 in Abuja, Nigeria 在尼日利亚阿布贾遏制COVID-19传播的非药物措施的可接受程度百分比

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.12

C. Nwachukwu, A. Nwachukwu

{"title":"The percentage acceptability of the non-pharmaceutical measures in containing the spread of COVID-19 in Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"C. Nwachukwu, A. Nwachukwu","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.12","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 is an efficient super spreading disease with numerical superiority among past pandemics. Vaccination, medication, drug repurposing are the pharmaceutical measures currently in use in combating the spread of COVID-19. However, the populace is skeptical about their use. The study objective was testing the acceptability of non-pharmaceutical measures in containing the spread. The phase-1 of the study is sourced from secondary data using appropriate keywords on six electronic databases, including ‘effective non-pharmaceutical intervention strategic’, ‘symptoms of COVID-19’, and ‘COVID-19 mode of transmissions’. The phase-2 is a Questionnaire from the phase-1 outcome which was administered to 2000 people in the Abuja metropolis. Phase-1 showed that the non-pharmaceutical measures for combating COVID-19 disease were handwashing, facemask, personal hygiene, restricted mass gathering, workplace closures, contact tracing, travel restrictions, quarantine, alcohol hand-based sanitizers, physical distancing, and nutritional intervention. Phase-2 results on the acceptability of non-pharmaceutical measures by 2000 people were; handwashing (24%), facemask (5%), personal hygiene (18%), workplace closures (4%), contact tracing (6%), travel restrictions (9%), quarantine (8%), alcohol hand-based sanitizers (10%), physical distancing (5%), and nutritional intervention (11%). Workplace closures have the lowest acceptability. In conclusion, the lowest value of workplace closure is hinged on the family economy.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91534549","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple) cotyledons. 非洲星苹果子叶乙酸乙酯提取物的抑菌活性。

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.3

UF Babaiwa, DE Ifijen, O. Erharuyi, S. Eraga, J. Akerele

{"title":"Antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extracts of Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple) cotyledons.","authors":"UF Babaiwa, DE Ifijen, O. Erharuyi, S. Eraga, J. Akerele","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.3","url":null,"abstract":"The challenge of increasing number of antibiotic-resistant nosocomial bacteria pathogens have led to a renewed focus on plants for possible discovery of lead molecule that could pave the way for new generation antimicrobial agent. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of the ethyl acetate extract of the cotyledons of Chrysophyllum albidum, with a view to exploring the antimicrobial properties of its chemical constituents. Powdered C. albidum cotyledons were screened for phytochemical constituents using standard methods and the extract obtained by maceration in ethyl acetate. The crude extract was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger using standard agar-well diffusion method. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) was used to determine the chemical constituents of the extract. Alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, terpenoids and flavoniods were the major constituents present in the powdered cotyledons. A deep brown oily extract with a pleasant-sweet odour and a yield of 2.53% was obtained. The extract showed a high antimicrobial activity with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) range of 20.50 - 25.00 mm. Antimicrobial activity of the extract was bacteriostatic at minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 25.00 mg/mL and bactericidal at a concentration of 50.00 mg/mL (minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)). Data obtained from GC-MS analysis showed presence of seventeen (17) components with 6 major spectral peaks; oleic acid (54.65%), n-hexadecanoic acid (13.27%), cis-9-hexadecenal (8.68%), betulin (7.23%), 2-pentanone (6.00%) and octamethyl (5.12%). The abundance of fatty acids in the cotyledons of C. albidum coupled with the observed inhibitory activities would present a potential candidate to be explored for the production of bioactive agents.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85609674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comparative quality assessment of six commercial brands of metronidazole infusions sold in Abuja, Nigeria 在尼日利亚阿布贾销售的六个商业品牌甲硝唑注射液的比较质量评估

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.2

K. Mustapha, R. A. Kirim, I. Galadima, Olubukola A. Odeniran, M. Aboh, P. Oladosu

{"title":"Comparative quality assessment of six commercial brands of metronidazole infusions sold in Abuja, Nigeria","authors":"K. Mustapha, R. A. Kirim, I. Galadima, Olubukola A. Odeniran, M. Aboh, P. Oladosu","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.2","url":null,"abstract":"Influx of substandard drugs as reported by the drug regulatory agency in Nigeria has necessitated the need to assess the quality of frequently used drugs of which metronidazole infusion is not exempted. Metronidazole infusion is mostly prescribed for pre and post-operative surgery to prevent infections from developing. This study was carried out to assess the quality of six commercial brands of metronidazole infusions sold in Abuja, Nigeria. Six brands of metronidazole infusions were randomly purchased from some Pharmacy stores in Abuja for chemical and microbiological assays. Five (83.3%) of the samples had percentage contents ranging from 95-110% which is within BP specification. The pH values of the whole samples were within BP specification of 4.5 to 6.0 which range from 4.9 to 5.8. The result of the microbiological analysis indicated zero colony forming unit (cfu) from all the samples, this is in conformity with official specification for parenteral formulations. Similarly, all the brands passed pyrogen test. Based on the percentage content result, five brands of the samples analyzed have been found to be fit for human use while one failed.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79621717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Common plant foods in Northern Nigeria with immuno-stimulatory properties that could mitigate the effect of COVID-19: a review. 尼日利亚北部常见的植物性食物具有免疫刺激特性，可减轻COVID-19的影响:综述

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.8

Aisha Daburi, L. John-africa

{"title":"Common plant foods in Northern Nigeria with immuno-stimulatory properties that could mitigate the effect of COVID-19: a review.","authors":"Aisha Daburi, L. John-africa","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Plants taken as food provide the body with nutrients that strengthen the immune system. The immune system recognizes, tolerates, and resists infections or toxins by activating specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells. COVID-19 is a severe acute respiratory disorder that is caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2. It has been reported that innate immunity plays a role in mitigating the severity of the disease, thus strengthening the immune system is paramount to resisting the infection. This study aimed to identify and document foods commonly consumed in Northern Nigeria that are claimed to possess immune-stimulatory effects. Literature of plants that are commonly used as food was studied. Data was collected from literature searches of the PubMed, PubChem, and Google Scholar databases using keywords that include immunity, immune-stimulatory, phytochemicals, and micronutrients. Thirty commonly consumed plants belonging to eighteen families were selected based on how widely used they are in the region. They are reported to contain immune-boosting phytonutrients such as carotenoids, flavonoids, and micronutrients such as Vitamin C and Zinc, which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study showed that the plants that are commonly consumed in Northern Nigeria contained phytochemicals and micronutrients, which are necessary for boosting immunity and thus could be the reason for the low COVID-19morbidity experienced in the region.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73548577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Assessment of knowledge attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance by leaders in public health pharmaceutical supply chain in Nigeria. 评估尼日利亚公共卫生药品供应链领导人对药物警戒的知识、态度和实践。

American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics Pub Date : 2022-12-05 DOI: 10.4314/jopat.v21i2.13

A. Obieze, O. Adigwe, I. Ibegbunam, I. Oreagba, A. Osakwe, Chidinma C. Obieze, S. A. Raheem

{"title":"Assessment of knowledge attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance by leaders in public health pharmaceutical supply chain in Nigeria.","authors":"A. Obieze, O. Adigwe, I. Ibegbunam, I. Oreagba, A. Osakwe, Chidinma C. Obieze, S. A. Raheem","doi":"10.4314/jopat.v21i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jopat.v21i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Pharmacovigilance involves the spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR) and ensuring the post-marketing surveillance of the quality and safety of medicines including phytomedicines and other pharmaceuticals used in the management of diseases. Its success depends on the awareness, attitude, and voluntary participation of healthcare personnel, patients, and institutions. This study aimed at examining the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of key pharmacovigilance actors in the public health pharmaceutical supply chain management in Nigeria. Consequently, a cross-sectional approach was used in the survey of 209 leaders of selected public health organizations. Purposive sampling technique was applied to administer validated semi-structured questionnaire electronically. Questions were drawn from the Nigerian national pharmacovigilance policy. Overall, response rate was 55%. Among the responders, medical doctors and medical laboratory scientists had better knowledge and practice of pharmacovigilance than pharmacists. Factors associated with practice of pharmacovigilance include awareness of policy (OR =1.90; P-value =0.1140), training provided by respondents' organizations (OR =1.34; P-value =0.4801), respondents' organization receiving periodic updates from the National Pharmacovigilance Center (OR =1.11; P-value =0.8525) and respondents independently receiving periodic updates (OR =0.83; P-value =0.7279). In conclusion, the study suggests pharmacovigilance outcomes could improve through increased awareness of the policy, training, and periodic safety communications.","PeriodicalId":7592,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Phytomedicine and Clinical Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84697992","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0