CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences最新文献

{"title":"Leukapheresis and granulocyte transfusion.","authors":"J McCullough","doi":"10.3109/10408367909147137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408367909147137","url":null,"abstract":"Granulocyte transfusion is becoming widely used in the treatment of infections in granulocytopenic patients. Several techniques are available for granulocyte collection. Some involve centrifugation of the whole blood and one removes granulocytes from whole blood by reversible adhesion to nylon fibers. The risks to the donor from leukapheresis do not appear to be greater than from whole blood donation. Granulocytes collected by centrifuge techniques function normally in vitro and have normal intravascular recovery and disappearance following transfusion. Granulocytes collected by filtration leukapheresis function almost normally in vitro but have a reduced intravascular recovery and abnormal kinetics as they leave the circulation. The role of leukocyte typing and compatibility testing for granulocyte transfusion is controversial. When the recipient has circulating antibody against donor leukocytes, transfused leukocytes do not circulate or migrate to sites of infection but are sequestered in the liver and spleen. Clinical studies have not defined whether patients benefit equally well clinically from transfusion of compatible or incompatible granulocytes. Initial reports of clinical trials of granulocyte transfusion were promising. However, similar patients who did not receive granulocytes were not studied. Most subsequent controlled trials showed a clear benefit from granulocyte transfusion while others did not. Differences in antibiotic therapy, chemotherapy, use of laminar flow rooms, and grouping of patients make it difficult to compare these clinical trials. Some, but not all, infected granulocytopenic patients benefit from transfusion. Granulocyte transfusions improve survival of granulocytopenic patients with gram negative sepsis and prolonged bone marrow aplasia. Studies are now attempting to identify other patients who should receive granulocytes, the optimum dose and schedule of transfusions, the optimum time to begin transfusion, and the value, if any, of prophylactic transfusions.","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"275-327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408367909147137","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11261189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: its role in health and disease.","authors":"R Juel","doi":"10.3109/10408367909147131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408367909147131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was first discovered and isolated in 1925. However, it was not until 1967 that the function of 2,3-DPG was explained. This resulted in multiple research projects devoted to elucidating the mechanism by which 2,3-DPG exerts it effect on the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. In addition, a vast amount of research has been devoted to assessing the role of 2,3-DPG in oxygen transport in various physiological and pathophysiological states. In many instances, the results of this research have produced conflicting data which have dampened the initial enthusiasm which followed the discovery of the function of 2,3-DPG. However, much of this conflicting data can be explained by the fact that 2,3-DPG is only one of a number of factors influencing the transport of oxygen to the tissues. Several of these factors influence oxygen transport independently as well as by altering the synthesis of 2,3-DPG and modifying its effect on hemoglobin. In spite of the conflicting results, the overall data gathered thus far appears to be sound enough to warrant the extensive research now being done, particularly in the area of blood storage and transfusion therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"10 2","pages":"113-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408367909147131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11587085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"beta 2-Microglobulin: methods and clinical applications.","authors":"M D Poulik,&nbsp;P Gold,&nbsp;J Shuster","doi":"10.3109/10408367909147135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408367909147135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>beta 2-Microglobulin is a low molecular weight protein that is found in most biological fluids. It was originally isolated from urine of cadmium-poisoned patients. Its amino acid sequence was established and shown to be structurally related to immunoglobulin constant domains. With the aid of antibodies specific against beta 2-microglobulin, the protein was detected on the membranes of all nucleated cells, normal and neoplastic. Measuring the quantity of beta 2-microglobulin showed that high levels are present in patients with renal tubular deficiencies and several other pathological conditions including neoplastic diseases. Extremely high levels were detected in seminal fluid and colostrum. Despite the structural relationship to immunoglobulins, no immunological relationship was demonstrated with these proteins using antibodies specific for beta 2-microglobulin. However, such antibodies are cytotoxic to all cells carrying beta 2-microglobulin on their surfaces. The discovery that beta 2-microglobulin is an integral part of the histocompatibility antigens of human and murine origin stimulated further research and interest in this molecule. Several groups of investigators have shown that beta 2-microglobulin is the low molecular weight chain and is noncovalently bound to a high molecular weight chain which carries the histocompatibility antigens. The structure of the histocompatibility antigens of lymphocytes (HLA) was shown by immunochemical as well as biological methods, and it is now well accepted. The antibodies against beta 2-microglobulin are extremely useful in the isolation of the histocompatibility antigens for sequence studies. Furthermore, the antibody to beta 2-microglobulin revealed that other structures may be bound to beta 2-microglobulin such as phytohemoagglutimin (PHA) receptors, mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) antigens, etc. Murine thymus leukemia (TL) antigen also contains beta 2-microglobulin as an integral part of its structure; other tumor antigens may have a similar structure. Through all these studies, beta 2-microglobulin emerged as the best known membrane protein that can serve as a model for study of the arrangement and the function of the cell membrane.</p>","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"10 3","pages":"225-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1979-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408367909147135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11309744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myoglobin: methods and diagnostic uses.","authors":"L J Kagen","doi":"10.3109/10408367809150922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408367809150922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Myoglobin is the oxygen-binding protein characteristic of skeletal and cardiac muscle. With muscle disease or dysfunction, myoglobin may enter the circulation, and after renal clearance, it may also appear in the urine. Therefore, the presence of myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria may serve as indicators of the presence and severity of muscle disease. With newly developed methods of detection, myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria are now recognized as complications of trauma, ischemia, surgery, states of exertion and stress, metabolic abnormalities, inherited enzyme disorders, toxin and drug actions, and inflammatory states. Infarction of the heart muscle also can be detected by myoglobin assay. Persistent myoglobinuric states may be complicated by renal failure and electrolyte imbalance. The diagnosis of myoglobinemia and myoglobinuria can be now confirmed with the use of immunoassay techniques. Although not yet widely available, they offer the possibility of the specificity and sensitivity needed for clinical use.</p>","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"9 4","pages":"273-302"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408367809150922","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11607681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria.","authors":"M Djaldetti","doi":"10.3109/10408367809150915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408367809150915","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The clinical and hematological features of a rare autoimmune disorder, PCH, are reviewed. Based on the case reports of 24 patients suffering from this disease, the presence of cold hemolysins in the sera of these patients as the main cause for the red cell destruction following exposure to cold is further discussed. However, recent electron microscope and biochemical studies suggest, in addition, that alterations of the red cells, and especially of their membranes, may play a role in the hemolytic process. The role of other factors, such as thermal range, specificity, and the immunological properties of the Donath-Landsteiner antibodies, as well as the role of the complement in the cold and warm phase of the Donath-Landsteiner reaction, is discussed. The differential diagnosis between PCH and the closely related CHD is outlined. While most of the reports deal with the mechanism of red cell destruction, relatively little attention is given to the treatment of the disease. It appears that the oldest remedy, i.e., warming of the patient and prevention of his exposure to cold, remains the best.</p>","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"9 1","pages":"49-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408367809150915","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11607901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Counterimmunoelectrophoresis in biology and medicine.","authors":"R C Tilton","doi":"10.3109/10408367809150925","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408367809150925","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The review will initially focus on the historical development of counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE). A part of the manuscript will be devoted to methodological considerations of CIE as well as a discussion of the antisera used. The body of the review will detail each test procedure for which CIE is applicable and discuss unique elements of technique and limits of detection, as well as clinical interpretation of results. The final section will summarize potential applications of CIE in microbiology.</p>","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"9 4","pages":"347-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408367809150925","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11607684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of lymphomas.","authors":"B Schnitzer","doi":"10.3109/10408367809150918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408367809150918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Malignant lymphomas are neoplasms of cells of the lymphoreticular or immune system. Classification of these neoplasms has long been controversial and confusing. In recent years, considerable progress has been made in establishing useful and prognostically significant classifications of lymphomas. Currently, lymphomas may be divided into two main groups: Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The Rye classification of Hodgkin's disease is now widely accepted and used throughout most of the world. In contrast, considerable conflict exists about the schemes of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The traditional classifications of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas currently used by most pathologists are based purely on morphologic grounds, and, despite the fact that they may be conceptually incorrect, they have often been shown to be useful for clinicopathologic studies. New or modern but yet untested schemes based not only on morphologic criteria, but also on recent immunologic techniques, have been proposed. This work will review the classifications of Hodgkin's disease and the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, emphasizing the currently used schemes, describe the major modern classifications of lymphomas, and discuss and illustrate the subclasses of lymphomas and the differential diagnoses of the various types of lymphomas from nonlymphomatous proliferations which may mimic them.</p>","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"9 2","pages":"123-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408367809150918","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11608818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erythropoietin assay: present status of methods, pitfalls, and results in polycythemic disorders.","authors":"W J Popovic,&nbsp;J W Adamson","doi":"10.3109/10408367909149732","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408367909149732","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mammalian erythropoiesis is regulated primarily by the hormone erythropoietin (ESP). Studies of ESF have provided information about its biochemistry and its role in regulating hemoglobin synthesis. Such studies rely on assays for erythropoietic activity in biological fluid. The assay which has proven most valuable and is used most widely is based upon the incorporation of radioactive iron into newly-formed red cells of polycythemic mice. While this assay has gained wide acceptance, it is expensive, cumbersome, imprecise, and insensitive, capable of reliably detecting no less than 50 milliunits of erythropoietin. Improvements in assay techniques will require new methodology relying primarily on immunologic recognition for the determination of hormone activity. Currently under development and in experimental use are radioimmunoassays and a hemagglutination inhibition assay. While work has progressed in these areas, these assays are not of proven value at present and meaningful physiological correlations have not emerged from their use. Alternatively, assays for hormone activity using suspensions of hematopoietic cells and the measurement of incorporation of radioactive isotopes into hemoglobin have provided both improvement in sensitivity and precision. The disadvantage of these types of assays is that they are sensitive to factors other than ESF and may give misleading information, depending on whether the factors present stimulate or inhibit cellular proliferation and hemoglobin synthesis. While such techniques may provide a temporary solution to some problems associated with assaying ESF for purification or physiological studies, they are not the best answer to the overall problem of hormone detection and characterization. The most important contribution to this field will be the availability of large amounts of highly purified and well-characterized ESF.</p>","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"57-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408367909149732","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11953158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes.","authors":"R O Briere","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>At the time of admission, 4 to 8% of all hospital admissions have a elevation of alkaline phosphatase. This high incidence of alkaline phosphatasemia has resulted in not only a need to identify the source of the elevated alkaline phosphatase; it has also led to a marked proliferation in laboratory procedures aimed at identifying the various isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase. These various techniques are reviewed and their relative merits are discussed. No single technique adequately delineates all of the alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes, but the combination of heat fractionation, electrophoresis, and the measurement of an additional hepatobiliary enzyme has been shown to be able to identify the source of origin of more than 95% of all cases of alkaline phosphatasemia. The individual isoenzymes of alkaline phosphatase are discussed in detail, and the underlying pathophysiology is reviewed so that physiologic elevations of alkaline phosphatase are not confused with pathologic increases in alkaline phosphatase.</p>","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"1-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11954460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Autologous blood transfusion.","authors":"S M Brzica,&nbsp;A A Pineda,&nbsp;H F Taswell","doi":"10.3109/10408367909149731","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3109/10408367909149731","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Autologous blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and returned to his circulation at some later time. Autologous transfusion can be performed in three ways: (1) preoperative blood collection, storage, and retransfusion during surgery; (2) immediate preoperative phlebotomy with subsequent artificial hemodilution and later return of the phlebotomized blood; and (3) intraoperative blood salvage and retransfusion. All three methods of autologous transfusion offer a potentially superior method of blood transfusion which eliminates many of the problems and complications associated with the banking and administration of homologous donor blood.</p>","PeriodicalId":75746,"journal":{"name":"CRC critical reviews in clinical laboratory sciences","volume":"10 1","pages":"31-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1978-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3109/10408367909149731","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"11953157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}