Henry C. Skrehot , Amer F. Alsoudi , Amy C. Schefler
{"title":"Co-occurrence of EIF1AX, SF3B1, or BAP1 variants in uveal melanomas: A case series and review","authors":"Henry C. Skrehot , Amer F. Alsoudi , Amy C. Schefler","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102327","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102327","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The purpose of this study is to present a case series of patients with co-occurrence of either BRCA1 associated protein-1 (<em>BAP1</em>), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 1A, X-chromosomal (<em>EIF1AX</em>), or splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (<em>SF3B1</em>) in the detection and treatment of a uveal melanoma (UM) prior to the development of metastatic disease.</div></div><div><h3>Observations</h3><div>This is a retrospective case series of ten patients with UM demonstrating co-occurrence of either <em>BAP1</em>, <em>EIF1AX</em>, or <em>SF3B1</em> variants treated at a single ocular oncology clinic by a senior ocular oncologist between 2020 and 2024. Charts were reviewed and data on medical history, demographics, tumor characteristics, genetic testing, follow up, as well as fundus photo and B-scan ocular ultrasound were collected. The average age of the patients was 58.5 years old. The mean length of follow up was 18.2 months. Four patients had guanosine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-11 (<em>GNA11</em>) variants and six had guanosine nucleotide-binding protein Q (<em>GNAQ</em>) variants. Four patients had germline <em>BAP1</em> variants. Four patients had a combination of <em>EIF1AX</em> and <em>BAP1</em> variants. Three patients had a combination of <em>EIF1AX</em> and <em>SF3B1</em> variants. Three patients had a combination of <em>SF3B1</em> and <em>BAP1</em> variants. Eight UM were gene expression profile (GEP) Class 1A and two UM were GEP Class 1B. Seven UM were preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) negative and three UM were PRAME positive. All patients had cytologic confirmation of the diagnosis of UM: seven had cytology results of spindle cells and three had results of mixed spindle and epithelioid cells. All patients were treated with Iodine-125 (I-125) plaque brachytherapy.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and importance</h3><div>We present a case series of patients with the co-occurrence of <em>EIF1AX</em>, <em>SF3B1</em>, or <em>BAP1</em>. With distinct genomic aberrations, transcriptional features, and clinical outcomes, <em>EIF1AX</em>, <em>SF3B1</em>, and <em>BAP1</em> are thought to be mutually exclusive. The present case series demonstrates rare exceptions to this general pattern and speculates on the early molecular steps of UM which may lead to these rare mutation combinations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102327"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143823326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"“Optic nerve of steel”: A case of very high intraocular pressures with markedly little visual field progression over years","authors":"Yixi Xue, Milica A. Margeta","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102325","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102325","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>We report a case of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma with exceedingly high intraocular pressures (IOP) but limited visual field progression despite poor adherence with treatment over a 7-year period.</div></div><div><h3>Observation</h3><div>A 67-year-old Eastern European female presented to the emergency room with an IOP of 52 mmHg OD and exam findings consistent with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma. Subsequent testing demonstrated superior and inferior arcuate deficits on Humphrey visual field (HVF) testing and corresponding thinning of optic nerve OD. The patient was very inconsistent with topical glaucoma medications, and after undergoing selective laser trabeculoplasty she was lost to follow-up without any additional treatment. She returned one year later with an IOP of 59 mmHg, but remarkably stable HVF. The patient refused to restart glaucoma drops and elected instead to proceed with a trabeculectomy OD, which was successfully performed, with the final visual acuity of 20/25 and IOP of 20 mmHg OD. The patient was again lost to follow-up for three years. Her IOP was 40 mmHg OD on return to clinic, but her glaucoma testing revealed very little progression. She decided to pursue placement of glaucoma drainage device (Baerveldt 350) OD, and her IOP was 18 mmHg OD after 6 months on no medications. The patient was lost to follow-up thereafter.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The limited visual field progression with chronically high IOP over years strongly argues in favor of IOP-independent mechanisms contributing to pathophysiology of glaucoma. This case also highlights the importance of longitudinal monitoring and tailoring glaucoma therapy holistically to individual patient circumstances.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102325"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143800693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liangbo Linus Shen , Amelia Bhisitkul , Gregory M. Lewis , Sidhiporn Borirakchanyavat , Robert B. Bhisitkul
{"title":"Proliferative retinopathy in nail-patella syndrome","authors":"Liangbo Linus Shen , Amelia Bhisitkul , Gregory M. Lewis , Sidhiporn Borirakchanyavat , Robert B. Bhisitkul","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102320","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102320","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Nail-Patella Syndrome (NPS) is a rare autosomal dominant disease. Associated ocular abnormalities in NPS are well established, involving the anterior segment and predisposition to open-angle glaucoma. We report a patient with NPS who presented with bilateral proliferative retinopathy and cystoid macular edema (CME).</div></div><div><h3>Observations</h3><div>A 45-year-old male with genetically confirmed NPS presented with typical systemic features of NPS, including dystrophic nails, hypoplastic patellae, and limited elbow extension. He had vision loss associated with optic disc neovascularization (NVD), vitreous hemorrhage, and CME in both eyes. Systemic work-up ruled out common causes of proliferative retinopathy. Treatment with intravitreal bevacizumab and subsequent aflibercept injections partially improved the retinal pathology.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion and importance</h3><div>This case documents retinal abnormalities, specifically proliferative retinopathy and CME, in a patient with NPS. These findings suggest that retinal pathology might be an aspect of NPS, highlighting the importance of fundus exams and retinal imaging for patients with NPS who present with visual symptoms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102320"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143825498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michelle Sasson , Marco Lombardo , Benedetto Falsini , Fabian D'Apolito , José Alain Sahel , Andrea Cusumano
{"title":"Transscleral optical phase imaging of retinal pigment epithelium in a case of chloroquine maculopathy","authors":"Michelle Sasson , Marco Lombardo , Benedetto Falsini , Fabian D'Apolito , José Alain Sahel , Andrea Cusumano","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102322","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102322","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102322"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Bacterial endophthalmitis with lens capsule rupture and retinal detachment: A case report of Rhizobium radiobacter infection","authors":"Nao Mizutani , Kumiko Kato , Yuzen Kashima , Yoshitsugu Matsui , Masahiko Sugimoto , Hisashi Matsubara , Mineo Kondo","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102323","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102323","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To report our findings in a rare case of unilateral endophthalmitis caused by <em>Rhizobium radiobacter</em> in a healthy young man complicated by a rupture of the lens capsule and a rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).</div></div><div><h3>Observations</h3><div>A 22-year-old Cambodian man presented with recurrent blurry vision in the left eye, following a two-year history of recurrent uveitis initially responsive to corticosteroid treatment. However, during the second recurrence, corticosteroids failed to control the inflammation. At our initial examination, non-granulomatous keratic precipitates, posterior synechiae, and vitreous opacities were observed. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the aqueous humor identified bacterial DNA leading to a suspicion of bacterial endophthalmitis. Vitreous surgery revealed a lens capsule rupture and a giant retinal tear. Retinal photocoagulation and silicone oil tamponade were performed to reattach the retina. Given his occupation at a construction site, ocular trauma was considered. However, preoperative examination and intraoperative findings revealed no evidence of intraocular foreign bodies. Cultures of the vitreous fluid detected <em>R. radiobacter</em>. Targeted antibiotic therapy with topical levofloxacin and systemic ciprofloxacin was administered, and the decimal best-corrected visual acuity improved to 1.2 two months post-treatment.</div></div><div><h3>Importance and conclusion</h3><div>This case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges posed by rare pathogens such as <em>R. radiobacter</em>. Clinicians should be aware of bacterial causes in atypical uveitis particularly in patients refractory to conventional therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143785654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Guillermo Raul Vera-Duarte , Ruth Eskenazi-Betech , Isabel De la Fuente-Batta , David Carreño-Bolaños , Oscar F. Chacón-Camacho , Juan C. Zenteno , Enrique O. Graue-Hernandez
{"title":"Unveiling the complexity of Schimmelpenning–Feuerstein–Mims syndrome: A comprehensive case study","authors":"Guillermo Raul Vera-Duarte , Ruth Eskenazi-Betech , Isabel De la Fuente-Batta , David Carreño-Bolaños , Oscar F. Chacón-Camacho , Juan C. Zenteno , Enrique O. Graue-Hernandez","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102321","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102321","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The purpose of this study was to report the comprehensively examined patient exhibiting oculocutaneous clinical features of Schimmelpenning–Feuerstein–Mims syndrome (SFMS).</div></div><div><h3>Background</h3><div>Schimmelpenning–Feuerstein–Mims syndrome (SFMS) is a rare phakomatosis characterized by the presence of sebaceous hamartomas on the skin along with extracutaneous abnormalities involving various neuroectodermal systems. The syndrome is typically sporadic and can originate from postzygotic mutations in genes implicated in the RAS signaling pathway (RAS proteins and their downstream pathways play pivotal roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and cell death): <em>HRAS</em> (11p15), <em>NRAS</em> (1p13), and <em>KRAS</em> (12p12). This case report involves a comprehensively examined patient exhibiting oculocutaneous clinical features of SFM, without neurological or involvement in other areas. Clinical and molecular diagnoses enable tailored monitoring of potentially affected organs and systems, involving a multidisciplinary approach by various medical specialists.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion and importance</h3><div>The SFM is attributed to a pathogenic variant in <em>KRAS</em> gene. The molecular analysis in individuals suspected of SFMS involves identifying the somatic mutation in affected tissues and comparing it with non-affected tissues, such as mucosa or blood. Early detection and appropriate treatment of ophthalmological abnormalities associated with SFM are crucial to improving the quality of life and visual prognosis of affected individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143816005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evolution of vitelliform maculopathy in a pediatric patient with a homozygous RP1L1 variant","authors":"Alessia Amato , Paul Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Retinitis pigmentosa 1-like 1 maculopathy is a term that has recently been coined to describe macular diseases with evident ophthalmoscopic findings caused by pathogenic variants in <em>RP1L1</em>, which is more frequently associated with occult macular dystrophy (OMD). At least four cases of vitelliform <em>RP1L1</em> maculopathy have been previously reported; however, the patients were adults, and the disease course over time was not documented.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To report a case of vitelliform maculopathy in a pediatric patient with a homozygous <em>RP1L1</em> variant and describe the evolution of his findings over a five-year follow-up.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Case report.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>An asymptomatic 8-year-old male presented with outer retinal thickening and foveal subretinal deposits on optical coherence tomography (OCT), which progressed to vitelliform lesions in both eyes. In one eye, the hyperreflective material partially reabsorbed two years after its appearance. Genetic testing identified a homozygous likely pathogenic variant in the <em>RP1L1</em> gene.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Pathogenic variants in <em>RP1L1</em> can cause early onset vitelliform macular dystrophy, which does not necessarily represent the evolution of a pre-existing OMD and can exhibit a fluctuating course.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102305"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raz Tshuva-Bitton , Michael Ostrovsky , Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai , Nancy Agmon-Levin , Ifat Sher , Ygal Rotenstreich
{"title":"A seven-year electroretinography follow-up of a patient with melanoma-associated retinopathy stabilized on pembrolizumab treatment","authors":"Raz Tshuva-Bitton , Michael Ostrovsky , Vicktoria Vishnevskia-Dai , Nancy Agmon-Levin , Ifat Sher , Ygal Rotenstreich","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102307","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102307","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Melanoma-associated retinopathy (MAR) is a rare, auto-immune paraneoplastic syndrome associated with metastatic melanoma. Over the last decade, patient survival has improved dramatically, mainly due to the development of immunotherapy. However, data on long-term MAR patient follow-up and response to modern standard-of-care treatment are lacking. This single-patient case report presents a seven-year, multimodal follow-up of a young MAR patient treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors.</div></div><div><h3>Observations</h3><div>A 46-year-old Israeli male with a history of cutaneous malignant melanoma presented with sudden onset of bilateral shimmering, flickering, and nyctalopia a year and a half after diagnosis. Shortly thereafter, new subcarinal metastasis was observed on Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography. Significantly reduced electroretinography (ERG) a- and b-wave responses led to a diagnosis of MAR, later confirmed by high titers of autoantibodies against retinal bipolar cells. Half a year later, macular thinning, particularly within the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers of the outer macular ring, with no substantial change in the outer retina, was observed on optical coherence tomography (OCT). A treatment regimen combining intravenous immune globulin, azathioprine, and prednisone allowed partial steroid tapering over the following 2.5 years but showed substantial toxicity and a lack of significant improvement on OCT and ERG. Pembrolizumab treatment was initiated following metastatic progression and resulted in stabilization of the patient's primary oncologic disease, as well as an increase in macular thickness and enhanced retinal function with an increase of over 60 % in dark adapted (DA) b-wave response over the following year.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and importance</h3><div>MAR may be the first sign of systemic metastatic melanoma, thus warranting a high degree of clinical suspicion. While OCT and ERG showed mostly concordant results over the patient's follow-up, ERG proved to be a more sensitive tool for the early diagnosis of MAR. Early immunotherapy treatment should be considered in antibody-positive MAR patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soufiane Azargui , Joana Karanxha , Scott CN. Oliver, Malik Y. Kahook, Cara E. Capitena Young
{"title":"Netarsudil-associated conjunctival pigmentation","authors":"Soufiane Azargui , Joana Karanxha , Scott CN. Oliver, Malik Y. Kahook, Cara E. Capitena Young","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To present a case of conjunctival pigmentation associated with topical use of netarsudil 0.02 % (Rhopressa, Alcon, Fort Worth, TX).</div></div><div><h3>Observation</h3><div>Bilateral conjunctival pigmentation and cornea verticillata developed after 21 months of initiating netarsudil treatment. The appearance of the conjunctival pigmentation mimicked primary acquired melanosis. Both the conjunctival and corneal findings resolved 14 months after stopping the medication.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While the correlation between netarsudil use and corneal verticillata is well-established, we could not identify prior reports of such an association with conjunctival pigmentation. Eye care professionals prescribing netarsudil should be aware of this potential sequela of therapy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143760715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optic nerve and choroidal calcification in pediatric neurofibromatosis type 2","authors":"Shreya Gupta , Goura Chattannavar , Ashima Goyal Sharma , Ramesh Kekunnaya","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102306","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoc.2025.102306","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We describe a teenage boy with gradually progressive blurred vision in right eye. He could appreciate hand motions in the right eye and 20/20 vision in the left eye. Ophthalmic examination revealed bilateral optic atrophy with yellow-white peri-papillary lesion in the right eye. Computed Tomography (CT) brain and orbit showed choroidal, optic nerve and intracranial calcifications. The Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed the calcification selectively involved the optic nerve sheath with no abnormal hyperintensity or enhancement of the optic nerve substance, suggestive of a bilateral optic nerve sheath meningioma.</div><div>The work-up for metastatic calcification was normal. The molecular genetic testing revealed a heterozygous, missense variant in <em>NF2</em> (c.784C > G, p. Arg262Gly) gene, which segregated in the proband's mother. This variant is not reported in the literature and adds to the genotype of Neurofibromatosis Type 2. To preserve the vision in left eye, the child underwent external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). The vision and fields in the left eye are stable after EBRT at a two-year follow-up. This case highlights the systematic approach to a case of optic atrophy in a child and identifying the rare etiology of optic nerve calcification with a report of novel variant in <em>NF2</em> gene.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7569,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports","volume":"38 ","pages":"Article 102306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143725372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}