Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Spatially refined salinity hazard analysis in gypsum-affected irrigated soils","authors":"Ansley J. Brown,&nbsp;Allan A. Andales,&nbsp;Timothy K. Gates","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20539","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The global extent of salt-affected agricultural land, 20% of which is deemed gypsiferous, results in billions of dollars of annual economic loss, a serious problem deserving of attention. However, the analysis of gypsiferous saline soils, such as in the irrigated Lower Arkansas River Valley (LARV) of Colorado, can result in an inflated estimation of soil salinity when using the traditional soil saturated paste extract electrical conductivity (EC_e), leading to inaccurate crop yield loss predictions and misguided decisions for remediation. Sparingly soluble gypsum (CaSO₄ <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mo>·</mo>\u0000 <annotation>$cdot$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 2H₂O) in these soils dissolves more readily during laboratory preparation of saturated paste extracts because of excess soil water dilution coupled with sample disturbance. We present a pragmatic linear-regression approach to correct for this phenomenon, calibrated using two adapted methods for correcting EC_e on an individual sample basis. The novel approach used electrical conductivity of pore water samples from saline fields to evaluate the accuracy of the correction methods. The approach was applied on soil samples from two surface-irrigated, saline fields in the LARV, which were mapped using electromagnetic induction data and analysis of covariance linear regression, calibrated for EC_e and EC_e corrected for excess gypsum dissoultion (EC_eg). Average EC_eg values are as much as 26% lower than uncorrected EC_e in gypsum-biased portions of the fields. Estimation of corn salinity hazard in these gypsum-affected areas using EC_eg in lieu of EC_e in a traditional yield response function generated mean relative yield values that are higher by up to 13 percentage points. We discuss lessons learned and suggest enhancements to the techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20539","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary results of dandelion cultivation under different seeding rates and harvest regimes","authors":"Elena Basso,&nbsp;Cristina Pornaro,&nbsp;Giampaolo Zanin,&nbsp;Michele Giannini,&nbsp;Stefano Macolino","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20521","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20521","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the past, several wild plants were widely consumed as food by humans. Dandelion [<i>Taraxacum officinale</i> (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg] is a wild species with remarkable nutritional and medicinal properties. Many studies have investigated the chemical components of the plant for human health. Nonetheless, little research has been carried out on the cultivation and related production of this species. With this study, we intend to investigate some cultural practices to start defining an efficient protocol for dandelion cultivation in northern Italy. Two seeding rates (0.14 and 0.55 g m⁻²) and two harvest regimes (when leaves reached a length of 20 cm and 1 week later) were compared. Leaf fresh weight yield was determined at each harvest, and the following morphological parameters were measured: plant height, number of plants per square meter, number of leaves per square meter, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, leaf weight, and specific leaf weight. The productivity of dandelion was found to be unaffected by the seeding rate, and no significant differences were found between harvest regimes. The delayed harvest regime was only advantageous at the first cut as it allowed for a longer establishment phase, resulting in a higher yield. The nitrate content in the leaves differed between the first two cuts and the third and fourth cuts with both harvest regimes and both sowing rates.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20521","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the yield of surviving plants from early-season hail damage in corn: A field survey","authors":"I. P. Lisboa,&nbsp;C. A. Proctor,&nbsp;R. W. Elmore,&nbsp;A. J. McMechan,&nbsp;N. D. Mueller,&nbsp;J. Wilson,&nbsp;G. Zobeck,&nbsp;A. Nygren,&nbsp;A. Bastidas,&nbsp;O. A. Ortez","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20533","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Economic losses due to hailstorms across US corn fields occur every year. Hailstorms result in leaf defoliation, decreasing photosynthetic area and impairing carbon assimilation and crop yield for all corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) development stages. However, more attention is often given to stand reductions rather than damage to stems or leaf defoliation. During the 2014 growing season, a natural hail event affected many areas of eastern Nebraska. Twelve affected corn fields were surveyed and included in this study. An injury score scale (1–5) was developed based on various injury and severity levels before the V6 (6-leaf corn growth stage) (six-collared leaves). Scores were assigned to affected fields approximately 10–15 days after the hailstorm. At the end of the growing season, ears were harvested, and grain yield per plant was determined. The highest grain yield (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) was recorded with plants that were affected but retained a main stem in good condition, albeit defoliation was present (score 1, lowest damage category). In contrast, when the main stem was cut and the plant had poor regrowth (score 3), yields were reduced by approximately 53% compared to plants with an injury score of 1. A significant negative linear relationship (<i>R</i>² = 0.63, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) between injury score and yield was observed (higher injury score from hail events resulted in lower yields). Based on these results, corn yield reduction due to plant injury from hail events before V6 should not be only attributed to stand reductions. Our findings indicate an opportunity to adjust the US evaluation standards for early-season hail damage events in corn fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20533","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141536926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing maize (Zea mays L.) productivity through optimization of brewery sludge and blended NPS fertilizer in North Mecha District, Northwestern Ethiopia","authors":"Fenta Assefa,&nbsp;Zenebe Gebremedhin,&nbsp;Teferi Alem,&nbsp;Yigrem Mengist,&nbsp;Wakjira Tesfahun Jebesa","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20542","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) is one of the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia. However, its yield is lower than its potential mainly due to low soil fertility problems caused by continuous cultivation, limited use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, erosion, and leaching. Therefore, this field experiment has been conducted to optimize brewery sludge and blended NPS fertilizer rates to harness the maximum productivity potential of maize in North Mecha District, northwestern Ethiopia. The experiment was designed in a factorial arrangement of three levels of brewery sludge (0, 10, and 20 t ha⁻¹) and four levels of blended NPS fertilizer (0, 50, 100, and 150 kg ha⁻¹) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The analysis of variance showed that the main effects of the blended NPS fertilizer had significant effects on the ear length, number of kernels per row, stover yield, and 1000-kernel weight. Their interactions also had a significant effect on leaf area, leaf area index, aboveground dry biomass yield, grain yield, plant height, number of ears per plant, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row, number of kernels per ear, and harvest index. Accordingly, the combined application of 10 t ha⁻¹ brewery sludge and 100 kg ha⁻¹ blended NPS fertilizer resulted in the highest grain yield (9163.4 kg ha⁻¹), net benefit (145,590.1 ETB [Ethiopian Birr] ha⁻¹), and marginal rate of return (3789.30%) of maize. Thus, this treatment can be tentatively recommended for the North Mecha district.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20542","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-flowering high night-time temperature stress impacts physiology and starch metabolism in field-grown maize","authors":"Nathan T. Hein,&nbsp;Manish Tiwari,&nbsp;Ritesh Kumar,&nbsp;Landon Cook,&nbsp;Troy Ostmeyer,&nbsp;Impa M. Somayanda,&nbsp;James R. Ross,&nbsp;Habtamu Ayalew,&nbsp;Dan Wagner,&nbsp;Mitchell L. Neilsen,&nbsp;S. V. Krishna Jagadish","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20522","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20522","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The global average daily minimum temperatures are increasing at a quicker pace than the average daily maximum temperatures, which are predicted to increase in severity impacting global food production. This study focuses on elucidating the physiological and transcriptional response to high night-time temperature (HNT) stress in 12 US commercial maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) hybrids using unique field-based infrastructure. Our experimental objectives were to (i) impose an accurate and uniformly distributed post-flowering HNT stress of +4.0°C until physiological maturity, (ii) quantify the impact of HNT stress on physiological and yield-related traits, (iii) establish the impact on end-use quality of maize kernels formed under HNT stress, and (iv) analyze the differential expression of genes involved in grain starch metabolism. Accurate and uniformly distributed HNT stress of 3.8°C higher than the ambient night-time temperature throughout the grain-filling period reduced yield (−14%), kernel weight (−8%), and significantly reduced kernel nutrient content, specifically magnesium in the susceptible hybrids. HNT significantly increased the expression of key genes involved in starch metabolism in the tolerant hybrid. Although HNT stress had a negative impact on yield and quality in field grown maize, two hybrids had physiological and transcriptional regulation that favored higher level of resilience which lays the platform for developing climate smart maize hybrids.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20522","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure of vegetables to simulated volcanic ashfall reveals production loss controlled by plant traits and growth stage","authors":"Noa Ligot,&nbsp;Pierre Miny de Tornaco,&nbsp;Benoît Pereira,&nbsp;Patrick Bogaert,&nbsp;Pierre Delmelle","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20494","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Explosive volcanic eruptions represent a serious threat to agriculture in many countries. Ashfall can cause substantial damage to crops, jeopardizing farmers' livelihoods and potentially endangering food security. Previous field-based studies have associated ash impact on crops with the deposit thickness, or, correspondingly, with the mass load. However, non-volcanic factors, including plant traits and growth stage, also influence the vulnerability of crops to ashfall. To accurately estimate the risk of crop production loss in ash-prone areas, it is essential to evaluate how these factors govern the impact of ash on crops. We grew leafy (lettuce, <i>Lactuca sativa</i>; hative d'Heverlée, and cabbage, <i>Brassica oleracea</i>; cabus de Chateaurenard) and bulb and root (onion, <i>Allium cepa</i>; blanc premier, and carrot, <i>Daucus carota</i>; hative d‘Oxhella) vegetables in a greenhouse and exposed them at two growth stages to simulated ash deposits ranging from 5 to 40 kg m⁻². Our results confirm that crop production loss increases with higher ash mass load, reaching 27%–69% for deposits of 20–40 kg m⁻². Additionally, they indicate a higher vulnerability of carrot and onion plants than previously reported. Lettuce and cabbage plants were more severely impacted by ash compared to onion and carrot plants, illustrating the role of plant traits in controlling ash interception and retention on foliage. Furthermore, the plant growth stage emerged as another vulnerability factor. Using the new impact data, we calculated a theoretical production loss in a cultivated area potentially affected by ashfall. This revealed that a significant portion of the crop production loss can be associated with low ash mass loads (5 kg m⁻²), emphasizing the importance of including distal regions in the impact assessment of ashfall on crops.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20494","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rice response to fluridone following topsoil removal on a precision-leveled field","authors":"Thomas R. Butts,&nbsp;Maria C. C. R. Souza,&nbsp;Jason K. Norsworthy,&nbsp;L. Tom Barber,&nbsp;Jarrod T. Hardke","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20541","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Furrow-irrigated rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) production requires additional management options without the cultural strategy of a flood. In 2023, fluridone (Brake) was registered for use in rice production. Precision-leveling land is an important aspect of maintaining an effective irrigation flow path; however, the removal of topsoil can severely impact crop response from residual herbicides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of fluridone on rice response when applied to a precision-leveled field following topsoil removal. An on-farm field study was conducted in 2023 near Osceola, AR, with a Sharkey-Steele clay complex soil texture. The study consisted of six herbicide treatments applied at the rice three-leaf stage. These treatments included clomazone, quinclorac, and fluridone at three rates (0.5×, 1×, and 2× of a label rate) and a nontreated control. Across evaluation times, maximum visual rice injury was greater than 25% and 65% for the fluridone 1× and 2× treatments, respectively. Rice canopy coverage was reduced in the fluridone 1× and 2× treatments compared to all other treatments from 6 to 10 weeks after application (WAA). Rice heading in the fluridone 2x treatment was delayed by more than 60 and 30 percentage points at 11 and 12 WAA, respectively, compared to all other treatments. Rough rice yield in the fluridone 2× treatment was reduced by 21% compared to all other treatments. Overall, fluridone 1× and 2× rates caused substantial rice injury and would not be recommended on a precision-leveled field.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20541","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141488384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis of management practices in US corn (1990–2020)","authors":"Namita Sinha,&nbsp;Jagmandeep Singh Dhillon","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20536","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20536","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Bibliometric analysis explores large volume of scientific data, revealing trends and insights in a specific research field. Consistently, a bibliometric analysis of 30 years (1990–2020) was performed within the US corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) production using the Scopus database and VOSviewer. Search query was performed within the article title, abstract, and keywords indicative of management practices in corn. Exclusion criterion based on subject area and journals generated a total of 7468 publications. The data analysis revealed contributions from 7327 authors and 47 organizations documented in 69 journals. The top five organizations leading the investigation were United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Iowa State University, University of Nebraska, University of Illinois, and Purdue University. The most prolific authors were Dr. Rattan Lal (Ohio State University, Columbus, OH), Dr. Douglas L. Karlen (USDA-ARS, Ames, IA), Dr. Kenneth G. Cassman (University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE), Dr. Lajpat Rai Ahuja (USDA-ARS, Ft. Collins, CO), and Dr. John Walsh Doran (USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE). Journals with most publications were <i>Agronomy Journal</i>; <i>Soil Science Society of America Journal</i>; <i>Soil and Tillage Research</i>; Crop Science; and <i>Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</i>. Furthermore, author keywords differed from queried keywords, and no-till, nitrogen, cover crop, soybean, irrigation, phosphorus, conservation tillage, yield, and water quality were most prominent. Moreover, there was an evident shift in keywords and an observed trend between 1998 and 2020. Overall, these findings allow researchers to explore network maps via the hyperlinks present in papers, identifying research gaps and advancing original studies to bridge gaps in the literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20536","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141424965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Winter cover crop performance in the Southern Piedmont region of South Carolina","authors":"Payton B. Davis,&nbsp;Dara M. Park,&nbsp;Aurelie M. Poncet,&nbsp;Brook T. Russell,&nbsp;Debabrata Sahoo","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20535","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20535","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Cover crops (CCs) offer in-field and environmental benefits when integrated into cropping systems. Low CC adoption in the Southern Piedmont region of South Carolina is partially due to the lack of information on CC performance and benefits within the region. To address this, eight winter CCs and a fallow/pigweed (<i>Amaranthus</i> spp.) treatment were investigated for their influence on soil temperature, volumetric water content (VWC), percent cover, biomass, and the occurrence of soil water repellency (SWR). A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted in the fall and winter of 2021–2022 (EXP A) and repeated in 2022–2023 (EXP B). Experiments were treated separately as methods were revised for EXP B. CCs minimally influenced soil VWC over both experiments with no consistent trend. CC did not influence soil temperatures during EXP A. In EXP B, the fallow/pigweed had the highest soil temperatures on two (out of 10) measuring events (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). No SWR was found in either experiment. Establishment and fresh and dry CC biomass were most likely influenced by air temperatures and daylight hours driving germination during days with minimal rainfall. In both experiments, annual rye (<i>Lolium multiflorum</i>) produced cover quickly and yielded high biomass. Crimson clover (<i>Trifolium incarnatum</i>) took longer to establish but also yielded one of the highest biomasses. This study demonstrated that winter CCs had little influence on soil physical properties and that while cereal rye (<i>Secale cereale</i>) is a common CC utilized for erosion control, the greater biomass and surface roots of annual rye make it a superior CC for use in Southern Piedmont agroecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20535","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141424964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grain yield and quality responses to nitrogen application rate and timing in dry direct broadcast seeded rice under different weather conditions","authors":"Ryo Tanaka,&nbsp;Hiroshi Nakano","doi":"10.1002/agg2.20519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/agg2.20519","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) production, dry direct seeding is one of the most essential technologies to reduce labor input and to increase net income. Field experiments were conducted in southwestern Japan in 2019 and 2020 to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) application rate and timing on grain yield, lodging, grain appearance, and protein content in dry direct broadcast seeded rice under different weather conditions. In 2019, plants had larger source ability using the normal solar radiation at the tillering stage, regardless of N application timings. Plants with applied N at the reproductive stage produced the highest grain yield and the highest percentage of undamaged grains under high air temperature condition during the early ripening stage. In 2020, plants did not have larger source ability due to the lower solar radiation at the tillering stage. Plants with applied N at the reproductive stage produced the highest grain yield but produced the highest percentage of green immature grains. These results mean that solar radiation at the tillering stage may be important for increasing grain yield and quality in dry direct broadcast seeded rice. Therefore, since plants grown under normal solar radiation condition at the tillering stage may have large source ability, more N application at the reproductive stage may be recommended to increase grain yield. In contrast, since plants grown under low solar radiation condition at the tillering stage may have small source ability, less N application at the reproductive stage may be recommended to decrease the occurrence of green immature grains.</p>","PeriodicalId":7567,"journal":{"name":"Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment","volume":"7 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/agg2.20519","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141315387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}