AIDS research and human retroviruses最新文献

{"title":"Incident HIV-Associated Wasting/Low Weight Is Associated with Nearly Doubled Mortality Risk in the Modern ART Era.","authors":"Michael B Wohlfeiler, Rachel Palmieri Weber, Laurence Brunet, Javeed Siddiqui, Michael Harbour, Amy L Phillips, Brooke Hayward, Jennifer S Fusco, Ricky K Hsu, Gregory P Fusco","doi":"10.1089/AID.2023.0113","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2023.0113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>HIV-associated wasting (HIVAW) is an underappreciated AIDS-defining illness, despite highly effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). We (a) assessed the association between incident HIVAW/low weight and all-cause mortality and (b) described virologic outcomes after people with HIV (PWH) experienced HIVAW/low weight while on ART. In the Observational Pharmaco-Epidemiology Research & Analysis (OPERA^®) cohort, PWH without prior HIVAW/low weight who were active in care in 2016-2020 were followed through the first of the following censoring events: death, loss to follow-up, or study end (October 31, 2021). HIVAW/low weight was a diagnosis of wasting or low body mass index (BMI)/underweight or a BMI measurement <20 kg/m². Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between time-dependent HIVAW/low weight and mortality were estimated with extended Cox regression models. Over a median follow-up of 45 months (interquartile range: 27, 65), there were 4,755 (8%) cases of HIVAW/low weight and 1,354 (2%) deaths among 62,314 PWH. PWH who experienced HIVAW/low weight had a significantly higher risk of death than those who did not (HR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.68, 2.27) after adjusting for age, race, ethnicity, and changes in viral load (VL) and Veterans Aging Cohort Study Mortality Index scores over follow-up. Among 4,572 PWH on ART at HIVAW/low weight, 68% were suppressed (VL of <200 copies/mL); subsequent virologic failure was uncommon (7%). Among viremic PWH, 70% and 60% achieved suppression and undetectability (VL of <50 copies/mL), respectively, over follow-up. HIVAW remains a challenge for some PWH. Particular attention needs to be paid to HIVAW/low weight and virologic control to restore health and potentially reduce the risk of death.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"428-434"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140118505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Tuberculosis Is Associated with Depletion of HIV-Specific CD4 and CD8 T Cells in People with HIV.","authors":"Jeremiah Khayumbi, Loren E Sasser, Taryn A McLaughlin, Benson Muchiri, Joshua Ongalo, Joan Tonui, Samuel Gurrion Ouma, Angie Campbell, Felix Hayara Odhiambo, Chelimo Kiprotich, Neel R Gandhi, Cheryl L Day","doi":"10.1089/AID.2023.0088","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2023.0088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Infection with <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) in people with HIV (PWH) is associated with depletion of Mtb-specific CD4 T cell responses, increased risk of progression to active tuberculosis (TB) disease, and increased immune activation. Although higher HIV viral loads have been reported in Mtb/HIV co-infection, the extent to which Mtb infection and TB disease impact the frequency and phenotype of HIV-specific T cell responses has not been well described. We enrolled a cohort of PWH in Kenya across a spectrum of Mtb infection states, including those with no evidence of Mtb infection, latent Mtb infection (LTBI), and active pulmonary TB disease, and evaluated the frequency, immune activation, and cytotoxicity phenotype of HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses in peripheral blood by flow cytometry. We found evidence of depletion of HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in people with TB, but not with LTBI. Expression of the immune activation markers human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype (HLA-DR) and Ki67 and of the cytotoxic molecules granzyme B and perforin were increased in total CD4 and CD8 T cell populations in individuals with TB, although expression of these markers by HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells did not differ by Mtb infection status. These data suggest that TB is associated with overall increased T cell activation and cytotoxicity and with depletion of HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells, which may contribute to further impairment of T cell-mediated immune control of HIV replication in the setting of TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"417-427"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11295841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139745815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Ratio of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Transmission and Prevalence of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Associated Diseases in Brazilian Family Groups Followed Up by the GIPH Cohort.","authors":"Luiz Cláudio Ferreira Romanelli, Gustavo Guimarães Rocha Figueiredo, Maisa Aparecida Ribeiro, Marina Lobato Martins","doi":"10.1089/AID.2023.0072","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2023.0072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A silent spread of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been occurring for thousands of years, with a high prevalence in some regions due to the sexual and vertical transmission and formation of family clusters. The time from HTLV-1 infection until the onset of virus-associated diseases is extremely long, approximately one to three decades. In this study, we evaluated intrafamilial HTLV-1 transmission and associated diseases in 1,204 individuals enrolled and followed up by the GIPH cohort between 1997 and 2017. The family groups (<i>n</i> = 43) were composed of 279 individuals who were tested for HTLV-1/human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) and were classified as two groups according to the index case: blood donor (blood donors referred to the GIPH cohort) and nondonor (individuals referred to the GIPH cohort by other health services). The observed rates of HTLV-1 transmission and associated diseases among the relatives were high. Of 236 family members and sexual partners tested for HTLV, 104 (44.1%) were confirmed as having HTLV infection, with 36.7% of relatives whose index case was blood donors and 56.9% of relatives with nondonor index cases. At least one case of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy was observed in 42.9% of the families with intrafamilial transmission of HTLV-1. Brazil is an endemic area for HTLV-1/2 and has implemented mandatory universal screening of blood donors for HTLV-1/2 since 1993. However, the lack of public health services offer diagnosis for HTLV to the general population and pregnant women in the country makes it difficult to identify infected people, and contributes to the silent spread of the virus.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"401-407"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139650067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender Identity Stigma in Transgender Women Is Higher After Gender-Affirming Vaginoplasty.","authors":"Lydia A Fein, Rebecca Barnett, Tianhao Liu, JoNell E Potter, Nichole R Klatt, Maria L Alcaide, Deborah L Jones","doi":"10.1089/AID.2023.0017","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2023.0017","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gender affirmation may reduce stigma and gender-based discrimination that drive increased behaviors that can lead to HIV in transgender women (TW). For many TW, vaginoplasty is gender affirming, yet has not been previously evaluated with regard to likelihood of HIV. This pilot study of TW aimed to evaluate the influence of gender-affirming vaginoplasty on stigma and the drivers of HIV acquisition. Adult TW without HIV were recruited. Interviewer-administered surveys were used to assess demographics, gender identity stigma, psychosocial factors, importance of and satisfaction with gender affirmation, and behaviors that increase the likelihood of HIV in TW who had either undergone gender-affirming vaginoplasty (TWWV) or who had not (TWWOV). Statistical analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact tests, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Thirty TW without HIV (19-83 years old) participated (TWWV = 10; TWWOV = 20). The majority identified with ethnic minority groups (<i>n</i> = 21, 70%) and on gender-affirming hormone therapy (<i>n</i> = 25, 83%). Gender identity stigma (38.0; 32.15, <i>p</i> = .03) and social oppression (53.6; 39.4, <i>p</i> = .05) scores were significantly higher among TWWV compared with TWWOV. Satisfaction with body (3.10; 1.95, <i>p</i> = .01), appearance (3.10; 2.10, <i>p</i> = .02), and femininity (3.40; 2.25, <i>p</i> = .001) were higher among TWWV than TWWOV. Present (<i>n</i> = 8, 27%) and past (<i>n</i> = 16, 53%) survival sex work, multiple sex partners (<i>n</i> = 16, 53%), and receptive condomless anal intercourse (<i>n</i> = 10, 33%) were reported but did not vary significantly between groups. Behaviors that may lead to HIV acquisition and their underlying drivers, including gender identity stigma, are present after gender-affirming vaginoplasty. As this procedure continues to increase among TW, interventions to mitigate chances of HIV acquisition are critically needed in this population.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"376-383"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11301712/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138795799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Subtypes and Primary Antiretroviral Resistance Profiles in Northern Cyprus: First Data Series.","authors":"Emrah Guler, Ayse Arikan, Nazife Sultanoglu, Kaya Suer, Tamer Sanlidag, Murat Sayan","doi":"10.1089/AID.2023.0021","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2023.0021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The distribution of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) subtypes indicates difference from region to region and in risk groups acquiring the disease worldwide. Although subtype C is more in terms of total cases, subtype B is dominant in certain regions, especially in western and central Europe. Molecular epidemiological studies are essential for the control, effective treatment, and understanding in transmission routes of HIV-1 infection. This study aims to determine the molecular epidemiology and antiretroviral drug resistance profiles of HIV-1 in northern Cyprus. The study involved 71 naive HIV-positive patients diagnosed in northern Cyprus between 2016 and 2022. HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) were identified by phylogenetic analysis (neighbor-joining method) of <i>pol</i> gene sequences. Drug resistance mutations were analyzed using the World Health Organization (WHO) lists of mutations for surveillance. The Stanford University HIVdb program was used to interpret drug resistance mutations. In our study, 40 of 71 samples were successfully sequenced. Subtype B of HIV-1 was dominant with a rate of 52.5%, followed by CRF02_AG (20%) and G (7.5%) subtypes. The rate of subtype B (71.4%) in northern Cyprus was significantly higher than in the other country of origin (<i>p</i> = .028). Antiretroviral drug resistance was found in 15% of the sequenced serum samples. Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), non-nucleoside nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and protease inhibitor (PI) resistance rates were 10% (4/40), 7.5% (3/40), and 2.5% (1/40), respectively. According to the results, it is noteworthy that the dominant subtype circulating in northern Cyprus is the B subtype, and CRFs were detected at a higher rate than expected.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"393-400"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139745836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CRISPR/CAS as a Powerful Tool for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cure: A Review.","authors":"Shirley Vasconcelos Komninakis, Wilson Domingues, Sabri Saeed Sanabani, Victor Angelo Folgosi, Igor Neves Barbosa, Jorge Casseb","doi":"10.1089/AID.2022.0148","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2022.0148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite care and the availability of effective antiretroviral treatment, some human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals suffer from neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV (HAND) that significantly affect their quality of life. The different types of HAND can be divided into asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder, and the most severe form known as HIV-associated dementia. Little is known about the mechanisms of HAND, but it is thought to be related to infection of astrocytes, microglial cells, and macrophages in the human brain. The formation of a viral reservoir that lies dormant as a provirus in resting CD4⁺ T lymphocytes and in refuge tissues such as the brain contributes significantly to HIV eradication. In recent years, a new set of tools have emerged: the gene editing based on the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system, which can alter genome segments by insertion, deletion, and replacement and has great therapeutic potential. This technology has been used in research to treat HIV and appears to offer hope for a possible cure for HIV infection and perhaps prevention of HAND. This approach has the potential to directly impact the quality of life of HIV-infected individuals, which is a very important topic to be known and discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"363-375"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139073055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction Between <i>Vpx</i> and <i>SAMHD1</i>, Vital for <i>SAMHD1</i> Inhibition.","authors":"Zahra Hasanshahi, Behzad Dehghani, Ava Hashempour","doi":"10.1089/AID.2023.0052","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2023.0052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It was confirmed that the sterile alpha motif and HD domain 1 (<i>SAMHD1</i>) limits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. In contrast, viral protein x (<i>Vpx</i>) in HIV-2 and some simian immunodeficiency viruses can counteract this effect. The possible interaction between <i>SAMHD1</i> and <i>Vpx</i> was suggested by previous studies; however, there are no data to confirm this interaction. Therefore, this study aimed to study the interaction between two proteins and the properties of <i>Vpx</i> protein for the first time using bioinformatic tools. <i>Vpx</i> and <i>SAMHD1</i> sequences were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank. Several software were used to define <i>Vpx</i> properties and the interaction between <i>Vpx</i> and different <i>SAMHD1</i> isoforms. Our findings indicated the difference in interaction sites among different <i>Vpx</i>. However, in all <i>Vpx</i> proteins, this region is from amino acids 4 to 90. In addition, two regions (26-31 and 134-139) and two amino acids 425 and 429 in <i>SAMHD1</i> are vital in the possible interaction. In addition, our analysis determined the physicochemical and immunological properties of the <i>Vpx</i>. Considering all factors, this study could confirm that <i>Vpx</i> interacts with <i>SAMHD1</i>, which could inhibit <i>SAMHD1</i>. Moreover, our findings can pave the way for future studies to express and purify <i>Vpx</i> in the laboratory and study this protein <i>in vitro</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"384-392"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138795802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-Full-Length Genome Analysis of a HIV-1 CRF01_AE/B Recombinant Strain Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Chengde City, China.","authors":"Shuofan Dong, Xinli Lu, Yingying Wang, Ning An, Meng Liu, Yan Li, Qi Li","doi":"10.1089/AID.2023.0110","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2023.0110","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The unique recombinant form (URF) of HIV is formed by multiple subtypes which are cocirculating in some area, and the number of HIV recombinants is on the increase worldwide. In this study, we identified a URF named 2019638, composed of CRF01_AE and subtype B, in a man who has sex with men in Qinhuangdao, Hebei province, China. The near-full-length genome (NFLG) sequence was confirmed to be a novel URF. Within this NFLG, two CRF01_AE fragments were inserted into the <i>pol</i> and <i>vif</i> regions, respectively, using subtype B as the backbone. Moreover, the presence of the V106M and V179D point mutations in the reverse transcriptase (RT) region rendered the high-level resistance to efavirenz and nevirapine and intermediate resistance to doravirine. Our findings suggest that the HIV epidemic is evolving toward a high degree of recombination, and we need to continuously monitor HIV genetic diversity to control the further development of the AIDS epidemic.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"257-262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138046011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceptions of Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation Among Participants of The Netherlands Cohort Study on Acute HIV Infection.","authors":"Pien van Paassen, Maartje Dijkstra, Holly L Peay, Casper Rokx, Annelies Verbon, Peter Reiss, Jan M Prins, Gail E Henderson, Stuart Rennie, Pythia T Nieuwkerk, Godelieve J de Bree","doi":"10.1089/AID.2022.0169","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2022.0169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) same-day, or as soon as possible after HIV diagnosis is advised in guidelines worldwide. Especially during acute HIV infection (AHI), rapid ART start may be more urgent because of a higher risk of transmission or symptoms of acute retroviral syndrome. During this phase, rapid ART start may have additional benefits for viral reservoir size and host immunity. We explored perceptions of rapid ART start among participants of The Netherlands Cohort Study on Acute HIV infection (NOVA study), who started ART rapidly after diagnosis of AHI. We conducted 20 in-depth qualitative interviews with NOVA study participants between October and December 2018. Data were analyzed thematically, using inductive and iterative coding techniques. Roughly half of the participants stated they felt well-informed about the importance of (rapid) ART. Starting ART rapidly was perceived positively by almost all participants, mostly because of the expected benefits on their health, and to prevent HIV transmission. Rapid ART start was seen as a way to cope with the diagnosis. However, a more negative perception was that rapid ART start confronted participants with their diagnosis, when they were still adjusting to a new situation. Our results show that among people diagnosed during AHI, rapid ART is well-accepted. These results should be encouraging to HIV care providers who encounter people with AHI in their clinical practice and to researchers who carry out cure-related studies, in which early ART is often included. The Clinical Trial Registration number is NCT05728996.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"286-292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41118928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current Resistance of HIV-1 Strains Isolated in Volunteer Blood Donors in Gabon.","authors":"Christian Mangala, Denis Maulot-Bangola, Alain Moutsinga, Anges Gar Wamba, Serge Christian Okolongo-Mayani, Joseph Fokam","doi":"10.1089/AID.2023.0080","DOIUrl":"10.1089/AID.2023.0080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Detection of drug resistance mutations (DRMs) and HIV-1 subtypes ensures effective therapeutic management for HIV-infected individuals. In Gabon, data on DRMs are very little available in the population of people living with HIV and also among voluntary HIV-positive blood donors. This study aimed to study subtypes and DRMs in HIV-1-positive volunteer blood donors in Gabon. A cross-sectional study was carried out at the National Blood Transfusion Center of Gabon. A purposive sampling method was used to collect 128 HIV-1 seropositive blood samples. Viral RNA was extracted on real-time PCR (Abbott 2000^®), and sequencing was performed on ABI 3500 (Hitachi^®). SPSS version 21.0 software was used for statistical analysis. Of the 128 seropositive volunteer donors included, men and the 29-39-age group were more representative at 78.9% and 49.2%, respectively. Eighty-two samples were sequenced. The majority strains identified were subtype A, subtype F, subtype G, CRF02_AG, and CRF45_cpx. The resistance mutations identified were K103N, L210W, E138G, V179D, V179T, and M46L. The prevalence of resistant subtypes was 25.6%. CRF02_AG strains exhibited high-level resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), including efavirenz and nevirapine. The study identified major DRMs in reverse transcriptase and protease that confer high-level resistance to most NNRTIs, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors. CRF02_AG was more predominant, and the frequency of resistant subtypes was high. However, these data will contribute to the therapeutic choice during the initiation of antiretroviral treatment in treatment-naive patients in Gabon.</p>","PeriodicalId":7544,"journal":{"name":"AIDS research and human retroviruses","volume":" ","pages":"341-346"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139073056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}