Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment最新文献

{"title":"Off-target: Herbicides in cereal fields favour competitive weeds over non-target species","authors":"Ségolène Humann-Guilleminot ,&nbsp;Vincent Bretagnolle ,&nbsp;Sabrina Gaba","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Weed diversity plays an important role in maintaining resilient agroecosystems, yet agricultural practices, such as pesticide applications, significantly shape weed communities. Previous studies have primarily focused on comparing organic and conventional farming, with a particular emphasis on land-use intensification. However, less attention has been given to the specific effects of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides on weed communities, including the species affected and the mechanisms driving these changes, based on farmer-recorded application data. Our study examined the impact of herbicide, fungicide, and insecticide use – both in terms of Treatment Frequency Index (TFI), i.e., intensity of application, and quantity (QA) – on weed communities in 96 non-organic cereal fields over 4 years. We did not detect any effect of insecticide metrics on weed communities. Interestingly, our results indicate that TFI of fungicide decreased weed abundance, whereas QA did not. In contrast, for herbicides, QA had a stronger negative impact on weed communities than TFI. This suggests that TFI of fungicide, which may reflect low-dose but frequent applications, could exert indirect and long-term effects on weed suppression. In comparison, QA of herbicide more directly reflects the toxic load delivered to weeds and is therefore a better predictor of their suppression. Our results reveal that herbicides are the main factor shaping weed communities by decreasing the abundance of non-target/non-competitive species while replacing them with competitive species. These findings point out the potential ineffectiveness of herbicide application on problematic weeds and emphasise the need to reconsider the use of herbicides to maintain weed diversity in agricultural landscapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"397 ","pages":"Article 110026"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological and management drivers of pest regulation via multitrophic pathways in tropical insular agroecosystems","authors":"Thibault Nève de Mévergnies ,&nbsp;Théo Delauney ,&nbsp;Marie-Stéphane Tixier ,&nbsp;Camille Gendron Hoareau ,&nbsp;Joël Huat ,&nbsp;Anaïs Chailleux","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110030","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110030","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natural pest regulation services provided by arthropod natural enemies are a cornerstone of ecological intensification. While vegetation diversification is known to support natural enemy communities, its relative contribution and interactions with other drivers for pest regulation services remains unclear, especially in dynamic and diversified smallholder agroecosystems under the tropics. In this study, we investigate how crop and non-crop field vegetation diversity, farming practices, climatic and landscape parameters jointly shape arthropod community structure and their services in the aerial and ground strata in tropical market gardening systems on La Réunion Island. We surveyed 22 open-field market gardening systems during two seasons. Using a multitrophic, piecewise structural equation modeling approach, we assessed direct and indirect cascading effects of local and landscape factors on arthropod diversity and pest regulation services. Results show that in aerial communities, non-crop vegetation richness generated a positive bottom-up trophic cascade. It enhanced herbivore diversity which, in turn, increased natural enemy richness, ultimately reducing pest abundance and crop damage, particularly during the dry season. In contrast, insecticide use suppressed natural enemy richness and reduced the effectiveness of pest regulation. Ground-dwelling communities were more strongly influenced by landscape fragmentation, semi-natural habitat cover, and temperature, with less evidence for structured trophic cascades. Overall, beneficial cascading effects of vegetation on pest regulation services in above-ground communities may outweigh the impacts of other management and landscape drivers. These findings underscore the potential of promoting vegetation diversity and reducing pesticide use as key strategies for enhancing natural pest regulation in tropical smallholder agroecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"397 ","pages":"Article 110030"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial nitrogen-phosphorus imbalance induced by low- and high carbon-nitrogen ratio straw addition promotes soil CO2 emissions","authors":"Xiongde Dong ,&nbsp;Yutong Xiao ,&nbsp;Zixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Mai-He Li ,&nbsp;Shijie Han ,&nbsp;Kunpeng Zhao ,&nbsp;Feirong Ren ,&nbsp;Junqiang Zheng","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Straw return is a globally prevalent soil management practice designed to enhance carbon sequestration and improve soil health in agricultural ecosystems. However, the effects of straw input with varying quantities and carbon-nitrogen (C/N) ratios on soil respiration (Rs) as well as the balance of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) in both soil and microorganisms remain unclear. In this study, we examined the impacts of straw C/N ratio (high-C/N ratio maize straw and low-C/N ratio peanut straw) and varying amount of straw incorporation on Rs, soil properties, and extracellular enzyme activities. Rs exhibited a significant increase with the addition of straw, regardless of its C/N ratio. This can be attributed to the enhancement in microbial biomass and soil enzyme activity induced by straw incorporation. Low-C/N ratio straw contributed to a continuous increase in soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the SOC content remained unchanged with the increasing input of high-C/N ratio straw. Low-C/N ratio straw increased the soil C/N and C/P ratio, while high-C/N ratio straw increased the soil N/P. Microbial nutrient limitations, assessed through vector analysis, also showed contrasting effects. Increasing the rate of high-C/N straw application significantly reduced vector angle (VA), easing microbial phosphorus limitation. In contrast, higher rates of low-C/N straw increased vector length (VL) and VA, intensifying microbial carbon and phosphorus limitations. High-C/N straw alleviated microbial phosphorus limitation by altering microbial N/P-driven respiration, while low-C/N straw increased carbon limitation through changes in microbial nutrient dynamics. By integrating Rs with soil stoichiometry and microbial metabolic limitations, this study provides a comprehensive exploration of soil respiration’s response to the return of straw with varying straw C/N ratios and quantities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 110029"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From soil health to tea flavour: Organic fertilisation enhances microbial communities and aroma compounds","authors":"Lingfei Ji ,&nbsp;Ning Wang ,&nbsp;Guifei Li ,&nbsp;Zeyi Ai ,&nbsp;Yutong Ye ,&nbsp;Zhenmin Hu ,&nbsp;Kang Ni ,&nbsp;Yiyang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110028","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110028","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The excessive use of synthetic fertilisers in tea plantations has led to soil acidification, degradation, and environmental concerns, raising the need for sustainable alternatives. This study investigated the effects of organic fertiliser application on soil microbial communities, tea aroma, and yield through a 7-year field trial with four treatments: control (CK), pure chemical fertiliser (NPK), chicken manure (CM), and rapeseed cake (RC). Results showed that organic fertiliser treatments (CM and RC) significantly improved soil physicochemical properties, including pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and available nitrogen (including mineral nitrogen and labile organic nitrogen) while alleviating soil acidification caused by NPK treatment. Organic fertilisers also enhanced microbial diversity and altered the composition of bacterial and fungal communities, with RC treatment showed the most distinct microbial profiles. Tea aroma indices, particularly geraniol and linalool, were significantly improved under RC treatment, correlating with changes in soil properties and microbial communities. Moreover, our study reflected that tea aroma can be indirectly influenced, and variations in the bacterial community appear to have a more pronounced effect on these changes in aroma. These findings suggested that organic fertilisers, especially rapeseed cake, can improve tea aroma and soil health, providing a sustainable alternative to synthetic fertilisers in tea plantations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 110028"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145314906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating weed seed loss mechanisms in regenerative agriculture for more sustainable weed management","authors":"Jasper Kanomanyanga ,&nbsp;Chun Liu ,&nbsp;Stephen Moss ,&nbsp;Eric Ober ,&nbsp;John Cussans ,&nbsp;Shingirai Mudare ,&nbsp;Irsa Ejaz ,&nbsp;Mette Sønderskov ,&nbsp;Shaun Coutts","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110027","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110027","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Green Revolution significantly increased crop yields but relied heavily on synthetic herbicides and intensive farming. Despite growing interest in more sustainable agriculture, weed management in regenerative agricultural systems remains challenging, as it implies a reduced reliance on both herbicide use and intensive tillage. This review explores the potential of weed seed loss (WSL) mechanisms, including weed seed predation, seed shedding prevention, seed capture and destruction, microbial and allelochemical-mediated seed decay, and germination-driven losses, as ecologically sustainable tools for regenerative agriculture. Natural and agronomic WSL practices contribute 20–99 % of annual seedbank reductions. However, their success depends on strategic integration within holistic, context-specific farming systems. A strategic combination of WSL mechanisms and appropriate herbicide-based programs is recommended to disrupt weed life cycles and delay herbicide resistance. By bridging ecological principles with practical innovations, WSL mechanisms offer a pathway toward resilient, sustainable farming systems that balance food production with a positive contribution to ecosystem services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 110027"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perennial flower strips increase pollinator and natural enemy abundance but have limited effects on pest control in adjacent crops","authors":"Neus Rodríguez-Gasol ,&nbsp;Maria Viketoft ,&nbsp;Elodie Chapurlat ,&nbsp;Johan A. Stenberg ,&nbsp;Mattias Jonsson ,&nbsp;Ola Lundin","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flower strips are a valuable agri-environmental measure to foster ecological intensification by providing floral and nesting resources to beneficial organisms. Nevertheless, few flower strip studies integrate assessments of multiple ecosystem services and their providers (simultaneous promotion of pollinators and natural enemies) or consider trade-offs (unintended promotion of pests in adjacent crops). This gap is further exacerbated if below-ground functions are considered. We sampled pollinators, natural enemies, and herbivores using visual observations, yellow sticky traps, pitfall traps, and tiller counts in ten pairs of perennial flower strips and control field margins, and their adjacent cereal fields in Scania, Sweden, in 2021. In addition, we estimated predation and below-ground decomposition rates with sentinel prey cards and bait lamina strips. Flower strips increased floral availability, pollinator, natural enemy and herbivore abundances, relative to control field margins. Natural enemy and herbivore responses to the implemented strips were taxon-specific. The positive effects of flower strips extended beyond the strips themselves, as spillover effects were evident for several natural enemy groups, with increased abundances in adjacent crop fields. A trade-off was also observed: pest thrips were more abundant in crop tillers near flower strips than near controls. No effect of flower strips on aphid predation rates was observed. Decomposition rates were as high in flower strips as in controls, despite flower strips only being established for two years. These findings emphasize flower strips’ potential to support multiple ecosystem service providers, while underscoring the importance of context-specific design and management to maximize benefits and avoid unintended trade-offs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 110025"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of land use change and agricultural management on soil carbon stocks in tropical pastures","authors":"Rafaela Ferraz Molina ,&nbsp;Waldssimiler Teixeira de Mattos ,&nbsp;Sandra Furlan Nogueira ,&nbsp;Cristiano Alberto de Andrade ,&nbsp;Lucas Ferreira Penteado ,&nbsp;Cristina Maria Pacheco Barbosa ,&nbsp;Luciana Gerdes","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Brazil, land use changes, particularly in the Atlantic Forest biome, significantly impact soil carbon dynamics. Conservation practices, such as no-till farming and integrated systems, can mitigate GHG emissions by enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. This study aims to assess changes in SOCS resulting from three distinct LUC pathways: from natural vegetation (NV) to extensive pasture (EP); from EP to a crop-livestock-forest integration system (iCLF); and from extensive pasture to no-till soybean monoculture (NT). Areas with similar soil types (Oxisol) but different land uses were evaluated: NV, EP, iCLF, and NT. SOC stocks, C-accumulation rates, and isotopic composition (δ¹³C) were analyzed. The conversion of NV to EP increased carbon stocks in the 0–30 cm layer, with δ¹³C indicating pasture contribution. The transition from EP to iCLF further promote SOC accumulation across all depths, with δ¹³C suggesting contributions from both C₃ and C₄ plants. In contrast, converting EP to NT did not significantly affect SOC stocks. The annual SOC accumulation rates (0–100 cm) were 0.34, 5.38, and 2.35 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for NV to EP, EP to iCLF, and EP to NT, respectively. The corresponding SOC change factors were 1.24, 1.52, and 1.03. These findings highlight the potential of integrated systems to enhance soil carbon sequestration compared to conventional pasture and no-till practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 110024"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crop rotation phase has a greater impact on soil biology than crop rotation diversity","authors":"Marijke Struijk ,&nbsp;Erika Degani ,&nbsp;Samuel G. Leigh ,&nbsp;Emma Bowen ,&nbsp;Sion Thomas ,&nbsp;Simon R. Mortimer ,&nbsp;Andrew P. Whitmore ,&nbsp;Frank Ashwood ,&nbsp;Suzanne J. Clark ,&nbsp;Tom Sizmur","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110023","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110023","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of plant diversity on the belowground soil food web remains poorly understood. In this study the soil microbial community structure and biomass, and the abundance of microfauna, mesofauna, and macrofauna were assessed at three levels of crop rotation diversity: A Simple rotation (2 plant species), a Moderate rotation (4 plant species), and a Diverse rotation (10 plant species). Soils subjected to more diverse crop rotations did not differ in their microbial community structure, were lower in soil total C, and exhibited a smaller microbial biomass, but a higher crop yield. The mean abundance of Collembola and mites exhibited a trend of Simple &gt; Moderate &gt; Diverse. These observations may be associated with higher levels of disturbance in soils of more diverse rotations due to more frequent tillage operations to establish a greater diversity of crops. The lack of a significant positive effect of crop rotation diversity on soil biology was observed despite the field experiment being established three to four years prior to these measurements. We did observe effects due to the phase of the crop rotation. Within the Simple rotation, we found a significant effect of crop rotation phase on collembolan and mite abundances, and within the Diverse rotation on earthworm biomass. These observations suggest that the crop rotation phase, and perhaps the identity of the individual plants used in a crop rotation, affect soil biology more than the diversity of the crop rotation <em>per se</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 110023"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of land-use change on soil total carbon pool: a meta-analysis","authors":"Zhuobing Ren ,&nbsp;Changjia Li ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Wenxin Zhou ,&nbsp;Lindsay C. Stringer ,&nbsp;Bojie Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soil carbon is crucial for plant growth, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem functions as it provides essential nutrients and improves soil structure. Land-use change is widely recognized to have a profound effect on the soil carbon pool. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the global response of soil total carbon, which includes both organic and inorganic carbon, to such changes. Here, we present a thorough assessment of the impact of land-use change on soil total carbon through a pairwise comparative meta-analysis of 1033 paired observations from 73 sites across six continents. These sites cover six major land-use changes: forest to cropland (FC), grassland to cropland (GC), cropland to forest (CF), cropland to grassland (CG), sandy land to forest (SF), and grassland to forest (GF). Contrary to expectations, FC and GC were not found to have a significant adverse effect on soil total carbon (lnRR₊₊ &lt; 0.05). Similarly, restoration from CF and CG did not result in the anticipated significant increase in soil total carbon (lnRR₊₊ ∼0.08), largely due to the offsetting effects of organic and inorganic carbon. Afforestation in sandy land (SF) significantly increased soil total carbon, whereas its impact on grasslands (GF) was not significant. The effects of SF and FC on soil total carbon become more pronounced with higher precipitation levels. Conversely, the effect of CF on soil total carbon diminishes with rising temperatures. Additionally, the impact of GC and CG on total carbon increased with both the depth and duration of the change. These findings underscore the complexity of soil total carbon responses to various land-use changes and environmental factors, and highlight the necessity of incorporating soil total carbon assessments in carbon storage evaluations and land-use change modelling, particularly in the context of intensifying climate change and human activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 110021"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145321198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comammox Nitrospira dominates autotrophic nitrification in paddy fields under long-term fertilization","authors":"Bingjie Ren ,&nbsp;Yanping Wang ,&nbsp;Yuchao Wang ,&nbsp;Yuling Yang ,&nbsp;Zhenfa Su ,&nbsp;Haikun Wu ,&nbsp;Wangting Yang ,&nbsp;Yuhan Jin ,&nbsp;Jinghao Jin ,&nbsp;Shuai Liu ,&nbsp;Lidong Shen ,&nbsp;Xu Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.agee.2025.110022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fertilization significantly affects ammonia oxidation, a pivotal process governing nitrification in paddy soils. Nevertheless, the ecological niches of ammonia oxidizing-archaea (AOA), ammonia oxidizing-bacteria (AOB), and complete ammonia-oxidizers (Comammox), as well as their relative contributions to ammonia oxidation under long-term fertilization conditions, remain poorly understood. Here, the activity, community structure, and abundance of these ammonia-oxidizers were examined in rice fields under three long-term (35 years) fertilization treatments (CK: no fertilizer, NPK: inorganic fertilizer, SNPK: straw returning combined with inorganic fertilizer) across four rice growth periods. It was observed that AOB activity dominated ammonia oxidation under CK treatment, accounting for 52.65 % of the total ammonia oxidation activity. In contrast, Comammox activity dominated ammonia oxidation under both NPK and SNPK treatments, accounting for 65.44 % and 63.29 % of total ammonia oxidation activity, respectively. The contribution of AOA activity to ammonia oxidation was the lowest (0.67 %-2.25 %) under the three fertilization treatments. Compared to CK, both treatments significantly increased abundance of AOA, AOB, and Comammox, and AOB exhibited the strongest stimulation (943.59 %-1445.83 %) by fertilization. Community structure of AOB and Comammox showed a stronger response to fertilization compared with AOA. Partial least squares analysis indicated that fertilization indirectly affected the activity of three types of ammonia-oxidizers by changing the soil physicochemical properties (e.g., pH, organic carbon content, and NH₄⁺-N content) and the community structure of ammonia-oxidizers. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of Comammox in nitrification in long-term fertilized paddy soils, contributing to a better comprehension of the roles of different types of ammonia-oxidizers in nitrogen cycle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":7512,"journal":{"name":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment","volume":"396 ","pages":"Article 110022"},"PeriodicalIF":6.4,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145263328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}