Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts最新文献

{"title":"Emerging investigator series: in-depth chemical profiling of tire and artificial turf crumb rubber: aging, transformation products, and transport pathways†","authors":"Madison H. McMinn, Ximin Hu, Katherine Poisson, Phillip Berger, Paola Pimentel, Xinwen Zhang, Pranali Ashara, Ella L. Greenfield, Jessica Eig and Zhenyu Tian","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00326H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00326H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Crumb rubber generated from end-of-life tires (ELTs) poses a threat to environmental and human health based on its widespread use. Of particular concern is the use of ELT crumb rubber as infill for artificial turf fields, as people are unknowingly exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals when playing on these fields. Additionally, there is concern regarding transport of rubber-related chemicals from artificial turf into the environment. However, existing knowledge does not fully elucidate the chemical profile, transformation products, and transport pathways of artificial turf crumb rubber across different ages. To address these knowledge gaps, we utilized a multi-faceted approach that consisted of targeted quantitation, chemical profiling, and suspect screening <em>via</em> ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). We collected and processed 3 tire and 11 artificial turf crumb rubber samples <em>via</em> solvent extraction, leaching, and a bioaccessibility-based extraction. Nineteen rubber-derived chemicals were quantified using parallel reaction monitoring and isotope dilution techniques. In solvent extracts, the most abundant analytes were 1,3-diphenylguanidine (0.18–1200 μg g<small>⁻¹</small>), <em>N</em>-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-<em>N</em>′-phenyl-<em>p</em>-phenylenediamine (6PPD, 0.16–720 μg g<small>⁻¹</small>), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (0.47–140 μg g<small>⁻¹</small>), and benzothiazole (0.84–150 μg g<small>⁻¹</small>). Chemical profiling assessed changes in sample diversity, abundance, polarity, and molecular mass. Suspect screening identified 81 compounds with different confidence levels (16 at level 1, 53 with level 2, 7 at level 3, and 5 at level 4). The formation rate of transformation products and clustering analysis results identified time-based trends in artificial turf field samples. We found that the first two years of aging may be critical for the potential environmental impact of artificial turf fields. Our analysis provides insight into the chemical complexity of artificial turf crumb rubber samples ranging from 0–14 years in age.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1703-1715"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2024/em/d4em00326h?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142034564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erosion of rigid plastics in turbid (sandy) water: quantitative assessment for marine environments and formation of microplastics†","authors":"Ali Al-Darraji, Ibukun Oluwoye, Christopher Lagat, Shuhei Tanaka and Ahmed Barifcani","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00122B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00122B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Mechanical degradation (erosion) of plastics in the marine environment has been reported in many literature studies but without quantitative information. This type of degradation is crucial as it accounts for most of the initial microplastic products, in marine environments (<em>e.g.</em>, rivers and oceans). Here, we quantify the erosion of plastics by water-borne sediments under typical perpendicular water velocities and sand loads of turbid rivers and coastal oceans. Polypropylene (PP) shows the highest response to water-borne erosion, with a surface degradation rate of 5160 μm per year (4.44 mg per mm<small>²</small> per year), compared with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) with a degradation rate of 1874 μm per year (1.79 mg per mm<small>²</small> per year), resulting in the formation of microplastics (MPs). The rate of formation of such microplastic particles (&gt;10 μm), as characterised by a laser direct infrared (LDIR) chemical imaging system, amounts to 669 particles per mm<small>²</small> per year for PP and 187 particles per mm<small>²</small> per year for HDPE, exhibiting average particle sizes of 60 μm and 23 μm in the same order. Furthermore, surface microscopy provided valuable insights into the dominant erosion mechanisms, revealing three distinct zones and the surface features reveal the brittle erosion behaviours. These results will enable a better assessment of degradation and lifetime prediction of plastics in turbid rivers and coastal oceans, allowing precise estimation of the rate of formation of MPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1847-1858"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142102301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Outstanding Reviewers for <i>Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts</i> in 2023.","authors":"","doi":"10.1039/d4em90024c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d4em90024c","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We would like to take this opportunity to thank all of <i>Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts</i>' reviewers for helping to preserve quality and integrity in chemical science literature. We would also like to highlight the Outstanding Reviewers for <i>Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts</i> in 2023.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":"26 8","pages":"1267"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141974504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between traffic-related air pollution and allergic rhinitis outpatient visits in three cities of Gansu Province†","authors":"Hongran Ma, Furong Qu, Jiyuan Dong and Jiancheng Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00234B","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00234B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Emerging evidence indicates an increasing prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR), potentially linked to air quality. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between traffic-related air pollutants (TRAPs) and outpatient visits for AR. Daily outpatient data for AR, air pollutant concentrations, and meteorological data were collected from January 2018 to December 2020 in Dingxi, Longnan, and Tianshui. Utilizing a Quasi-Poisson distribution, a generalized additive model (GAM) was employed in conjunction with distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM) to explore the association and lag effects of TRAPs on AR outpatient visits across the three cities. Stratified analyses based on gender, age, and season were conducted. A total of 11 106 outpatient visits for AR were recorded in the three cities. For an increase of 10 μg m<small>⁻³</small> in PM<small>_2.5</small>, the effect estimates in Dingxi, Longnan, and Tianshui reached their maximum at lag04, lag06, and lag07, respectively, with relative risk (RR) values of 4.696 (95% CI: 1.890, 11.614), 2.842 (95% CI: 2.102, 4.922), and 1.102 (95% CI: 1.066, 1.140). For NO<small>₂</small>, the highest associations were exhibited in Dingxi (RR = 1.262, 95% CI: 1.081, 1.473) at lag07, in Longnan (RR = 2.554, 95% CI: 2.100, 4.805) at lag06, and in Tianshui (RR = 1.158, 95% CI: 1.106, 1.213) at lag07. Meanwhile, the strongest effects observed for a 1 mg m<small>⁻³</small> increase in CO were 2.786 (95% CI: 1.467, 5.291) for Dingxi at lag07, 1.502 (95% CI: 1.096, 2.059) for Longnan at lag05, and 1.385 (95% CI: 1.137, 1.686) for Tianshui at lag04. Adults aged 15–64 years appeared to be more susceptible to TRAPs, and the associations were stronger in the cold season. The results of the present study indicate that exposure to TRAPs was positively correlated with outpatient visits for AR.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 9","pages":" 1618-1628"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141896134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging investigator series: predicted losses of sulfur and selenium in european soils using machine learning: a call for prudent model interrogation and selection†","authors":"Gerrad D. Jones, Logan Insinga, Boris Droz, Aryeh Feinberg, Andrea Stenke, Jo Smith, Pete Smith and Lenny H. E. Winkel","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00338A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00338A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Reductions in sulfur (S) atmospheric deposition in recent decades have been attributed to S deficiencies in crops. Similarly, global soil selenium (Se) concentrations were predicted to drop, particularly in Europe, due to increases in leaching attributed to increases in aridity. Given its international importance in agriculture, reductions of essential elements, including S and Se, in European soils could have important impacts on nutrition and human health. Our objectives were to model current soil S and Se levels in Europe and predict concentration changes for the 21st century. We interrogated four machine-learning (ML) techniques, but after critical evaluation, only outputs for linear support vector regression (Lin-SVR) models for S and Se and the multilayer perceptron model (MLP) for Se were consistent with known mechanisms reported in literature. Other models exhibited overfitting even when differences in training and testing performance were low or non-existent. Furthermore, our results highlight that similarly performing models based on RMSE or <em>R</em><small>²</small> can lead to drastically different predictions and conclusions, thus highlighting the need to interrogate machine learning models and to ensure they are consistent with known mechanisms reported in the literature. Both elements exhibited similar spatial patterns with predicted gains in Scandinavia <em>versus</em> losses in the central and Mediterranean regions of Europe, respectively, by the end of the 21st century for an extreme climate scenario. The median change was −5.5% for S (Lin-SVR) and −3.5% (MLP) and −4.0% (Lin-SVR) for Se. For both elements, modeled losses were driven by decreases in soil organic carbon, S and Se atmospheric deposition, and gains were driven by increases in evapotranspiration.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 9","pages":" 1503-1515"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141887594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying initial transformation products during chlorination of the indole moiety and unveiling their formation mechanisms†","authors":"MengXue Huan, Yong Dong Liu and Rugang Zhong","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00196F","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00196F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >To identify toxicity drivers within poorly characterized high-molar-weight disinfection by-products (DBPs), relatively stable high-yield initial transformation products generated from aromatic amino acids and peptides and humic substances have drawn much attention. In this study, initial transformation products in chlorination of the indole moiety in tryptophan (<strong>Trp</strong>) are proposed and their formation mechanisms were investigated using a quantum chemical computational method. The results indicate that <strong>3-Cl-Trp<small>⁺</small></strong> is initially formed after the Cl<small>⁺</small> of HOCl attacks the indole moiety, and nucleophilic addition with nucleophilic agents (H<small>₂</small>O and OCl<small>⁻</small>) is thermodynamically preferred over deprotonation to generate <strong>2-X-3-Cl-indoline</strong> moiety (X = OH and OCl), which is in contrast to indole. Over 25 types of initial transformation products are proposed from the <strong>2-X-3-Cl-indoline</strong> moiety and two ring opening pathways were found at N1–C2 and C2–C3 bonds. Significantly, most structures of initial transformation products proposed based on experimental detection <em>m/z</em> values were confirmed using quantum chemical calculations and some new products are proposed in this work. The results are helpful to expand our understanding of the intrinsic reactivity of aromatic ring towards chlorination by hypochlorous acid.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 9","pages":" 1629-1640"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141872817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vehicular pollution as the primary source of oxidative potential of PM2.5 in Bhubaneswar, a non-attainment city in eastern India†","authors":"Subhasmita Panda, Chinmay Mallik, S. Suresh Babu, Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Tuhin Kumar Mandal, Trupti Das and R. Boopathy","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00150H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00150H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >We assessed the oxidative potential (OP) of PM<small>_2.5</small> (<em>n</em> = 230) using dithiothreitol (DTT) assay to identify the major emission sources in Bhubaneswar (20.20°N, 85.80°E), one of the non-attainment cities under the National Clean Air Program, situated on the eastern coast of India. Continuous day and night PM<small>_2.5</small> samples were collected during periods influenced by marine airmass (MAM; April–May 2019) as well as continental airmass (CAM; October 2019–December 2019). Volume normalized DTT (DDTv) activities were approximately two times higher during CAM compared to MAM periods. In contrast, mass normalized DTT activity (DDTm) showed insignificant variations between CAM and MAM periods. This might be due to particulate organic matter, which accounted for more than one-fifth of the PM<small>_2.5</small> mass loading and remained surprisingly invariant during the study periods. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified secondary aerosols (MAM: 26% and CAM: 33%) as dominant contributors to PM<small>_2.5</small> mass in both periods. OP, is, however, dominated by vehicular emissions (21%) as identified through multiple linear regression. Conditional Bivariate Probability Function (CBPF) analysis indicated that local sources were the primary drivers for the catalytic activity of PM<small>_2.5</small> in the study region. Additionally, stagnant meteorological conditions, combined with the chemical aging of species during regional transport of pollutants, likely enhanced redox activity of PM<small>_2.5</small> during the CAM period. The study highlights that increasing traffic congestion is primarily responsible for adverse health outcomes in the region. Therefore, it is important to regulate mobility and vehicular movement to mitigate the hazardous impact of PM<small>_2.5</small> in Bhubaneswar.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 10","pages":" 1716-1735"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141863021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characteristics of organic matter derived from sulfonated biochar†","authors":"Zhengfeng Jiang, Chen He, Fei Gao, Quan Shi, Yang Chen, Haimeng Yu, Zhimao Zhou and Ruoxin Wang","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00233D","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00233D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Sulfonated biochar (SBC), as a functional carbon-based material, has attracted widespread attention due to its excellent adsorption properties. The composition of biochar-derived organic matter (B-DOM) is a key factor influencing the migration and transformation of soil elements and pollutants. However, molecular characteristics of sulfonated biochar-derived organic matter (SBC-DOM) are still unclear. In this study, the molecular composition of derived organic matter (DOM) from SBC prepared <em>via</em> one-step carbonization-sulfonation techniques was investigated by Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and then compared with those of DOMs from rice husk (RH), pyrochar (PYC), and hydrochar (HYC). The results show that the CHOS- and CHONS-containing formulae are predominant in SBC-DOM, accounting for 85% of the total molecular formula number, while DOMs from RH, PYC, and HYC are dominated by CHO-containing formulae. Compared to PYC-DOM and HYC-DOM, SBC-DOM has more unsaturated aliphatic compounds, which make it more labile and easily biodegraded. Additionally, SBC-DOM has higher O/C, (N + O)/C ratios and sulfur-containing compounds. These findings provide a theoretical basis for further research on the application of sulfonated biochar in soil improvement and remediation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 9","pages":" 1641-1650"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141873403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"More than just sweet: current insights into microplastics in honey products and a case study of Melipona quadrifasciata honey†","authors":"Bárbara Rani-Borges, Mariana Victorino Nicolosi Arena, Ingrid Naiara Gomes, Luís Henrique França de Carvalho Lins, Livia de Souza Camargo Cestaro, Marcelo Pompêo, Rômulo Augusto Ando, Isabel Alves-dos-Santos, Rogério Hartung Toppa, Marcos Roberto Martines and Lucas Gonçalves Queiroz","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00262H","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00262H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Honey, traditionally known as a pure and natural substance, has become an unexpected reservoir for microplastic contamination. This study consisted of an experimental investigation to assess the occurrence of microplastics in honey produced by <em>Melipona quadrifasciata</em>, a native bee species in Brazil. Our investigation covers eight areas (one sample per area), including built and vegetated areas located in São Paulo city, Brazil, to understand the distribution of microplastics in these environments. Honey samples (10 mL) were collected using a syringe and sent to the laboratory for further analysis. Microplastics extracted from honey samples were characterized under a stereomicroscope to determine their size, color, and morphology. Also, the polymer type was determined by FTIR analysis. All honey samples (100%) showed microplastics. The predominant particles displayed a fiber shape with a size below 299 μm and a transparent color and were primarily composed of polypropylene. Their concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 2.6 particles per mL of honey, raising concerns about their potential impact on bee populations and human consumers. This study underscores the need for further research on the sources and implications of microplastic contamination in <em>Melipona quadrifasciata</em> honey, shedding light on the broader issue of environmental plastic pollution and its impact on pollinators.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 12","pages":" 2132-2144"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141786541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive assessment of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in groundwater of Kamrup, Assam, India: occurrence, health risks, and metabolomic insights†","authors":"Aditya Sharma, Sachin B. Jorvekar, Sujoy Bhowmik, Purusottam Mohapatra and Roshan M. Borkar","doi":"10.1039/D4EM00159A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D4EM00159A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic chemicals that are known for their environmental persistence and adverse health effects. This study comprehensively assessed PFAS contamination in the Kamrup region of Assam, India, focusing on its presence in groundwater and associated health risks. The analysis detected 12 PFAS in groundwater samples from both the Kamrup Metro and Rural regions. In Kamrup Rural, Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) were prevalent, whereas in Kamrup Metro, PFNA and PFOS were dominant, based on detection frequencies. These findings are noteworthy, as they demonstrate the widespread presence of PFAS in groundwater, a vital source of drinking water in the region. The assessment of PFAS health risks in India involved hazard quotient calculations for different age groups. Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) posed the highest risk, ranking children &gt; boys &gt; men &gt; girls &gt; women. Overall, ∑PFAS had low hazard (HQ: 0.27–0.41). Further, this study assessed PFBS and PFOS toxicity in human kidney epithelial cell lines (HEK293T) cells, revealing that PFBS was more cytotoxic than PFOS. The study examined the metabolomics of HEK293T cells after PFBS exposure, revealing significant alterations in lipid metabolism, particularly glycerophospholipids, potentially affecting cellular function and health. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring PFAS contamination in drinking water sources, especially in regions such as Kamrup, where groundwater is a primary source. Our metabolomics results show significant health effects at the cellular level, raising concerns about the impact of PFAS exposure on human health. This study highlights PFAS contamination in Kamrup, Assam's groundwater and its health risks, providing valuable insights for policymakers and public health management.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 9","pages":" 1601-1617"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141872818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}