Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts最新文献

{"title":"Heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen dioxide and guaiacol on indoor surface materials: surface adsorbed nitro-phenolic compound formation and gas-phase HONO yields.","authors":"Karla Rojas García, Vicki H Grassian","doi":"10.1039/d6em00243a","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d6em00243a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Indoor air quality and indoor environments have become important topics in relation to human health. Heterogeneous surface reactions are recognized to play an important role in indoor air chemistry. HONO is considered a household pollutant due to its nearly 5-fold increased concentration indoors compared to outdoors. It is well recognized that the heterogeneous hydrolysis of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) on indoor surfaces results in the production of HONO in the gas phase. Despite this knowledge, there are several factors that need to be further understood, including the chemical and physical characteristics of building material surfaces and their coatings that lead to HONO formation. Wildfires near urban locations are occurring with increasing frequency and intensity, and chemicals present in wildfire smoke can adsorb and react on indoor surfaces through smoke infiltration into indoor environments. This current study aims to investigate the effects of guaiacol, an organic compound found in wildfire smoke, on gas-phase HONO concentrations in indoor environments and to better understand surface reactions of guaiacol and NO₂. Surfaces of different building materials were exposed to guaiacol, including kaolinite, titanium dioxide, and gypsum. The impact of guaiacol on HONO formation was monitored <i>via</i> cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy. Our results show that the effect of guaiacol on gas-phase HONO yields varies depending on the specific surface material. Guaiacol-exposed kaolinite surface films show more than 3 times increase in HONO concentrations compared to kaolinite alone, whereas guaiacol-exposed titanium dioxide had 1.7 times increase in HONO. Guaiacol-exposed gypsum surface films showed no effect on HONO concentrations relative to bare gypsum surface films. We also characterized new surface products that show that NO₂ can react with adsorbed guaiacol to produce nitro-phenolic compounds, which are known to be toxic. Overall, we have identified some considerations of the role of specific surface materials in indoor chemistry relevant to HONO and how this research may be used in the construction and design of indoor environments to improve indoor air quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":"2021-2035"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148275329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PFAS remediation across Europe: costs and limited impacts.","authors":"Alison L Ling, Raphaëlle Aubert, Eurydice Bersi, Stéphane Horel, Hans Peter H Arp","doi":"10.1039/d5em00870k","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5em00870k","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread in environmental media. Concentrations are currently increasing due to substantial ongoing emissions. One approach to mitigating environmental PFAS exposure is the remediation of existing stocks, contaminated sites, landfills, and drinking water. However, the costs to achieve this on a regional scale and amounts of PFAS that could be addressed through remediation remain uncharacterized. To address this, costs for \"legacy\" and \"emerging\" PFAS remediation scenarios in Europe were developed based on publicly available site data, remediation cost data, and an expert assessment of currently scalable technologies, through collaboration within a cross-border, collaborative investigation network entitled the \"Forever Lobbying Project\". The \"legacy\" scenario reflects remediation to remove previously emitted, long-chain PFAS that are currently widely regulated in Europe from selected hotspot sites and drinking water. The \"emerging\" scenario targets nearly all PFAS, including ultra-short chain PFAS, across a wider range of intermediate receptors, including wastewater effluent and biosolids. Legacy remediation costs across all 27 EU countries were estimated to be approximately €37 billion over 20 years (€1.8 billion per year), which would lead to a reduction in health impacts. Emerging costs that address shorter chain PFAS in more media were estimated to be about 20 times more expensive at €100 billion per year. However, even this level of investment may be insufficient. This emerging scenario treating 1636 heavily contaminated European soil sites plus all large wastewater plant effluents, large drinking water zones, agriculturally applied sludges, and collected landfill leachate would only address 3 ton per year to 50 tons per year of PFAAs and precursors, which is less than 2% of current estimated EU emissions. The substantial difference in costs between scenarios and the low proportion of emissions that can be addressed with remediation highlight the urgency of implementing use restrictions and source control for PFAS. Preventing PFAS pollution would be less costly and more impactful than relying on remediation after release.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":"2092-2109"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148389364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Organs, pathways, and mechanisms involved in cadmium uptake and accumulation in wheat under above-ground exposure.","authors":"Hailong Liu, Yuansong Ding, Hui Yang, Xiuting Rong, Min Li, Yuxue Liu, Hui Lin, Yuying Wang, Jianhua Hou, Xiaozhi Wang","doi":"10.1039/d5em01026h","DOIUrl":"10.1039/d5em01026h","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Atmospherically deposited cadmium (Cd) can accumulate in crops through uptake by above-ground parts; however, the key organs, pathways, and mechanisms involved in Cd uptake and accumulation in plants under this mode remain unclear. To clarify these issues, this study carefully designed a pot experiment with wheat, exposing various above-ground organs for different durations (daytime and nighttime) using CdS nanoparticles to simulate atmospherically deposited Cd. Results showed that exposure of above-ground parts to CdS significantly increased Cd content in all tissues of wheat, indicating that Cd in wheat plants from above-ground uptake could be transferred upward to grains and downward to roots. Furthermore, spike and foliar uptake contributed 11-34% and 66-89%, respectively, to the increased Cd levels in wheat grains, while these two uptake modes contributed 1-49% and 51-99%, respectively, to the increased Cd levels in other tissues (including roots, stems, leaves, and husks). These findings suggest that, in addition to leaves, spikes were also important organs responsible for the uptake of simulated atmospherically deposited Cd. Regarding absorption pathways, the contributions of stomatal and cuticular penetration to Cd accumulation in grains were quantified as 42-66% and 34-58%, indicating that both pathways played key roles in the internalization of atmospheric Cd in plants. Subcellular distribution of Cd in above-ground tissues showed that the cell wall, particularly its pectin component, served as the primary barrier to simulated deposited Cd influx into the cytoplasm. This study highlights that controlling foliar and spiked Cd uptake-particularly by regulating stomatal opening and enhancing the cell wall's Cd-binding capacity-could be a promising strategy to prevent Cd accumulation in crops resulting from atmospheric deposition.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":"2110-2122"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148395342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric reaction of methanethiol with hydroxyl radicals and chlorine atoms: implications for the atmospheric sulfur cycle and HONO formation","authors":"Teklebirhan Arefaine Gebru, Narcisse Tsona Tchinda and Lin Du","doi":"10.1039/D6EM00034G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D6EM00034G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Despite the importance of the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds in the biogeochemical sulfur cycle and climate, the mechanism of the transformation of methanethiol (CH<small>₃</small>SH), the second highest gas-phase marine sulfur emission besides dimethyl sulfide, remains weakly explored. This work presents an investigation of the reaction of CH<small>₃</small>SH with hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) and chlorine atoms (Cl˙) using the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/aug-cc-pV(T+d)Z method, both in the absence and presence of water. The results indicate that the hydrogen abstraction by ˙OH/Cl˙ from the –SH group is more favored than from the –CH<small>₃</small> group, leading to the formation of CH<small>₃</small>S˙ and ˙CH<small>₂</small>SH radicals, respectively, and HCl. While HCl is known to participate in tropospheric physicochemical processes, the fates of CH<small>₃</small>S˙ and ˙CH<small>₂</small>SH radicals were further examined. Their reactions with O<small>₂</small> lead to <img> and H<small>₂</small>CS formation while reactions with NO<small>₂</small> indicate fast formation of HONO and H<small>₂</small>CS. Moreover, the CH<small>₃</small>S˙ reaction with O<small>₂</small> also forms <img> though at a relatively lower rate than <img> The overall rate coefficients for CH<small>₃</small>SH + ˙OH and CH<small>₃</small>SH + Cl˙ reactions at 298 K were determined to be 1.69 × 10<small>⁻¹¹</small> and 7.49 × 10<small>⁻¹⁰</small> cm<small>³</small> per molecule per s, respectively, and were found to exhibit a negative temperature dependency in the temperature range 260–360 K. Besides its contribution to atmospheric sulfate, this study highlights the potential influence of CH<small>₃</small>SH on the atmospheric oxidative capacity through HONO and <img> formation, and the necessity to fully assess its chemistry and the contribution thereof to atmospheric chemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 6","pages":" 1866-1876"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148256218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiscale impacts of harmful algal blooms and toxins on aquatic ecosystem structure and function: a systematic review.","authors":"Yumiao Zhang, Ziyun Wang, Yangjinzhi Yu, Qihui Li, Chengcheng Zhou, Lin Deng, Peng Lin, Qi Li, Guo Li, Zheng Zheng, Weizhen Zhang","doi":"10.1039/d6em00071a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/d6em00071a","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are ecological phenomena that release toxins or produce excessive biomass, threatening aquatic ecosystems and human health. The global occurrence of HABs is intensifying due to climate change and anthropogenic eutrophication. This paper systematically reviews the multi-scale impacts of HABs and their toxins on the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. As essential background, the chemical properties, degradation, and transformation of algal toxins are outlined. At the community level, the multi-level impacts and the underlying mechanisms of HABs and toxins on plankton, benthic fauna, aquatic plants, and fish are summarized. At the ecosystem scale, the alterations to food web structure induced by HAB disturbances are further synthesized. By integrating these multi-scale perspectives, this review aims to systematically reveal the composite ecological risks of HABs and provide a theoretical basis and decision-making references for the scientific early warning, ecological risk assessment, and adaptive management of HABs.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148255856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of octanol–air and air–water partition coefficients of isopropyl and isobutyl nitrate","authors":"Ariana J. Buss, Kevin D. Easterbrook, Van Khanh Le, Dmitry N. Ivanov, Nicole Sandblom and Hans D. Osthoff","doi":"10.1039/D5EM00940E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EM00940E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This work provides the first experimental determination of Henry's law solubility constants (<em>H</em><small>^cp</small><small>_S</small> ≡ <em>H</em>) in <em>n</em>-octanol (<em>H</em><small>_oct</small>) for isopropyl and isobutyl nitrate (IPN and IBN) over the 284.65 K to 309.65 K temperature (<em>T</em>) range. The <em>H</em> constants were measured by dynamic gas stripping using a bubble column apparatus and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The <em>H</em><small>_oct</small> data are best described by ln(<em>H</em><small>^cp</small><small>_S</small>(IPN)<small>_oct</small>/[M atm<small>⁻¹</small>]) = −(10.60 ± 1.54) + (4214 ± 459)/<em>T</em> and ln(<em>H</em><small>^cp</small><small>_S</small>(IBN)<small>_oct</small>/[M atm<small>⁻¹</small>]) = −(12.01 ± 0.85) + (4937 ± 253)/<em>T</em>, where <em>T</em> is in kelvin. In addition, their <em>H</em> constants in deionized water (<em>H</em><small>_aq</small>) were measured to corroborate literature <em>H</em><small>_aq</small> values. The <em>H</em><small>_aq</small> and <em>H</em><small>_oct</small> data were combined to calculate octanol–water partition coefficients (<em>K</em><small>_OW</small> = <em>H</em><small>_oct</small>/<em>H</em><small>_aq</small>), obtaining average values of (33 ± 5) for IPN and (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10<small>²</small> for IBN. The experimental data were compared to predictions of <em>H</em><small>_oct</small>, <em>H</em><small>_aq</small> and <em>K</em><small>_OW</small> by structure–activity relationship models (SARs).</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 6","pages":" 1843-1853"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/em/d5em00940e?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148255746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microplastics and PMT plastic-associated chemicals as co-contaminants in ice shaving waste from an urban ice rink","authors":"Yanan Li, Ryan H. S. Hutchins, Claire Oswald, Stefania Impellizzeri and Roxana Sühring","doi":"10.1039/D5EM01017A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EM01017A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ice hockey, curling, and skating are popular recreational activities across Canada's nearly 8000 ice rinks, yet potential contamination of rink ice shaving waste remains understudied. This study investigated the presence of emerging contaminants, including microplastics and persistent, mobile, and toxic (PMT) plastic-associated chemicals as co-contaminants in ice shaving from the Mattamy Athletic Centre (formerly Maple Leaf Gardens) located in the City of Toronto. Microplastics were detected at high concentrations ranging from 59 to 2063 particles per 100 mL of melted ice shaving, with particle sizes between 11 and 494 µm (median 38 µm) in diameter. Among 124 screened PMT plastic-associated chemicals, significantly higher levels were detected in ice-shaving water than ice-making source water, implicating the ice rink infrastructure and/or skater equipment as sources of contamination. These findings represent the first documented evidence of microplastics and PMT chemicals in ice shavings from an ice rink. They are significant because ice-shaving waste is disposed of <em>via</em> drainage to sanitary sewers and/or outdoor dumping, both of which are pathways for potential environmental contamination. Given the scale of ice rink operations nationwide, the results highlight a need for comprehensive multi-facility assessments, source identification, targeted contaminant monitoring, and improved waste-management practices, including accessible treatment technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 6","pages":" 1854-1865"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/em/d5em01017a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148255695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lag effects of industrial pollution source turnover on soil potentially toxic elements at a regional scale","authors":"Yuqing Xia, Yueting Yang, Bo Wu, Lingyan Zhang, Lei Zhang, Shuqi Li and Ning Xiao","doi":"10.1039/D5EM00856E","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5EM00856E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >To investigate the spatiotemporal lag effect between pollution sources and soil potentially toxic elements (PTEs), we examined Longgang, Lianshan, and Nanpiao districts in Huludao City, Liaoning Province. Using data on the composition and distribution of pollution sources, along with concentrations of typical PTEs (Pb and Cd) in soil across three distinct periods from 1949 to 2019, a gridded low-frequency time-series dataset was constructed. A quantitative framework was developed to measure lag effects using four indicators: pollution intensity (<em>P</em>), relative pollution intensity (RP), lag time (<em>L</em>), and lag coefficient (<em>C</em>). This framework clarifies how industrial source evolution drives temporal lag effects in soil PTE contamination. Key findings included the following. (1) Spatially, the clustering of high–high and low–low correlations between industrial source density and soil PTEs expanded over time. (2) Temporally, regression slopes between source density and soil PTE concentrations increased significantly. The persistence of soil contamination despite stable source density further confirmed lag effects. (3) Quantified lag mechanisms differed substantially between Pb and Cd: <em>L</em><small>_Pb</small> increased markedly because of effective emission control measures under the national environmental policies of China, whereas <em>L</em><small>_Cd</small> showed a minimal increase owing to past Cd accumulation in soils. Our study revealed nonlinear lag effects between source evolution and soil PTE contamination. The future development of high – frequency datasets will enable precise time – based predictions for soil pollution control.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 6","pages":" 1642-1652"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148012750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) to differentiate sources of plastic pollution","authors":"David J. Jones, Ryan Francis, Scott J. Campbell, Ian D. V. Ingram, Roxana Sühring, Huy Nguyen, Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak and David Megson","doi":"10.1039/D6EM00100A","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D6EM00100A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Plastic pollution is an increasing global concern that has been shown to damage our environment. The current literature focuses on detecting the presence of plastic in environmental matrices, but little has been done to develop methods to identify the sources of plastic pollution. In this manuscript we present the use of thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) as a novel tool to undertake environmental forensics for plastics. Paired plastic samples were obtained from coastal waters and beaches in California and compared against store-bought equivalents. Samples were processed into the microplastic size range (of 1–5 mm) and analysed directly by TD-GC-MS. This research was able to identify unique potential marker features for four different polymers, showing that bulk characterisation by TD-GC-MS is possible. The chemical fingerprint was then further interrogated to show how it is possible to identify specific potential marker features that differentiate the same polymer produced by different manufacturers. This was evidenced through examples, first with biaxially-oriented PET (differentiating Mylar from PET) and then with latex (differentiating producers from the U.S.A. and China). This research demonstrates that environmental forensics for plastics is possible, and valuable diagnostic information can be gained from the chemical fingerprint. TD-GC-MS coupled with a statistically robust approach, and optionally as a complement to other techniques such as pyrolysis, offers a powerful tool for identifying the origins of pollution, allowing a more complete understanding of plastic pollution, but also enabling its effective regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 6","pages":" 1802-1813"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/em/d6em00100a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148025032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Approaches and limitations of using extractable organofluorine – combustion ion chromatography to assess PFAS Total in drinking water","authors":"Pontus Larsson, Enmiao Jiao, Anna Kärrman, Patrick van Hees, Patrik Karlsson and Leo W. Y. Yeung","doi":"10.1039/D6EM00065G","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D6EM00065G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are now widely detected in drinking water globally as a result of decades of production and use. Although recent regulations aim to address this issue, including the recast EU Drinking Water Directive (DWD), which introduces a PFAS Total parametric value, no standardized analytical method has yet been established for their determination. Here, extractable organofluorine (EOF) analysis of drinking water using combustion ion chromatography (CIC) was evaluated as a proxy for assessing PFAS Total under the EU DWD. Due to the low recovery of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in the EOF extraction, a workflow was presented that separated TFA from the PFAS Total reporting. The impact of different fluorine mass fractions on the conversion factor used to translate EOF concentrations into a PFAS Total parametric value was evaluated. Based on this discussion, PFOA (67% F) was selected as a representative reference compound. Due to the broad, non-specific coverage of the EOF method, contributions from non-PFAS organofluorine compounds or inorganic fluorinated species may occur, potentially inflating the PFAS Total parametric value. Therefore, a structured follow-up protocol for investigation of PFAS Total parametric value exceedance was presented to support the use of EOF-CIC as a screening and compliance-support tool.</p>","PeriodicalId":74,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts","volume":" 6","pages":" 1830-1842"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/em/d6em00065g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148256179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}