Soil security最新文献

{"title":"Plot size misperceptions and soil health: A New research agenda","authors":"David M.A. Murphy ,&nbsp;Andrew M. Simons ,&nbsp;Pieter Pypers ,&nbsp;Meklit Chernet ,&nbsp;Dries Roobroeck","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100117","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Farmer misperceptions of plot size can potentially lead to greater than intended levels of fertilizer use, which can increase the threat of soil fertility decline and non responsiveness of crops to inorganic fertilizer application. In addition, due to diminishing marginal returns of fertilizer use on grain yields, overestimation of plot size can potentially decrease fertilizer profitability. In this study, we use data collected from randomly selected farmers in rural western Kenya that include both the estimated sizes of the agricultural plots as reported by the farmers and their GPS-measured sizes. We find that 65 percent of plots are overestimated by at least 20 percent. We also find that inorganic nitrogen use is strongly increasing in plot size misestimation: a 10% increase in plot misestimation was associated with a 2.6 percent increase in commercial nitrogen application. Next, we build a random forest model to examine the agronomic efficiency of the farmer intended fertilizer use rates vs. actual rates. We find that misestimation of plot sizes is associated with an average decrease in return on investment of 5% (12%) at application rates of 60 kg N/ha (120 kg N/ha). Building on this exercise, we review the literature linking soil health and plot size misperceptions and conclude by proposing a new research agenda to examine how plot size misperceptions affect soil health and farmer well-being, more broadly.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006223000345/pdfft?md5=5e1a95d2881a03bc8992c6fd3c25d431&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006223000345-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138422948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are preferences for soil-based ecosystem services driven by spatial phenomena?","authors":"Bartosz Bartkowski ,&nbsp;Nele Lienhoop ,&nbsp;Lukas Mahlich ,&nbsp;Julian R. Massenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100120","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Agricultural soils provide multiple ecosystem services that affect human well-being. Soils’ potential to provide these ecosystem services varies spatially. Socio-demographic and other drivers of environmental preferences are also spatially variable. Therefore, preferences for soil-based ecosystem services are likely to be spatially heterogeneous, which may result in different policy priorities across locations. Understanding this spatial heterogeneity of preferences is therefore essential to guide public policy to protect healthy soils. We present a study that combines explorative and hypothesis-driven approaches to understand the spatial heterogeneity of preferences for four soil-based ecosystem services: climate regulation, clean water provision, drought protection and flood protection. Based on the results of a discrete choice experiment conducted on a representative sample of the German public, we first use global and local spatial autocorrelation measures to test whether there are any obvious patterns in the spatial distribution of preferences. Second, we use spatial lag models to test a number of hypotheses to explain the observed preference heterogeneity. We particularly focus on the spatial variability of relevant phenomena such as floods, droughts or nitrate pollution of groundwater, and their effects on the studied preferences. Lastly, we compare the results from both approaches in order to see whether the identified patterns are consistent with each other. We find weak patterns of spatial heterogeneity, but our hypotheses are all rejected. This suggests that salience of relevant phenomena and individual affectedness do not have an effect on preferences for soil-based ecosystem services.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006223000370/pdfft?md5=4fd9883e9a8a1d665f3251bf20131601&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006223000370-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134657759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing for complementarity between the use of continuous no-till and cover crops: An application of entropy approach","authors":"Dat Q. Tran ,&nbsp;Lyubov A. Kurkalova","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100118","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100118","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The carbon sequestration and overall crop production sustainability benefits of no-till (NT) farming are fully realized only when NT is used continuously over several years. Research shows that most U.S. farmers do not use the practice continuously. One of the commonly suggested reasons for intermittent tillage is the risk of a significant yield penalty during the first several years after converting to continuous no-till (CNT). Agronomic research suggests that continuous cover crops (CCR) can be both an economical and biological answer to the risk of yield reduction associated with the use of CNT, as CCR accelerates the processes of converting and storing nitrogen in the soil and improves soil structure and water infiltration. However, whether farmers consider the complementary benefits of CNT and CCR is largely unknown. The objective of this study is to test the complementarity between the uses of the two conservation practices in the State of Indiana, U.S. We combine Quadratic Programming and Entropy approaches to estimate 1st-order Markov transition matrices for tillage and cover crops dynamic models, respectively. Then, we apply Bayes' theory to test the complementarity. The data used for the analysis come from the Conservation Tillage Information Center and Indiana Tillage and Cover Crops Transect, 1992–2019. The findings show that there is no evidence supporting complementarity between the use of CNT and CCR in Indiana. The results also show that the use of CCR in the State is growing steadily at a rate of approximately 30% during 2011–2015 and then stabilize during 2016–2019, whereas the share of land allocated to CNT remains flat in the same period. In addition to being the first formal test of the complementarity between the uses of the two sustainable crop production practices, the novelty of our contribution relates to the econometric methodology and the data. We introduce an approach for estimating dynamic models of farmers' yearly choices and demonstrate the possibility of testing for complementarity between the choices with very limited – aggregated and missing – data.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006223000357/pdfft?md5=94c6e4c176cee1aa6a94645eac1db15f&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006223000357-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135615402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Importance of soil fertility for climate-resilient cropping systems: The farmer's perspective","authors":"Melanie Katrin Wolf ,&nbsp;Martin Wiesmeier ,&nbsp;Janna Macholdt","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100119","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100119","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Healthy and productive agricultural soils are the basis for global food security as they are a prerequisite for yield-stable cropping systems under climate change. Despite the expansion of agricultural research activities in this area through field experiments, lab analyses, and modelling frameworks, current empirical insights from farming practice on a more national scale are still rare. For this reason, the agronomic importance of soil fertility for farming practice was the focus of this nationwide empirical study conducted in Germany (winter/spring 2022) with a total sample size of 585. The views and needs of 370 farmers and 215 agricultural institutionalists were evaluated, i.a., regarding the importance of soil fertility and related soil properties, as well as preferred agronomic management strategies and needs for the promotion of soil fertility. The results showed that most farmers and institutionalists consider soil fertility to be very important. Moreover, it was emphasized that the importance of this factor will increase in the future due to changing climatic conditions (e.g., heat/drought stress) and the need for more sustainable land use including the protection of biodiversity. The main motivations for agronomic investments in greater soil fertility were improving the climate resilience and yield stability of cropping systems. In this context, the top soil properties of interest were ranked by the respondents as follows: (1) water storage capacity, (2) rootability, (3) biological activity, and (4) water infiltration rate. To promote soil fertility, farmers mainly considered catch cropping, diversified crop rotations with a positive humus balance, and year-round ground plant cover/mulch as the most useful agronomic measures. In terms of methods for the assessment of soil fertility, soil structure analyses, biological indicators, yield/biomass production, soil nutrient analyses, and field methods were most important, whereas sensor systems and apps/digital tools were of minor importance. For the future improvement of soil fertility promotion in farming practice, simple indicators and reference values for assessing soil fertility as well as 'workshops, field days, and field schools' for training aspects were suggested by the participants. Overall, there were few differences between the perceptions of farmers and agricultural institutionalists. Both groups pointed out the need for improved communication between politics, science, and practice such that agriculture can respond more quickly to changing climatic conditions in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006223000369/pdfft?md5=09c1a55f43b9b603c7c8ed0559f13286&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006223000369-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135515856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing soil health in a thermic region of the southern great plains, using the soil management assessment framework (SMAF)","authors":"Ayush Joshi Gyawali ,&nbsp;Haly L. Neely ,&nbsp;Jamie L. Foster ,&nbsp;Clark B. Neely ,&nbsp;Katie L. Lewis ,&nbsp;Grace Bodine ,&nbsp;Jacobb Pintar ,&nbsp;Rajan Ghimire ,&nbsp;Perejitei E. Bekewe ,&nbsp;A. Peyton Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100115","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100115","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The soil management assessment framework (SMAF) has been widely used as a tool to quantify soil health. However, SMAF was developed using data from only a few climate conditions in the United States and regional verification is often suggested. We evaluated SMAF's short-term performance in a thermic/hyperthermic region, aiming to 1) evaluate the sensitivity of SMAF scores to changes in individual soil properties and 2) quantify soil health changes using SMAF. Treatments include two levels of summer crop and two levels of tillage in an annually planted wheat system. SMAF soil health metrics were measured for Burleson clay soil (BC site) and Parrita sandy clay loam soil (PSCL site) for 0–5 cm soil depth. At the BC site, βgluc and SOC SMAF scores displayed no statistical differences when compared to their respective soil properties. βgluc measurement also helped to highlight the treatment difference observed for wheat yield. This suggests that scoring curves of βgluc used in SMAF may need to be modified, especially for clayey soils. The results also show that SMAF scores were not correlated with wheat yield at both sites, suggesting that multiple year data may be needed to understand this relationship. Overall, in a thermic region, SMAF was found to be helpful to understand short-term soil health status. However, due to clay correction in SMAF algorithm, SMAF scores can show lower sensitivity in the clayey soils of these thermic regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006223000321/pdfft?md5=dcae07f939167a70ace0d4bb6da89da1&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006223000321-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135515078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimising POXC effective sensitivity as a soil indicator in Australian soils","authors":"Edward J. Jones ,&nbsp;Yumi Hong ,&nbsp;Vanessa Pino ,&nbsp;Victoria Pauly ,&nbsp;Kanika Singh ,&nbsp;Damien Field ,&nbsp;Alex B. McBratney","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100116","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The continuum of soil organic carbon is currently not well represented by any single metric. Permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) has been widely utilized as a soil condition indicator due to its correlation with biological indicators and sensitivity to management effects over relatively short time periods. However, the ability of POXC to represent the continuum of soil organic carbon, and how this could improve the characterization of management effects, has not been sufficiently explored. This study investigated the relationship between permanganate concentration and POXC across nine permanganate concentrations ranging from 3 to 300 mM. An initial investigation was performed on ten cropped and uncropped topsoil pairs representing a diverse range of soil types across New South Wales, Australia, and an additional 52 sites were investigated in a farm-scale study. POXC was observed to increase monotonically and non-linearly with increasing permanganate concentration. POXC characteristics were developed by fitting a logistic function to the observed data, which facilitated calculation of the area under the curve (POXC_AUC) and the theoretical maximum POXC (POXC_max). The utility of the POXC characteristic was demonstrated with highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.002) observed in POXC_AUC between cropped and uncropped sites. POXC_AUC also displayed larger probability test statistics compared to any single permanganate concentration. The investigation also revealed that if a single concentration were to be utilized for australian soils, the 50 mM concentration was more effective at discerning land use effects in clayey (p = 0.000) and sandy (p = 0.049) sites compared to the widely adopted 20 mM concentration (p = 0.001; p = 0.312).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006223000333/pdfft?md5=b538e0f1d9d60b371817c38eebce8bea&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006223000333-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92047435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative understanding of the impact of flooding durations on Cd variations in an acidic paddy soil during the flooding and drainage processes","authors":"Hanbing Meng ,&nbsp;Shiwen Hu ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Guojun Chen ,&nbsp;Wenting Chi ,&nbsp;Kuan Cheng ,&nbsp;Tongxu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100114","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The solubility and transformation of cadmium (Cd) are controlled by paddy soil pH, whereas paddy soil pH varies during flooding and drainage and is significantly controlled by flooding durations. However, there is still a lack of modeling approaches for simulating the impact of flooding durations on pH fluctuation and concomitant Cd effectiveness in Cd-polluted acidic paddy soils. Herein, laboratory findings combined with a process-based numerical modeling method were used to quantify the observed key geochemical processes of Fe/C/N/S and the accompanying Cd partitioning dynamics during flooding and drainage. During flooding stage, the number of protons consumed by Fe(III), NO₃⁻, and SO₄²⁻ reduction increased with flooding durations, resulting in an increase of pH, which enhanced Cd immobilization and reduced Cd potential risk. After entering drainage stage, the number of protons released from Fe(II), NH₄⁺, and S²⁻ oxidation increased with flooding time, leading to pH decrease, which increased Cd release. A process-based kinetic model fitting results showed that Fe(III) reduction and Fe(II) oxidation were key processes that increased and decreased pH, respectively, and that increasing flooding durations were not beneficial to Cd immobilization during flooding and drainage processes. The results of this study shed light on the impact of redox state of paddy soil on Cd dynamics under different flooding durations and provide a theoretical approach to quantify the contribution of key processes controlling changes in metal species, which can be used to simulate the dynamic behavior of heavy metals in paddy soil under different natural conditions by coupling other significant processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266700622300031X/pdfft?md5=0b7182e0c23683e88e60beb4197bd1e9&pid=1-s2.0-S266700622300031X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92047434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Regulatory measures in water legislation that can support sustainable soil management","authors":"Teemu Viinikainen","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100111","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The nexus between soil and water is manifold. Healthy soils contribute to safe water sources, and sustainable water management contributes back to healthy soils. All of these aspects are underlined by legislation.</p><p>Sustainable soil management is an integral part of land management and many jurisdictions around the world may address soil within land management instruments or within soil-specific legislation. Some countries may also include provisions related to soil management in agriculture, land, environmental, and most relevantly for this particular piece, in water laws. Further, a number of soil-specific pieces of legislation may contain provisions explicitly dealing with water related issues.</p><p>This brief article will explore how the regulatory measures commonly contained in national water laws can be used to support sustainable soil management. Common features that will be considered include environmental criteria in permits/concession for water abstractions (controlling water availability and supporting biodiversity), requirements on treatment and discharge of wastewater (reducing pollution, acidification and biodiversity losses in soils), irrigation legislation (aiming to retain appropriate amounts of water in soils by either draining waterlogged areas or providing irrigation to areas susceptible to droughts), legislation on flood control (preventing floods from washing away topsoil) and climate change legislation.</p><p>By choosing a related but separate field as a topic of inquiry – water legislation – the piece further shows how the sustainable management of soils requires an interdisciplinary effort and is affected by a constellation of legal instruments, going far beyond individual soil-specific pieces of legislation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49753779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil security under salt attack: Protection of the soil against the salinization caused by drying up of Lake Urmia","authors":"Masoud Faryadi","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100113","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In recent decades, Lake Urmia (LU), a hypersaline lake in northwestern Iran, has suffered significant water loss due to both human-induced and natural causes. This drought could lead to the emission of millions of tons of saline particulates from its dried bed, resulting in saline dust storms that compromise soil and food security in LU basin as an agricultural region. Despite some restoration programs by the central government and provincial administrations, efforts have not been sufficient to revive LU and mitigate risks. This paper explores the legal dimensions of the impact of LU's drying on soil security and assesses current legal initiatives for LU restoration and soil security along with their challenges. The study concludes that current legal initiatives for soil security against LU drought are inadequate, and without significant changes in sustainable water and soil governance, soil and food security in the region will be impossible. The paper recommends taking more serious actions to prevent LU drying according to the precautionary principle, promoting sustainable and polycentric soil and water governance, shifting economic and agricultural priorities, and protecting the environment and local people against the impacts of this catastrophe.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100113"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49766253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establish governance systems for securing black soils in China based on a new law","authors":"Jian Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Xing ,&nbsp;Yuxin Tong ,&nbsp;Zhenzhong Wang ,&nbsp;Baoguo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2023.100112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This article explores the crucial first steps in enforcing the black soils protection law in China, presents the governance rationale for safeguarding black soil, and ultimately devises an effective governance system for the same. The article contends that black soils conservation necessitates a shift towards scientific management grounded in legislation and advocates for the establishment of a protection and governance system, including firming up the government's central role, executing scientific and technological initiatives, setting up inter-regional protection mechanisms, innovating management techniques, and exploring land-scale management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49766258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}