Soil security最新文献

{"title":"Soil health benefits from sequence intensification, fertilization, and no-tillage in annual cropping systems","authors":"Valentina Rubio ,&nbsp;Jorge Sawchik ,&nbsp;Harold van Es","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100074","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100074","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The expansion of annual cropping systems and associated land cover changes may induce soil degradation, compromising the soil's ability to function and provide ecosystem services, also referred to as soil health (SH). Conservation practices may reduce SH decline, yet their benefits are uncertain. The main objectives of this paper were to apply a comprehensive SH assessment framework to evaluate (i) SH differences in natural grasslands and cropping areas, and (ii) how conservation practices lessen SH deterioration. Soils under natural grasslands were compared to cropped soils from three long-term experiments with treatments evaluating the effects of cover crops and/or pastures incorporation; no-tillage; and crop fertilization for Uruguayan Mollisols. Soil chemical (pH, cation exchange capacity, macro, and micro-nutrients), physical (wet aggregate stability, available water holding capacity, penetration resistance), and biological (organic carbon, active carbon, protein, respiration) indicators were measured. SH was significantly lower across all indicators under cropped areas than under natural grasslands, especially when soil fertility is not adequately maintained in cropping systems. Conservation practices lessened SH degradation, particularly soil biological properties, but had confounding benefits. Overall, gains in SH were linked to adequate soil fertility maintenance and longer active plant growth periods associated with including pastures and cover crops in annual cropping systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100074"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000405/pdfft?md5=b9550a1a7f9f169e9569d610e13c76ec&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000405-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48847414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Citizen science & soil connectivity: Where are we?","authors":"Vanessa Pino,&nbsp;Alex McBratney,&nbsp;Eugenia O'Brien,&nbsp;Kanika Singh,&nbsp;Liana Pozza","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100073","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100073","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A fifty-four per cent of the global population is estimated to live disconnected from the natural environment. Furthermore, a large majority of our community unknown how significant is the soil in their life, e.g. the provider of food, energy and medicine, etc. Strengthening this connection is one relevant action toward Soil Security, referred to as \"Soil Connectivity\". Citizen Science (CS) improves soil connectivity by increasing citizens awareness and making them collect scientific data. Unfortunately, an indicator of soil connectivity increases is difficult to estimate. Here, we provide a review of fifty-five soil CS initiatives worldwide to collect information such as experts' motivation for starting these projects, technologies being used, and participants' profiles. Our findings show three main trends that citizen soil initiatives tend to follow: those linking soil to human health (e.g. lead, food quality, antibiotics), those focused on future-proofing and education, and those focused on soil health (degradation) and productivity (agriculture). In addition, simplifying scientific technicalities and methods, maintaining communication with participants, and acknowledging contributions are critical factors in crowdsourcing soil research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100073"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000399/pdfft?md5=919d5df21aad4ac9c792d5e4547c2877&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000399-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47399222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Codification to secure Indonesian peatlands: From policy to practices as revealed by remote sensing analysis","authors":"Wirastuti Widyatmanti ,&nbsp;Budiman Minasny ,&nbsp;Disyacitta Awanda ,&nbsp;Deha Agus Umarhadi ,&nbsp;Zealandia Sarah Nurul Fatma ,&nbsp;William Krista Mahendra ,&nbsp;Damien J. Field","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100080","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100080","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Indonesian peatlands are facing severe environmental challenges due to unsustainable peatlands management. The Indonesian government has established various regulations in response to international and regional agreements on zero carbon and climate change mitigation and adaptation. The study reviews the chronological impact of peatland regulations on land use/land cover (LULC) conditions in Indonesia, in particular four major peatland areas in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Remote sensing data from 1990 to 2020 is used to generate LULC maps, recorded every 5 years, which were compared within the corresponding year in which regulations were established. The results show that the establishment of Indonesian peatland regulations coincided with the ongoing development of international climate change agreements. Historically, temporal image analysis shows massive land-use change between the years 1995–2010. Since 2010 the deforestation rate has slowed and continues to remain low. Improved peatland maps - identifying high carbon stocks with the minimum required accuracy to take action - remain a priority and can also be used to support sustainable development in Indonesia with more effective planning. The lack of detailed mapping of the capability and condition of peatlands is one of the factors that hinder effective policy development, therefore the implementation of digital soil mapping is recommended to support ongoing peatland security through codification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100080"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000466/pdfft?md5=854eaa26fd753939e7826ed733c95cb5&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000466-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46446187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Land degradation neutrality concerns in Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Zulfikar Khan ,&nbsp;Baig Abdullah Al Shoumik","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100075","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100075","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Globally, land degradation has become a concerning issue for ensuring food and soil security. In 2012, the United Nations (UN) started their journey to achieve a land degradation neutral (LDN) planet, and Bangladesh showed her interest to be a part of LDN target setting program in 2015 and set six LDN targets to reverse land degradation by 2030. The aim of this study is to investigate the progress of Bangladesh towards achieving LDN targets. Our investigation reveals that only the soil carbon stock has improved compared to the previous years’. However, the rate of deforestation, landslides, soil erosion, riverbank erosion, and intrusion of salinity has increased. Weak soil governance and no inclusion of soil conservation legislation are the key reasons for deteriorating the soil health of Bangladesh. Moreover, the geopolitical refugees should also be held responsible as they are destroying the hill tracts and forest areas for settlements and agriculture. We suggest the researchers to conduct more research works together at national scale as there are few latest information available on land degradation. We also recommend the governing body to establish a strong soil governance and soil conservation act immediately to halt land degradation and for ensuring soil security in Bangladesh.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100075"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000417/pdfft?md5=4a12bd29b58ba4c8b3ddb002a3dea761&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000417-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47090964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the distribution, source-pattern and geochemical controls of soils in an artisanal mine site during a ban on illegal mining activities: Is a ban an absolute solution?","authors":"Ebenezer Ebo Yahans Amuah ,&nbsp;Bernard Fei-Baffoe ,&nbsp;Lyndon Nii Adjiri Sackey ,&nbsp;Nang Biyogue Douti ,&nbsp;Raymond Webrah Kazapoe","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100078","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100078","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There is a continuous increase in heavy metal(loid) pollution globally, especially via mining activities. This study focused on evaluating the soil quality of an illegal mining site at the peak of a ban on illegal mining activities in Ghana, using Kokotro as a case study. It also compares the soil quality of the mine area against residential and pristine areas. Twenty-three (23) physical, heavy metals, metalloids and nutrient parameters were considered in this study. The RCCI, LDA, K-means and hierarchical clusters, factor and correlation analyses were employed in this study. The RRCI results showed that the mine area was affected by the mining activities as 36%, 49% and 15% of the soil samples were within moderate, high and highest, respectively. The LDA showed that in LD1, EC (<em>r</em> = 0.87), moisture (<em>r</em> = -0.68), Mn (<em>r</em> = 0.51), K (<em>r</em> = -0.54), and Na (<em>r</em> = -0.55) had a strong contribution and silt (<em>r</em> = 0.46), sand (<em>r</em> = -0.30), clay (<em>r</em> = -0.34), Fe (<em>r</em> = -0.32), Ca (<em>r</em> = -0.35), Sr (<em>r</em> = 0.32), V (<em>r</em> = -0.31), and As (<em>r</em> = -0.40) had moderate influences on the soil. The factor analysis presented V, Pb, temperature, As, Sr, EC, Zn, Hg and NH₃ as the mine areas’ major factors. Also, the multiple concentric shapes of contour plots pointed to the multi-modal distributions of the elements. The heavy metal and nutrient distributions varied widely in the area. This could be related to the unearthing and indiscriminate removal of fertile soils.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100078"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000442/pdfft?md5=759538d927bd8fdd36d764c1a8df1e1c&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000442-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41917095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding why farmers adopt soil conservation tillage: A systematic review","authors":"Macson O. Ogieriakhi,&nbsp;Richard T. Woodward","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As soils across the globe continue to face problems of severe degradation and loss under current management practices, there is a great need to study soil conservation decisions such as conservation tillage (CST). In this paper, we consider the question of why farmers do and do not adopt CST by taking into account a wide variety of factors that impact farmers. Based on the literature, we argue that seven key factors enter the farmer's decision problem. These factors include farmers’ perceptions about soil health, risk, soil stewardship, the impact of adoption on profits, government payments, yield, and future access to land. We then review the literature to examine what has been learned about each of these factors. This sheds light on what we know about why farmers adopt CST, and what we do not know, thus identifying important areas for future research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100077"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000430/pdfft?md5=de161ebe7f2858e8e19fe68268e8382f&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000430-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47159535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimating land cover-based soil organic carbon to support decarbonization and climate resilience planning in Massachusetts","authors":"Sebastian Gutwein ,&nbsp;Keith Zaltzberg-Drezdahl ,&nbsp;Eric Toensmeier ,&nbsp;Rafter Sass Ferguson","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100076","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100076","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Land management and land cover change exert a strong influence on soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. As scientific, political, and business communities increase their awareness of the essential roles SOC plays in climate regulation and ecosystem functions, efforts to quantify the impacts of land use and management on SOC have increased rapidly. Existing methods of estimating SOC stocks from widely available data do not account for land cover, and are therefore of limited usefulness in understanding the impacts of past and future land use change. This project explores a method of linking land cover to SOC using data from public datasets and the scientific literature, to provide an SOC Inventory for Massachusetts, and compares the results to those derived from a common baseline approach. Our method derives average land cover SOC values by combining data from the USDA-NRCS Rapid Carbon Assessment and the National Cooperative Soil Characterization Database with values from a meta-analysis of scientific literature. These are applied to the total area of the 20 most abundant land cover classes of Massachusetts. We compare this land cover-based approach with a baseline using SOC values found in the Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO), applied to each soil map unit found within Massachusetts. Our approach produced an estimated stock of 481 million metric tons of SOC, 29% and 109 million metric tons greater than the SSURGO baseline. We use these estimates to explore the use of the land cover based SOC values to project the impacts of likely land cover change by 2050.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100076"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000429/pdfft?md5=cbc9118e664a2bd6fa3f9f6151a0e587&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000429-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46739532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of cover crops on soil moisture dynamics of a corn cropping system","authors":"Sidath S. Mendis ,&nbsp;Ranjith P. Udawatta ,&nbsp;Stephen H. Anderson ,&nbsp;Kelly A. Nelson ,&nbsp;Ronald L. Cordsiemon II","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100072","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100072","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Climate change induced rainfall patterns have increased environmental extremities such as severe droughts and floods which can affect volumetric soil moisture content (θ), thus food security. Integrating cover crops (CC) with cropping systems can help mitigate these extreme conditions and improve soil water availability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the CC effects on the θ of a corn (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) cropping system. The study was conducted at the USDA Elsberry Plant Material Center, Missouri, USA, with three treatments: no-till cover crop (NC), conventional till no cover crop (CN), and no-till no cover crop (NN). Cereal rye (<em>Secale cereal</em>e L.), crimson clover (<em>Trifolium incarnatum</em> L.), and daikon radish (<em>Raphanus sativus</em> L. var. Longipinnatus) CC mixture was established in the NC treatment in 2019 (first CC establishment). Spectrum Technologies Water Scout SM100 soil moisture sensors installed at 5-, 10-, 20- and 40-cm soil depths monitored θ in 15 min intervals throughout the study period. Numerically and significantly greater θ values were observed in the CN treatment than NC and NN at the first three depths during most of the study period. The NC treatment maintained higher θ than NN at all the studied depths during growing periods and were significantly different during some weeks. Results indicate that long-term use of CC can improve soil moisture dynamics of corn cropping systems through improved soil organic matter and would be a viable solution in soil moisture conservation and improving soil security.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000387/pdfft?md5=fdeb42b02d666f06112176c27e464417&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000387-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42337767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of soil carbon sequestration in enhancing human resilience in tackling global crises including pandemics","authors":"Cornelia Rumpel ,&nbsp;Farshad Amiraslani ,&nbsp;Deborah Bossio ,&nbsp;Claire Chenu ,&nbsp;Beverley Henry ,&nbsp;Alejandro Fuentes Espinoza ,&nbsp;Lydie-Stella Koutika ,&nbsp;Jagdish Ladha ,&nbsp;Beata Madari ,&nbsp;Budiman Minasny ,&nbsp;A.O. Olaleye ,&nbsp;Yasuhito Shirato ,&nbsp;Saidou Nourou Sall ,&nbsp;Jean-François Soussana ,&nbsp;Consuelo Varela-Ortega ,&nbsp;The scientific and technical committee of the 4 per 1000 initiative (STC)","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soils have recently received attention in the policy area due to their various connections to climate change, human health and their key role in sustaining human societies in general. In this context, agricultural production and healthy nutritious food are linked to soil health and the diversity of their (micro-)biome, which depend on organic carbon materials as an energy and nutrient source. In this paper, we review the evidence showing that carbon-rich soils improve the resilience of human societies to pandemics and other crises. We indicate pathways for how the loss of soil carbon due to farming could be reversed by transformations within our food systems. Moreover, we argue that soil carbon has a strong role to play in enhancing environmental and human health in addition to mitigating and adapting to climate change. This multifaceted role requires a transdisciplinary dialogue and multi-stakeholder collaboration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100069"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000351/pdfft?md5=f482e250b71d8e8ac00cbae35334d7fb&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000351-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44102390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing long-term no-till wheat systems with cover crops and flash grazing","authors":"Partson Mubvumba ,&nbsp;Paul B. DeLaune ,&nbsp;Frank M. Hons","doi":"10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soisec.2022.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Monoculture practices under conventional tillage (CT) are detrimental to sustainable soil ecosystem functions and services under intensive agriculture practices, ultimately diminishing net benefits. Conservation practices, such as no-till (NT) and cover crops (CC) can nurture sustainable soil ecosystem functions and services. The impact of introducing CC, grazing, intercropping, and reverting to tillage in a long-term NT continuous wheat system on soil properties was evaluated in three years of implementation. Treatments were CT and combinations of NT, CC, grazing, and intercropping wheat with radishes and turnips. Tillage significantly decreased large macroaggregates (33–39%), mean weight diameter (21–26%), and POX-C (21–29%) within large macroaggregates and increased small macroaggregates (40–65%) compared to all CC treatments (including grazed and intercropped) within a 3-year period. Reverting to tillage after 12 years of NT significantly increased bulk density by 19%, reduced total porosity by 21% and soil water content by 28% compared to all CC treatments. In addition, Cover crops (including grazed and intercropped) enhanced NT as evident in significant improvements in POX-C (19–32%), large macroaggregates (37–51%), mean weight diameter (22–31%), bulk density (8–13%), total porosity (10–18%), and measured soil water content (11–14%). Flash grazing CC did not result in any adverse effects compared to all other treatments for measured parameters. Ultimately, reverting to tillage in a long-term NT system significantly degraded soil physicochemical properties. In contrast, implementing CC to long-term continuous wheat systems resulted in rapid soil improvements within the 3-year study period which were reflected in enhanced stored soil moisture storage of up to 39% higher under CC compared to CT. Flash grazing CC can be successfully implemented in NT systems without adversely affecting soil physicochemical properties. Intercrops did not show pronounced effects possibly due to winterkill.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":74839,"journal":{"name":"Soil security","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667006222000338/pdfft?md5=6c2d64e75a5e44147ac1653111b16b12&pid=1-s2.0-S2667006222000338-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136933727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}