Yiran Zhang, William K Mountford, Jennifer Thompson, Ling Zhang, Maureen Carlyle, John White, Valery Walker, Florian Rieder
{"title":"Development of a Claims-Based Algorithm and Validation Through Medical Chart Review to Identify Patients with Crohn's Disease-Related Fibrostenosis: A Retrospective Observational Study in the United States.","authors":"Yiran Zhang, William K Mountford, Jennifer Thompson, Ling Zhang, Maureen Carlyle, John White, Valery Walker, Florian Rieder","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03726-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-026-03726-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fibrostenosis is a prevalent and clinically burdensome complication of Crohn's disease (CD), which is a type of inflammatory bowel disease. Identifying CD-related fibrostenosis (fsCD) in large datasets is challenging due to a lack of specific diagnostic codes. Manual chart review is the current standard, but it is not scalable for broader research. The objective of this study was the development and validation of a claims-based algorithm to identify patients with fsCD and improve understanding of its progression and healthcare impact.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A classification algorithm was developed to identify fsCD cases within a large administrative claims database in the United States and was subsequently validated through medical chart review. A logistic model analyzed claims-based evidence of disease-related events that could be used to identify presumptive cases. Bootstrapping was used for internal validation of the model results. Chart abstraction captured specific clinical characteristics, based on clinician-endorsed criteria, as evidence of the disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final algorithm consisted of two components that individually or collectively identified fsCD: (1) a diagnosis of CD-related intestinal obstruction, defined as ≥ 2 non-diagnostic medical claims on separate dates; and (2) a regression-based probability score derived from the logistic model. Of the 18,609 patients included in the algorithm development, 300 presumptive cases and 300 presumptive controls were selected as the validation cohort and compared against medical charts; 216 cases and 277 controls were identified correctly. Applied to the full cohort (n = 18,609), the algorithm yielded a weighted positive predictive value, weighted negative predictive value, weighted sensitivity, and weighted specificity of 72.00%, 92.33%, 70.20%, and 92.93%, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study presents a validated, claims-based algorithm with a robust predictive functionality to identify patients with fsCD. The algorithm provides a scalable tool using real-world data and may facilitate future studies on the disease´s epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and healthcare burden. Graphical abstract available for this article https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32909042 .</p>","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148817154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Correction: Have Fixed-Duration (FD) Regimens Delivered on Their Promise in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and What Is the Future of FD Regimens? A Narrative Review.","authors":"John N Allan","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03754-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12325-026-03754-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148811755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alaa Abd-Elsayed, Marco P Troka, Jesus Lopez Ortega, Anthony I Riad, Giuliano Lo Bianco, Alan D Kaye, Madelyn J Reilly
{"title":"Intrawound Vancomycin Powder in Surgical Site Infection Prophylaxis: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms, Efficacy, Safety, and Clinical Controversies.","authors":"Alaa Abd-Elsayed, Marco P Troka, Jesus Lopez Ortega, Anthony I Riad, Giuliano Lo Bianco, Alan D Kaye, Madelyn J Reilly","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03766-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-026-03766-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a critical postoperative complication that causes significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. To mitigate these risks, intrawound vancomycin powder has been increasingly adopted as a prophylactic option, particularly for high-risk procedures such as spine, orthopedic trauma, and cardiothoracic surgeries. However, the decision ultimately remains at the surgeon's discretion. This comprehensive review evaluates the mechanisms, clinical efficacy, and controversies surrounding the application of topical vancomycin. The current literature shows that intrawound vancomycin powder effectively reduces Gram-positive SSIs, overcomes ischemic barriers to early biofilm formation, and maintains a safe systemic profile while remaining highly cost-effective. However, serious clinical concerns remain about its widespread use, including higher rates of sterile wound dehiscence, possible localized cellular toxicity that may impair bone fusion, changes in pathogen profiles, and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. The absence of a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval, lack of standardized dosing regimens, and warnings from major health organizations complicate its true clinical utility. Ultimately, the available literature suggests a shift away from universal application and toward tightly controlled, targeted interventions guided by strict antimicrobial stewardship. However, it remains for surgeons to evaluate risks versus benefits when administering vancomycin powder into incisions. Ongoing large-scale randomized controlled trials and emerging translational approaches, such as extended-release carrier systems and personalized bacteriological profiling, are essential for establishing definitive, evidence-based clinical guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148786949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marc Büdenbender, Catherine Heitz-Lamy, Martin Fassnacht
{"title":"Patient Experience of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Views from a Patient, His Physician and a Patient Association.","authors":"Marc Büdenbender, Catherine Heitz-Lamy, Martin Fassnacht","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03718-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-026-03718-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive form of cancer. This article presents a multiperspective narrative describing the experience of a patient treated for ACC, the clinical insights of an endocrinologist, and the advocacy perspective of \"Let's Cure ACC\", a patient association. The patient describes his journey from diagnosis to treatment, disease recurrence, and, ultimately, a disease-free state. Diagnosed at age 45 with locally invasive ACC in 2017, he underwent surgery, chemotherapy, and long-term mitotane therapy. He experienced multiple disease recurrences, repeated surgeries, and chemotherapy, and achieved remission in 2020. Today, the patient remains disease free, although continuing to experience treatment-related adverse effects. He shares the challenges of living with ACC and the effects of treatment on his daily life, particularly adrenal insufficiency (a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol) complicated by recurrent Addison (adrenal) crises (acute adrenal insufficiency caused by a sudden lack of cortisol, requiring urgent treatment to prevent shock or death). These challenges underscore the importance of patient education, family involvement, and meticulous management of hormone replacement therapy. He emphasizes the importance of being managed through an expert treatment center. The endocrinologist provides an evidence-based perspective on treatment decisions, the role of mitotane in long-term disease control, and the need for ongoing replacement therapy with hydrocortisone to manage adrenal insufficiency following extended mitotane treatment. Finally, the patient association representative emphasizes the unmet informational needs of patients with rare cancers and the pivotal role of advocacy organizations in improving patient and physician awareness of ACC, fostering collaboration, and advocating for better education and support for ACC patients and their families and caregivers. Together, these viewpoints emphasize the need to optimize treatment decisions, strengthen patient-physician collaboration, and share long-term insights to guide care in ACC patients with the aim of achieving the best possible outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148786937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Konstantinos Prokopidis, Stefano Cacciatore, Stephen D Anton, John A Batsis
{"title":"Risk of protein intake deficiency during treatment with GLP-1 and GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists: considerations for secondary sarcopenia.","authors":"Konstantinos Prokopidis, Stefano Cacciatore, Stephen D Anton, John A Batsis","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03750-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s12325-026-03750-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sarcopenia, characterized by the age-related decline in muscle mass and strength, increases the risk of falls, fractures, disability, and mortality. Type 2 diabetes and obesity frequently coexist with sarcopenia, contributing to the growing clinical challenge of sarcopenic obesity. Incretin-based therapies, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dual gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)/GLP-1 receptor agonists, induce substantial weight loss through reduced calorie intake and are increasingly prescribed to older adults. However, weight reduction driven by appetite suppression may also decrease absolute protein intake, potentially compromising muscle health in individuals already vulnerable to anabolic resistance. This review examines the available evidence on changes in dietary protein intake during incretin-based therapy and their implications for muscle mass and functional preservation in older adults. Randomized trials suggest that liraglutide generally maintains protein intake as a proportion of total energy (approximately 13.9-17.5%), yet reductions in absolute protein intake may occur due to overall caloric restriction, particularly with more potent appetite suppression. Importantly, even when proportional intake is preserved, reductions in total energy intake may lower absolute protein consumption below levels required to adequately stimulate muscle protein synthesis in older adults. Comprehensive data on dietary intake remain limited, and few studies have systematically evaluated whether such changes translate into clinically meaningful declines in muscle mass, strength, or physical performance. Longer-term trials incorporating detailed dietary assessment, body composition analysis, and functional outcomes are needed to clarify the impact of incretin-based therapies on protein adequacy and muscle health in older adults. A clearer understanding of these interactions is essential to optimize weight management strategies while minimizing the risk of secondary sarcopenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dawn A Laney, Madelena M Martin, Ayaka Suzuki, Siddarth V Shankar, Suma P Shankar
{"title":"Fabry Disease: An Updated Perspective and Review of Treatment and Therapies.","authors":"Dawn A Laney, Madelena M Martin, Ayaka Suzuki, Siddarth V Shankar, Suma P Shankar","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03731-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-026-03731-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fabry disease (FD) is a progressive, multisystemic, X-linked lysosomal storage disorder that when untreated leads to decreased quality of life, chronic pain, and end organ disease; however, advances in therapy have significantly altered its original natural history. This paper briefly reviews the pathophysiology and clinical features of FD before focusing on current and future treatments. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and pharmacologic chaperone therapy are established treatments with long-term data showing disease stabilization and improved outcomes when the therapies are initiated prior to end organ damage. Even with the modified FD phenotype facilitated by the approved therapies, there are still gaps in treatment and a need for new and adjunctive therapies. Some of these gaps may be addressed by emerging therapies in clinical trials such as oral substrate reduction therapies, second-generation ERTs, and gene therapies. Early clinical trials of gene therapy have had mixed results; however, a few have good safety and efficacy profiles and at least one is moving to regulatory review. Additional preclinical work in alternative delivery mechanisms, reduction of inflammatory response, and small molecules are reviewed as future directions that may help close additional therapeutic gaps. These therapeutic developments target a more personalized and effective approach to FD potentially improving adherence, outcomes, and quality of life.</p>","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148786865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Arnav Kalra, Manisha Naithani, Ravi Kant, Venkatesh S Pai
{"title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Arnav Kalra, Manisha Naithani, Ravi Kant, Venkatesh S Pai","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03745-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-026-03745-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by chronic inflammation in the synovial membrane, joints, and, occasionally, extra-articular organs. It carries risk of disability and early death. Studies assessing association between 25-OH Vitamin D (Vit D) levels and RA have produced conflicting results. No consensus exists on susceptibility to RA and the effect of supplementation on disease activity. Vit D deficiency is common in India, with estimated prevalence ranging from 37% to 99%.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 90 participants with active RA on stable treatment received Vit D and calcium supplementation for 90 days. Clinical disease activity, disability, quality of life and pain indices were assessed at baseline and after 90 days.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There was a statistically significant reduction in Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) (6.68 ± 3.2 to 5.65 ± 4.3), associated with an increase in World Health Organization Quality of Life - Brief questionnaire (WHO-QOL BREF) (59.7 ± 10.75 to 61.5 ± 11.1). There was a statistically significant decrease in Indian Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) (0.61 ± 0.63 to 0.56 ± 0.64) and pain visual analogue scores (VAS) (4.5 ± 0.94 to 4.37 ± 0.84) by day 90. The prevalence of Vit D deficiency was 47.8%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Vit D and calcium supplementation was associated with favourable changes in disease activity, pain, and quality of life. It may be considered as an adjunct for management of RA, pending confirmation in controlled trials. The study was prospectively registered in the Clinical Trials Registry of India (CTRI/2021/04/033032).</p>","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148786920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Impact of Menopause and Menopausal Hormone Therapy on Liver-Kidney-Metabolic Health.","authors":"Mohamad Jamalinia, Amedeo Lonardo, Ralf Weiskirchen","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03758-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-026-03758-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Menopause is associated with unfavorable metabolic changes that may contribute to the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and increased cardiometabolic risk. Within the evolving cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) framework, MASLD is increasingly recognized as a key driver rather than an outcome of metabolic dysfunction. The liver and kidneys closely interact to regulate metabolism, detoxification, ketogenesis, and endocrine signaling, which together influence whole-body metabolic homeostasis. Menopause and the menopausal transition may modify these interactions through alterations in body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory signaling, and hepatic and renal physiology, thereby contributing to disruption of the increasingly recognized liver-kidney-metabolic (LKM) axis. Advanced MASLD, owing to liver fibrosis, may further accelerate CKD through systemic insulin resistance, subclinical inflammation, gut dysbiosis, and accumulated nephrotoxic metabolites. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) may partially mitigate these alterations; however, its effects on the LKM axis are variable and context-dependent according to timing, formulation, route of administration, and baseline metabolic phenotype. Current evidence does not support the use of MHT for the prevention or treatment of MASLD or CKD, and treatment should be guided by established indications. Understanding menopause as a systems-level modifier of LKM health may therefore support more personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies targeting CKM health in peri- and postmenopausal women through a holistic and integrated approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148787024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Expert Perspectives on TGCT and the Outcomes of the Phase 3 MANEUVER Study of Pimicotinib Presented at ASCO and ESMO 2025: A Podcast Discussion.","authors":"Dale Shepard, Sydney Stern, Nicholas M Bernthal","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03725-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-026-03725-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a rare, locally aggressive neoplasm that significantly impacts patients' quality of life through pain and swelling of the affected joint, resulting in limited range of motion. TGCT is categorized into two radiographic subtypes (localized and diffuse), and while surgery remains the treatment mainstay of localized TGCT, diffuse TGCT is associated with high local recurrence and incomplete resection, sometimes necessitating systemic therapy. Targeting the CSF-1/CSF-1R axis has emerged as a validated therapeutic approach, with several agents approved or in development. The Phase 3 MANEUVER study evaluated pimicotinib, a novel CSF-1R inhibitor, in patients with unresectable TGCT. This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled global trial enrolled 94 patients across China, Europe, and North America. Participants received pimicotinib (n = 63) or placebo (n = 31) for 24 weeks, followed by an open-label extension. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST v1.1 at Week 25. Pimicotinib demonstrated a significant ORR of 54.0% versus 3.2% with placebo (p < 0.0001), with early and durable tumor responses. Secondary endpoints, including ORR by BIRC based on tumor volume score and clinical outcome assessments (range of motion, pain, stiffness, and physical function), also showed marked improvements with pimicotinib. Results from a 24-week open-label follow-up period from primary analysis confirmed sustained efficacy and tolerability, with ORR rising to 76.2% and continued improvements in clinical outcomes. Pimicotinib treatment was generally well tolerated, with low incidence of treatment discontinuation (6.3%) due to TEAEs, and no evidence of cholestatic hepatotoxicity, drug-induced liver injury, or hair/skin hypopigmentation. These results highlight pimicotinib as an effective, once-daily, oral therapy for patients with TGCT not amenable to surgery, addressing unmet needs in this population. In this podcast article, the authors share their perspectives on current TGCT treatment, discuss the patient care journey in the US, and highlight the clinical significance of the MANEUVER study findings.Podcast, infographics and plain language summary available for this article [ https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32938235 ]. The Podcast (MP4 269658 KB) SHORT INFOGRAPHIC.</p>","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148786883","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Glucose-Lowering Therapies and Cognitive Decline: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Evidence and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Margherita Grasso, Viviana Maggio, Filippo Caraci, Manfredi Rizzo","doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03760-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-026-03760-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several lines of evidence suggest the relationship between diabetes and cognitive decline. Patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D) present an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) development than the general population, and it is known that brain insulin resistance (IR) plays a key role in the conversion from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) into AD. During recent years, emerging therapeutic perspectives have been proposed with the aim of targeting T2D-related cognitive impairment, and glucose-lowering drug classes, especially glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium glucose cotransporter inhibitors (SGLT2is), demonstrated neuroprotective effects and a positive effects on cognitive function acting by several molecular mechanisms including anti-inflammatory activity, modulation of insulin signaling, and promoting the neurogenesis process. Different clinical trials showed their ability in preventing neurodegenerative decline, with numerous phase II and III trials underway in populations with AD; however, although preclinical evidence is promising and some clinical data are encouraging, translating these results into established therapeutic strategies requires larger, randomized, and controlled clinical trials with extended follow-up period, standardized cognitive assessments, and inclusion of molecular and imaging biomarkers. Addressing these gaps will be essential to determine whether glucose-lowering drug classes can be introduced into clinical practice to prevent or slow cognitive decline in patients with T2D, exerting neuroprotective activity beyond their effect on glycemic control.</p>","PeriodicalId":7482,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Therapy","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148786903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}