American journal of epidemiology最新文献

{"title":"Changes in PM2.5 exposure due to residential relocation and mortality among United States Veterans.","authors":"Andrea R Titus, Tarik Benmarhnia, Rania Kanchi, Byoungjun Kim, Rosana Aguilera, Jay Pendse, José O Aléman, Lorna E Thorpe","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag130","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Air pollution remains a leading cause of mortality. Few studies have leveraged residential relocation to examine impacts of intraindividual changes in PM2.5 exposure. As the largest integrated health system in the United States, the Veterans Health Administration (VA) is an ideal setting to examine relocation-induced changes in air pollution. We constructed a cohort of veterans who relocated from one ZIP code to another between 2011 and 2017 (N = 762 905). We linked spatially averaged annual PM2.5 estimates to each person based on residential address. We examined relocation-induced PM2.5 changes and post-move mortality in discrete-time models, accounting for individual-level and area-level confounding variables. We estimated pooled odds ratios (ORs) over 5 years of follow-up and examined effect-measure modification by age (<65, 65+), sex, and neighborhood-level poverty. The pooled OR associated with a 2 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 levels between the origin and destination areas was 1.03 (95% CI = 1.01-1.03). Associations appeared more pronounced among older individuals when assessing potential additive effect-measure modification. Examining intraindividual changes in PM2.5 exposure and subsequent health outcomes can elucidate potential impacts of air pollution and pollution-reduction policies. Results suggest survival benefits from policies that further reduce PM2.5 levels.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2347-2354"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148256897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Invited commentary: quantitative bias analysis for time-to-event data needs good validation data.","authors":"Matthew P Fox, Richard MacLehose","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag104","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Quantitative bias analysis offers an approach to estimating and adjusting for the impact of residual systematic error, yet to date, most methods have focused on binary outcomes, leaving methods for time-to-event outcomes underdeveloped. Misclassification in time-to-event analyses is challenging because both the events and person-time may contain errors, which requires additional bias parameters. Recent work by Ackerman et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 0000;000(00):0000-0000) illustrates how methods for addressing misclassification of person-time outcomes can be used even when validation data are limited by using expert-informed ranges and simulation to define bias parameters. Although such approaches are better than qualitative assessments, they remain limited by lack of validation data, particularly data capturing person-time measurement error. Improving quantitative bias analysis will require emphasis on designing, conducting, and publishing validation studies that can generate generalizable estimates of misclassification parameters. It also requires methodological innovation and accessible software for person-time-based outcomes, including extensions of regression calibration and risk-based adjustment. Expanding quantitative bias analysis methods for time-to-event analyses will improve the validity, transparency, and interpretability of epidemiologic research and help ensure quantitative bias analysis becomes a routine component of study design and analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2484-2486"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537841/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147925461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time trends in susceptibility to scams in community-dwelling older adults.","authors":"Lei Yu, Lianlian Du, Tianhao Wang, Gary Mottola, Christopher C Stewart, Peter A Lichtenberg, Francine Grodstein, David A Bennett, Patricia A Boyle","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag168","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined the time trends of susceptibility to scams across 4 birth cohorts in the United States that span between 1925 and 1944. Data came from community-dwelling older adults without dementia participating in an epidemiologic cohort study of aging and dementia. A 5-item instrument for scam susceptibility assessed participants' scam-related behaviors and perceptions, such as how they manage phone calls from telemarketers, and whether they agree with claims that are unrealistically good. To capture time trends, age- and education-standardized mean scam susceptibility score was computed for each birth cohort and compared across the cohorts. Of the 1037 participants included, 280 were born between 1925 and 1929, 248 between 1930 and 1934, 279 between 1935 and 1939, and 230 between 1940 and 1944. The mean scam susceptibility scores trended downward monotonically from the earliest to the most recent cohorts. The results are robust to age distributions, analytic approaches, or cognitive impairment status. In conclusion, older adults of more recent birth cohorts report fewer behaviors linked to scam susceptibility. This study suggests that scam susceptibility appears to be a function not only of individual-level factors but also reflective of shared life experiences. More broadly, scam susceptibility is amenable to interventions effective at the population level.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2327-2333"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537851/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148468434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"List randomization for prevalence estimation of sensitive behavioral data among women with HIV of reproductive age in Lilongwe, Malawi.","authors":"Karen Diepstra, Daniel Westreich, Paul N Zivich, John Chapola, Clara Lemani, Agatha Bula, Chalimba Lusewa, Jennifer H Tang","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag091","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-reported data are subject to reporting biases, including social desirability bias. List randomization is one method that can help mitigate the impact of such biases. Here, we examined the utility of list randomization among women of reproductive age living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. In the Family Planning and Antiretroviral Therapy study, participants were randomized to answer 5 blocks of true/false statements via either direct or list response. Each block contained 3 nonsensitive statements and 1 sensitive statement related to either condom use or HIV disclosure. For each sensitive statement, we calculated the prevalence difference (PD) comparing list response to direct response overall and stratified by socioeconomic status. The PD for 4 of the sensitive statements was negligible. However, we found that self-report of always using a condom was reported by 53.1% at list response visits vs 34.7% at direct response visits (PD, 18.5%; 95% CI, 6.2%-30.7%), a difference that was attenuated among those with higher socioeconomic status. In this setting, list randomization did not meaningfully change the estimated prevalence for most questions, except for one question, which unexpectedly produced a higher estimate for a positive behavior. Examining this method in other settings and populations is warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2408-2415"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13160244/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Negatives about positivity and consistency as conditions for causal inference.","authors":"Sander Greenland, Stephen R Cole","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag093","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Positivity and causal consistency are sometimes presented as general validity requirements. Positivity, however, is not a general requirement for causal inference and does not address the more demanding practical needs for adequate numbers of observations. Common statistical methods in health and medical research depend on large-sample approximations; yet, approximation accuracy is rarely discussed in research reports, even in cases where it has clearly failed. Prioritization by generality and practical importance shifts the emphasis to approximation accuracy over positivity, with the latter better cast as a technical requirement for specific types of methods. Meanwhile, consistency mixes requirements for operationally clear definitions of treatments with more general needs for accurate measurement. All statistical methods depend on conceptual precision and measurement accuracy; hence, those conditions belong among fundamental requirements for valid inferences, alongside control of selection bias and confounding. When measurement problems are addressed in the basic assumptions of formalizations, consistency can be seen as a definition of the targeted outcome variable in a causal model, rather than a central assumption that mixes separate concerns about construct ambiguity and coarsening.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2416-2422"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537848/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A measurement comparability study to support instrument harmonization in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging.","authors":"Talha Rafiq, Lauren E Griffith, Parminder Raina, Christina Wolfson, Susan A Kirkland, Cynthia Balion, Andrew P Costa, Varun Chaudhary, My Linh Duong, Danielle Glista, Philip Joseph, Maureen J MacDonald, Jack Scott, David B Hogan, Edwin van den Heuvel","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag137","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Longitudinal studies are essential for understanding health trajectories, but necessary upgrades to measurement instruments over time may compromise data comparability. The Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging conducted a measurement comparability study to quantify systematic differences between instruments and derive conversion equations to correct for any differences. Overall, 50 participants aged ≥45 years (52% female) underwent repeated assessments with old and new instruments, including the blood pressure monitor, electrocardiogram (ECG), carotid ultrasound, spirometer, audiometer, tonometer, and dynamometer. Linear mixed-effects models were used to identify systematic differences. Cohen's d was used to assess standardized mean difference, Bland-Altman plots evaluated agreement between instruments, and repeatability was assessed within instruments. Mixed-effects models showed no clinically meaningful difference across instruments, except for systolic blood pressure (SBP), which was on average 5.19 mmHg (95% CI, 2.64-7.74) higher using the new instrument. Cohen's d demonstrated moderate systematic differences for several measures. Repeatability estimates showed good-to-excellent reliability for most measures; however, certain ECG and tonometer parameters showed moderate or poor precision. The results support the utility of conversion equations to account for systematic differences between instruments. The difference in SBP warrants the implementation of a conversion equation, whereas it is unclear for measures with moderate differences.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2391-2398"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537845/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148293022","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Validity of influenza vaccine effectiveness calculations using a test-negative design in Thailand.","authors":"Erica E Zeno, Prabda Praphasiri, Wichan Bhunyakitikorn, Sutthichai Nakphook, Darunee Ditsungnoen, Wuttiphong Phakdeekul, Passakorn Ongarj, Ratchadaporn Ungcharoen, Warinmad Kedthongma, Seesai Yeesoonsang, Kanlaya Sornwong, Chaninan Sonthichai, Anna N Chard, William W Davis, Martha P Montgomery, Kriengkrai Prasert","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag094","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thailand uses a test-negative design to calculate influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) annually for the Southern Hemisphere formulation and shares estimates with the World Health Organization to inform global vaccine strain selection. This study analyzed potential misclassification and confounding factors to evaluate validity of the test-negative design in Thailand. We retrospectively reviewed influenza sentinel surveillance data from June 2023 to May 2024 and gathered information on vaccination history and health-seeking behavior. Cases were medically attended illnesses with positive influenza test results; noncases had negative results for influenza and SARS-CoV-2. We compared VE using the routine approach with six scenarios, representing four potential threats to the validity of test-negative design studies. We assessed exposure (vaccination) misclassification, outcome (influenza) misclassification, and confounding by health-seeking behavior. Unmeasured confounding was evaluated by calculating VE against rhinovirus, an outcome unrelated to influenza vaccination. A total of 4709 patients were included, of which 328 (7.0%) were vaccinated against influenza. Under the routine approach, VE against medically attended influenza was 36.9% (95% CI, 13.5%-53.9%). In alternative scenarios, VE ranged from 32.4% to 42.8%, with overlapping 95% CIs. These findings support the validity of Thailand's VE estimates and can inform improvements in surveillance procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2423-2429"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147759575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifiability and model misspecification for modelling recurrent infections using routine health care data.","authors":"Ada W C Yan, Jennifer A Flegg, Jeanne Rini Poespoprodjo, Nicholas M Douglas, Ric N Price, Angela Devine, David J Price, Rebecca H Chisholm","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag138","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag138","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For infectious diseases where people can experience multiple infections during their lifetime, the time between observed infections in individuals (or \"time to recurrence\") can provide valuable information on infection and transmission dynamics. Routinely collected data, such as electronic health records, are a potential source of time to recurrence data. However, they are challenging to analyse because patients can drop out of the data set in a way that is not visible to the data collection process. Standard epidemiological approaches, such as parametric survival analysis with imputation, cannot be applied to such data. In this study, we explored the feasibility of interrogating routinely collected time to recurrence data by calibrating mechanistic transmission models with explicit dropout mechanisms. We identified model structures and parameter regimes where the method could precisely and accurately estimate important epidemiological quantities. Application of our method to real data of malaria infections routinely collected in Papua, Indonesia, was able to estimate the forces of infection for different malaria species, the rate of dropout and recrudescence for Plasmodium falciparum, and the probability of treatment success. Our method has the potential to increase the value of existing and new data sets for informing public health research.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2458-2468"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148262906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to: Reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among household contacts with recent vaccination and past COVID-19 infection: results from 2 multisite case-ascertained household transmission studies.","authors":"","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag151","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag151","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2504"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148417987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depressive symptoms and neuroimaging markers of brain aging in an ethno-racially diverse sample: a Bayesian analysis.","authors":"Tara E Jenson, Emma L Gause, Jingxuan Wang, Sarah F Ackley, Jennifer Manly, Evan Fletcher, Paola Gilsanz, Rachel A Whitmer, M Maria Glymour, Marcia Pescador Jimenez","doi":"10.1093/aje/kwag135","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aje/kwag135","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depression has been associated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures of larger white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes and smaller cerebral gray matter volumes (GMV) in predominantly White samples. Recent findings suggest that some race/ethnicity groups may experience more severe health consequences due to depression when it is present, compared with depression in White populations. We investigated the association of depressive symptoms with WMH and GMV by race/ethnicity, using a continuous measure of depressive symptoms to capture participants' experience of depression more expansively versus clinical diagnosis alone. A diverse sample of older, northern California Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences and the Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans participants (n = 550) underwent MRI neuroimaging 2017-2022. Baseline depressive symptoms were measured in 2017 using the National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System toolbox. We conducted a literature-informed Bayesian analysis, stratified by race/ethnicity, to examine the association between baseline depressive symptoms and post-baseline WMH and GMV. Our sample was 14% Asian, 54% Black, 16% Latino, and 17% White. Overall, we did not observe an association between depressive symptoms and log(WMH; 0.06, 95% credible interval [CrI]: -0.09, 0.22) or GMV (-0.74, 95% CrI: -1.62, 0.16). In stratified analyses, 1 SD higher depressive symptoms were associated with larger log(WMH) volume (0.21, 95% CrI: 0.002, 0.42) among Black participants and smaller GMV among Latino participants (-2.92, 95% CrI: -4.31, -1.52). Unexpectedly, depressive symptoms were associated with larger GMV in Asian participants (2.41, 95% CrI: 0.87, 3.95). More severe depressive symptoms were associated with MRI markers of brain aging among Black and Latino participants.</p>","PeriodicalId":7472,"journal":{"name":"American journal of epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"2355-2363"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13537852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148256928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}