Research in health science最新文献

{"title":"The Incidence of Negative Appendectomy in a Teaching Hospital in Jordan, a Universal Concern","authors":"Mahmoud M. Al Awaysheh, M. Nofal, Batool M Al Awaysheh","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n3p75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v5n3p75","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Appendicitis is considered as one of the most common abdominal conditions requiring surgical intervention. The appendectomy, like most surgical procedures, has its own complications and therefore should only be done when indicated. Case series have reported the incidence of negative appendectomy in many different parts of the world including western nations. A high rate of negative appendectomy is unacceptable. At the same time, surgeons should aim to prevent perforation at all costs. For this reason, considerable efforts are now being made to improve diagnostic accuracy and prevent unnecessary appendectomies.Methods: All case files of patients who underwent appendectomies at Al-Karak Teaching Hospital in Jordan between January 2014 and December 2015 were reviewed. Demographic data, symptoms, signs on presentation, intra-operative findings, and histological reports on the excised vermiform appendixes were extracted from the case files and analyzed.Results: The incidence of negative appendectomy in our study was 18% with no difference in incidence between genders.Conclusion: The incidence of negative appendectomy observed at Al-Karak Teaching Hospital is near or around that reported by most studies. This alarming figure clearly indicates the need for accurate diagnostic procedures to confirm the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Further studies and evaluations are warranted.","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81842042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations between Leadership Style and Employee Resistance in a Healthcare Setting","authors":"T. Garcia","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n2p28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v5n2p28","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Health reform is forcing healthcare administrators to make rapid changes. A tendency to resist change can present problems for the leaders of health care organizations, including the large, not-for profit Catholic healthcare systems. The transformational leadership style has been shown to be positively correlated with change however, the relationship among leadership styles, employees’ behaviors, and motivation to change are still not well understood and require further study. Further, although Oreg’s Resistance to Change (RTC) approach has been researched in direct patient care areas, RTC research in non-patient settings is lacking. Methods: This study focused on the relationship of transformational leadership to RTC and if the relationships leaders’ have with subordinates’ influence change. A customized survey that included the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, RTC, and Leader Member Exchange (LMX 7) was emailed to 500 random individuals of various ages and races from three non-patient areas. Thirty leaders (included directors and managers) and 133 raters (those under the direction of a director or manager) responded. Results: The regression analysis showed a strong correlation between transformational leadership and RTC. Additionally, each of the variables from the LMX 7 section of the survey showed associations indicating the relationship leaders develop with their subordinates and leader transformational scores were positive. Conclusion: This study may contribute to the awareness of RTC and utilizing transformational leadership style to move change in a positive direction for a healthcare setting.","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74055760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Technique of Papineau in the Management of Chronic Osteomyelitis in a Low Setting Area. A 12 Years’ Experience","authors":"Stanislas Ntungila Nkama, Michel Lelo Tshikwela","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n2p19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v5n2p19","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Chronic osteomyelitis, a bone infectious pathology is difficult to treat. The authors report their experience in a series of patients treated in a low-income country.Methods: We report a prospective study of 53 patients suffering of chronic osteomyelitis for a long time, covering our experience between January 1998 to December 2010 at the Kinshasa University Hospital in central Africa. We used the technique described by Papineau with success, until the consolidation of the bones and the drying up of the wounds.The following elements were analyzed and taken into account: age and sex of the patients, sites involved, germs, surgical technique, length of stay in the hospital and estimated cost of the treatment.Result: The majority of patients were between 26 and 35 years old with extremes between 15 and 80 years old, with 34 males and 19 females with a sex ratio of 1.7/1. Upper limb was involved with 7 humerus, 6 radius, 6 cubitus and the lower limb with 14 femurs and 20 tibias. Staphylococcus aureus was the germ most found in cultures from dead bone from intraoperative technique. Stay in hospital on average was 17 weeks for upper limb and 28 weeks for the management of lower limb injuries. The average cost for the treatment was estimated for 700 to 800 dollars. Conclusion: Chronic osteomyelitis is a tenacious condition for long-term evolution, but it is nevertheless encouraging to dry up foci, which were the toughest challenges for orthopedics and plastic surgeons. In a low setting region, the management of the disease remains a condition with a high economic cost and it is absolutely useless to begin a Papineau treatment if the patients do not have enough money.","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85784604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racial Variation in the Association between Positive Urgency and Body Mass Index among American Children.","authors":"Shervin Assari","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n3p129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v5n3p129","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Positive urgency reflects a specific facet of impulsivity and correlates with several health-related risk behaviors such as obesity, food addiction, and substance use. However, less is known about whether positive urgency is similarly or differently associated with high body mass index (BMI) across diverse racial groups.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>The aim of this study was to investigate racial differences in the associations between positive urgency and BMI in 9-10-year-old children in the US.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data. Participants were 11590 American children between ages 9 and 10 years old. The independent variable was positive urgency measured by the Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-SS). The primary outcome was BMI. Race was the moderator. Demographic variables (age and sex) were covariates. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis to adjust for the nested nature of the ABCD data. We also used weights (propensity score) to generate nationally representative results.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the pooled sample, race showed a statistically significant interaction with positive urgency on children's BMI, indicating a stronger effect of positive urgency on BMI for White children, compared to African American children.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The association between positive urgency and BMI seems to be weaker in African American children than in White American children. The role of individual-level risk factors such as impulsive traits may be smaller for African American than White American children. Future research should study the role of obesogenic environments and other area -level indicators in altering the effects of individual-level risk factors on BMI and obesity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":" ","pages":"129-143"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39221262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age-Related Decline in Children's Reward Sensitivity: Blacks' Diminished Returns.","authors":"Shervin Assari","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n3p112","DOIUrl":"10.22158/rhs.v5n3p112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is important to study the correlates of reward sensitivity since it predicts high-risk behaviors. While ageing reduces children's reward sensitivity and its associated risk taking, there is more to find out about racial differences in regard to the effect of age on reward sensitivity. Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that resources and assets show weaker effects on Black children than White children.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>We compared White children to Black children as for the effects of age on reward sensitivity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 10533 American children who participated in the baseline of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variable was age, while the dependent variable was reward sensitivity as captured by the behavioral approach/behavioral avoidance system (BAS-BIS). Gender, parental education, marital status, parental education, and household income were the covariates.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher age was associated with less reward sensitivity. A significant interaction was found between race and age when it comes to children's reward sensitivity. It suggested that age is associated with a smaller gain in terms of reduced reward sensitivity in Black children than White children.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Age is more likely to reduce reward sensitivity in White children than Black children. This finding is in line with MDRs, and may be due to social racism, segregation, stratification, and discrimination.</p>","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":"5 3","pages":"112-128"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9467927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Race, Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Chronic Lung Disease in the U.S.","authors":"Shervin Assari, Hamid Chalian, Mohsen Bazargan","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n1p48","DOIUrl":"10.22158/rhs.v5n1p48","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Higher socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment and income reduce the risk of chronic lung diseases (CLDs) such as Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) refer to smaller health benefits of high SES for marginalized populations such as racial and ethnic minorities compared to the socially privileged groups such as non-Hispanic Whites. It is still unknown, however, if MDRs also apply to the effects of education and income on CLDs.</p><p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Using a nationally representative sample, the current study explored racial and ethnic variation in the associations between educational attainment and income and CLDs among American adults.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we analyzed data (n = 25,659) from a nationally representative survey of American adults in 2013 and 2014. Wave one of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH)-Adult study was used. The independent variables were educational attainment (less than high school = 1, high school graduate = 2, and college graduate =3) and income (living out of poverty =1, living in poverty = 0). The dependent variable was any CLDs (i.e., COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and asthma). Age, gender, employment, and region were the covariates. Race and ethnicity were the moderators. Logistic regressions were fitted to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Individuals with higher educational attainment and those with higher income (who lived out of poverty) had lower odds of CLDs. Race and ethnicity showed statistically significant interactions with educational attainment and income, suggesting that the protective effects of high education and income on reducing odds of CLDs were smaller for Blacks and Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Education and income better reduce the risk of CLDs among Whites than Hispanics and Blacks. That means we should expect disproportionately higher than expected risk of CLDs in Hispanics and Blacks with high SES. Future research should test if high levels of environmental risk factors contribute to the high risk of CLDs in high income and highly educated Black and Hispanic Americans. Policy makers should not reduce health inequalities to SES gaps because disparities sustain across SES levels, with high SES Blacks and Hispanics remaining at risk of health problems.</p>","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":"5 1","pages":"48-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100893/pdf/nihms-1575571.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9401277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protective Effects of Maternal Education against Low Birth Weight Deliveries: Blacks' Diminished Returns.","authors":"Shervin Assari","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n4p1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22158/rhs.v5n4p1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Racial and economic disparities in low birth weight (LBW) deliveries is among the most well-established differences between Blacks and Whites. As LBW is an established risk factor for chronic diseases such as asthma and diabetes, it is particularly important to understand drivers of racial and economic disparities in LBW deliveries in urban areas.</p><p><strong>Aims: </strong>Built on the Minorities' Diminished Returns framework, which argues that educational attainment generates fewer positive health outcomes for Black than White Americans, we conducted this study with three aims: 1) to test the association between mothers' educational attainment and LBW of babies born in urban areas, 2) to compare Blacks and Whites for the effect of mothers' educational attainment on LBW, and 3) to test whether LBW is predictive of future chronic diseases 15 years later.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data came from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being / included a random sample of births in cities larger than 200,000 population. For the aims 1 and 2, we analyzed data of 2,922 births to Black (n = 2,146) or White (n = 776) mothers. For aim 3, we analyzed data of a subsample of 1,604 Black or White newborns who were followed to age 15. The presence or absence of chronic diseases was determined at age 15. Logistic regression was used for data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Maternal educational attainment was inversely associated with LBW overall. We, however, found a significant interaction between maternal educational attainment and race, suggesting that the inverse association between maternal education and LBW is weaker for Black than White babies. At the same time, LBW increased the odds of chronic disease 15 years later.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Diminished returns of maternal educational attainment contribute to racial disparities in LBW, which in turn contributes to future racial inequalities in chronic diseases in urban settings. That is, smaller protective effects of maternal education on reducing LBW for Black than White children contribute to the high prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents in urban settings. Health disparities are not just due to racial differences in socioeconomic status but also diminishing returns of socioeconomic status indicators such as education for racial and ethnic minorities. Research should study contextual factors that reduce Blacks' ability to translate their human capital to health outcomes in urban settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":"5 4","pages":"1-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38644111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stronger Association between Nucleus Accumbens Density and Body Mass Index in Low-Income and African American Children.","authors":"Shervin Assari","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n2p107","DOIUrl":"10.22158/rhs.v5n2p107","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The nucleus accumbens' (NAc) size, function, and density influence individuals' body mass index (BMI). However, little is known about racial and socioeconomic status (SES) differences in the role of NAc density as a predictor of childhood BMI.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>We used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) data to investigate racial and SES differences in the effect of NAc density on childhood BMI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study included 9497 children between ages 9 and 10. Mixed-effects regression models were used to analyze the data. The predictor variable was NAc density measured using diffusion MRI (dMRI). The outcome variable was BMI, operationalized as a continuous variable. Covariates included sex, age, ethnicity, family structure, and parental education. Race (White, African American, Asian, and Other/mixed) and household income (< 50k, 50-100 k, and 100+ k) were the moderators.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>High NAc diffusion tension (density) was predictive of higher BMI, net of covariates. However, the positive association between NAc density and BMI was stronger in African Americans than in White, and in low-income than in high-income children.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings suggest that although high NAc has implications for children's BMI, this effect varies across racial and SES groups. More research should be performed on the role of obesogenic environments in altering the effect of NAc on childhood BMI.</p>","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":"5 2","pages":"107-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9467930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twenty-Year Observational Study Shows Rising Alcohol-Attributable Death Profiles in the U.S. and Delaware.","authors":"Malcolm J D'Souza, Riza C Li, Derald E Wentzien","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n4p46","DOIUrl":"10.22158/rhs.v5n4p46","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The U.S. alcohol-attributable mortality burden makes it the third-leading cause of preventable deaths. This 1999-2018 observational study used the Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases codes and the alcohol-related disease impact (ARDI) causes of death records to track alcohol's mortality burden. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention keeps Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) death certificates for the U.S. community. Evidence indicates that the U.S. ARDI mortality rates progressively trended upward (53.73%). Men were three times as likely as women to die, but female mortality rate changes (90.03%) advanced more rapidly than males. The study also revealed that the changes in alcohol-related death rate percentages for middle-age groups increased faster. In contrast, the African American/Black (AA/B) community's age-adjusted mortality rate change patterns first declined and then increased. The alcohol-attributable mortality rate (1999 to 2018) difference for AA/B was -6.35%. Delaware's population is around one million, and about 23% is African American/Black. The subgroup analysis for Delaware's population was robust and showed alcohol-attributable mortality rates above national averages. This trend was apparent for both gender and race. In conclusion, for both the U.S. and Delaware, alcohol use disorder is a risk factor for mortality, especially for males.</p>","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":"5 4","pages":"46-59"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7643878/pdf/nihms-1638645.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"38579241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Racial Variation in the Association between Childhood Depression and Frontal Pole Volume among American Children.","authors":"Shervin Assari","doi":"10.22158/rhs.v5n2p121","DOIUrl":"10.22158/rhs.v5n2p121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with an altered structure and function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). There is more to find out about how this association differs among diverse racial groups.</p><p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study was performed to investigate racial differences in the association between MDD and frontal pole volume in 9/10-year-old children in the U.S.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Then an analytical sample included 10185 American children between the ages of 9 and 10. The independent variable was current MDD, measured using K-SADS. The primary outcome was frontal pole volume, measured using the structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI). Race was the moderator. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the overall sample, MDD was associated with a smaller frontal pole volume among children. Race showed a statistically significant interaction with MDD on children's frontal pole volume, indicating stronger effects on White children compared to Black children.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The inverse association between MDD and frontal pole volume is steeper in Black than White American children. White American children with and without MDD show more similar frontal pole volume, while Black children with and without MDD differ more when it comes to the frontal pole volume. It is unknown whether or not the stronger association between frontal pole volume and MDD in Black children is due to a poor access to treatment or to a higher chronicity of MDD in Black communities.</p>","PeriodicalId":74678,"journal":{"name":"Research in health science","volume":"5 2","pages":"121-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9171566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}