Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery最新文献

{"title":"Clinical Predictors of Viral Suppression in Perinatally HIVInfected Adolescents on Antiretroviral Therapy in Indonesia.","authors":"Debbie Latupeirissa, Nurhayati, Ifael Yerosias Mauleti, Vivi Lisdawati, Ika Saptarini, Mieska Despitasari, Amir Su'udi, Rudi Hendro Putranto, Harimat Hendarwan","doi":"10.2174/0127724344406167251119072949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127724344406167251119072949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Adolescents living with HIV 9 (ALHIV), particularly those with perinatal HIV, face unique challenges in achieving viral suppression, which is crucial for reducing morbidity, mortality, and HIV transmission. Despite global efforts to meet the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets, viral suppression rates among ALHIV remain suboptimal. This study aimed to identify factors associated with viral suppression among adolescents aged 11-17 years with perinatal HIV in Indonesia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study was conducted in a hospital in Indonesia among 11-17- year-olds living with HIV. Hospital medical records from 2019 to 2022 were used to assess the participants' adherence and viral load suppression. We employed descriptive statistics, including frequencies, proportions, and regression analysis, to determine the relationship between demographic and clinical factors, adherence, and viral load suppression.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The study achieved viral suppression in 69.4% of the participants. Multivariate analysis revealed that good adherence to ART (≥95%) was significantly associated with higher odds of viral suppression (AOR: 4.19, p < 0.01). A baseline CD4 count greater than 200 cells/μL (AOR: 3.20, p = 0.03) and the absence of a history of tuberculosis (AOR: 1.56, p = 0.04) significantly predicted viral suppression. Additionally, researchers observed a positive correlation between the duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the viral suppression rate.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The results of this study show that longer antiretroviral therapy (ART) duration increases the likelihood of achieving viral suppression. The results of this study are consistent with those of previous research, showing that adolescents who had been on ART for 6 to 12 months were more likely than those on treatment for a more extended period to experience viral non-suppression (viral load > 400 RNA copies/mL).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Viral suppression among ALHIV in Indonesia is influenced by adherence to ART, baseline immune status, and history of TB. Addressing barriers to adherence and integrating TB-HIV care are essential strategies to improve outcomes for this vulnerable population.</p>","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145936668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design, Synthesis, and Antimicrobial Evaluation of Novel Chalcone-based Derivatives of Gallic Acid.","authors":"Tanya Gupta, Satish Sardana, Ritu Kataria, Azhar Iqbal, Anupama Diwan","doi":"10.2174/0127724344389202251017021312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127724344389202251017021312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The global rise in antimicrobial resistance highlights the urgent need for new therapeutic agents. This study investigates chalcone-based derivatives of gallic acid as potential antimicrobial compounds.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Chalcone derivatives (2a-4c) were synthesized via methylation, Grignard reaction, Claisen-Schmidt condensation, and cyclization. Structural confirmation was achieved using FTIR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The Docking studies were performed against HSP90α (PDB ID: 1UY6), and ADME properties were predicted using QikProp. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using microbroth dilution and agar well diffusion methods against S. aureus, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii, and C. albicans.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compounds 2d and 3c showed the strongest docking interactions with HSP90α, outperforming ciprofloxacin. MIC results indicated that 2d was most effective, with values as low as 0.39 μg/ml for E. coli and C. albicans. Other compounds, such as 3c and 4c, also showed significant activity (MIC 0.78-6.25 μg/ml). ADME profiling predicted high oral absorption and favorable drug-like properties for the most active compounds.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Electron-withdrawing groups enhanced antimicrobial activity and binding affinity. Docking data supported the in vitro results, revealing key interactions within the HSP90α active site.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Chalcone derivatives, particularly 2d, show promise as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Their structural and pharmacokinetic profiles support further development for therapeutic use.</p>","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145936717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Agents in 6-methyluracil Molecules of Amphiphilic Nature with Nonsaturated Substituents at Uracil Ring.","authors":"Alexandra D Voloshina, Anastasiia S Sapunova, Anna P Lyubina, Liliya F Saifina, Syumbelya K Amerhanova, Vyacheslav E Semenov","doi":"10.2174/0127724344407627251130045638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127724344407627251130045638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Infectious diseases caused by resistant microbes and oncological ailments pose a serious threat to human health. However, an effective and safe drug against them has not yet been found. Therefore, pyrimidine derivatives may be of interest as dual-acting drugs due to their potent antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. The relevance of our research is confirmed by several recent patents dedicated to the antimicrobial and anticancer activity of pyrimidine-based molecules.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of some 6-methyluracil derivatives of an amphiphilic nature in vitro.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Antimicrobial activity was studied by serial dilution. Cytotoxicity was tested using the MTT test. The mechanisms of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity were analyzed using the methods of colorimetry, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The tested compounds have high antibacterial activity against resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and some bacteria from the group of ESKAPE pathogens. Outstanding results were obtained for the lead compounds in the human duodenal adenocarcinoma cell line (HuTu-80), for which cytotoxicity was shown at the level of 5-fluorouracil with a high selectivity index (SI = 8.0-10.0). The mechanism of antibacterial action is associated with the permeabilization of the bacterial membrane. The cytotoxic effect is due to the arrest of the cell cycle in the G1 phase and the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis. The introduction of the hexynyl group into the C5 position of the pyrimidine ring leads to increased antibacterial and cytotoxic activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The conducted studies allow us to consider the tested compounds as a promising basis for the creation of new effective antibacterial and сytotoxic agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145901738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Era of Therapeutics: Innovation in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.","authors":"Romi, Devkant Sharma, Anjali Sharma, Parul Gupta","doi":"10.2174/0127724344382299250818070846","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0127724344382299250818070846","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease with joint destruction and chronic inflammation symptoms. Conventional therapy focuses on the prevention of the progression of the disease and management of symptoms, rather than curing the disease. Emerging therapies have been developed to cure the disease, which combines conventional therapies with a novel drug delivery system. Novel therapies have better bioavailability, which is marked by reduced adverse reactions. In the following article, some of the emerging therapies focused on the notable advancement in the procurement of the RA include microRNA alteration, helper T-cell inhibition, drug repurposing, targeting sites for interleukins, and blocking of signaling pathways. Beyond pharmacological intervention, emerging therapies explore the modulation of the microbiome, epigenetic regulation, and the manipulation of immune tolerance mechanisms. These therapies offer hope for better disease control and potential advantages for future betterment.</p>","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":"27-43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145002177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nature's Remedy: A Comprehensive Review Exploring Herbal Treatments and Natural Approaches for Preventing Acne Vulgaris.","authors":"Muskan Shingari, Anjali Sharma, Vishnu Mittal","doi":"10.2174/0127724344345143250709035643","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0127724344345143250709035643","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Acne vulgaris is a prevailing inflammatory condition of the skin affecting areas with dense sebaceous glands, like the upper back, chest, face, and arms. It impacts approximately 85% of Americans aged 12 to 25, which can persist into adulthood. The condition is identified with pustules, comedones, papules, and nodules, comprising psychological and social effects comparable to chronic diseases like asthma.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study explores the potential of herbal treatments as alternatives to conventional allopathic therapies for acne vulgaris, aiming to address underlying causes with fewer side effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A comprehensive literature review was conducted, examining clinical studies, traditional medicinal sources, and recent research on various herbs, including Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Azadirachta indica (neem), Aloe barbadensis (aloe vera), Camellia sinensis (green tea), Salvia rosmarinus (rosemary), and Amaranthushypochondriacus Linn (amaranths). Both topical and internal applications were considered, with a focus on topical treatments for ease of use. The databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect were the main sources of the data and content included in this review article. This helped to preserve transparency and increased the credibility of this review article.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Herbal medicines are gaining traction due to their minimal adverse effects and holistic approach. This study highlights promising results from several herbs in reducing acne symptoms and improving skin health, emphasizing the need for further clinical trials to substantiate these findings.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Herbal therapies offer a viable alternative for managing acne vulgaris, potentially providing a holistic solution beyond symptomatic relief. Continued research is important to understand their effectiveness and mechanisms of action fully.</p>","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":"1-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144638796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational Investigation of Natural Substances as SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Inhibitors: A Virtual Screening Method.","authors":"Deepak K Lokwani, Sangita R Chavan, Shirish P Jain, Samiksha R Shengokar, Titiksh L Devale","doi":"10.2174/0127724344379865250709163918","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0127724344379865250709163918","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused the by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has had a profound impact on public health, overburdening healthcare systems, and disrupting global economies. Moreover, the absence of specific antiviral drugs remains a major challenge in COVID-19 treatment. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) is a crucial therapeutic target due to its essential role in viral replication. The objective of this study was to identify natural compounds with potential inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, which could be used alone or in combination with repositioned drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 224,205 natural compounds from the ZINC database were virtually screened against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro using a sequential molecular docking protocol with increasing levels of exhaustiveness. The top 88 compounds were further evaluated using MM-GBSA calculations to determine their binding free energies. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (100 ns) were conducted for the top four compounds to assess complex stability and ligand interactions. Structural stability and protein-ligand interactions were assessed using various statistical parameters. Post-MD binding free energy calculations were also performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four compounds, ZINC000085626103, ZINC000085625768, ZINC000085488571, and ZINC000085569275, were identified based on their docking scores (ranging from - 11.876 to -12.682 kcal/mol) and MM-GBSA binding energies (ranging from -50.11 to - 64.8 kcal/mol). All these compounds formed stable complexes with Mpro during MD simulations, with ZINC000085488571 exhibiting the lowest protein RMSD (0.15 ± 0.02 nm) and RMSF (0.10 ± 0.04 nm). These compounds interacted with key active site residues and maintained stable hydrogen bonding and compact structures throughout the simulation. Post-simulation binding free energy values ranged from -38.29 to -18.07 kcal/mol, further indicating strong and stable binding affinities.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The <i>in silico</i> screening results confirmed the strong binding affinity and structural stability of the selected natural compounds at the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro active site. The MD simulation results further highlighted consistent engagement with catalytically relevant residues, indicating their potential for inhibitory activity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study identifies four natural compounds with strong binding affinity and structural stability against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, supporting their candidacy for further investigation as potential antiviral agents for COVID-19 treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":"44-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144676809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preface.","authors":"Tianhong Dai","doi":"10.2174/0127724344467667251224040510","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0127724344467667251224040510","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":"iii"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146047478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using <i>Punica granatum</i> Leaf Extract: A Novel Approach to Combat Quinolone-Resistant Urinary Tract Infective Pathogens.","authors":"Md Abdullah Al Mashud, Md Moinuzzaman, Masuma Anzuman, Nasrin Islam Moon, Shovon Shaha, Md Helal Uddin, Rizone Al Hasib, Nilufa Akhter Banu, Ajoy Kumer, Mohammad Abu Hena Mostofa Jamal","doi":"10.2174/0127724344386982250826062715","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0127724344386982250826062715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Nanoparticles obtained through green synthesis play remarkable roles in biomedical applications. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a nightmare for the mass population, especially for women, and quinolone-resistant UTI bacteria worsen the situation. Our current investigation aimed to control quinolone-resistant pathogenic UTI bacteria with green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Visual observation of color change, UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), DLS (Dynamic Light Scattering), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) techniques were used to effectively characterize the biosynthesized AgNPs. <i>Klebsiella variicola, Pseudomonas</i> sp., and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> bacteria were isolated and identified using biochemical and molecular identification techniques from urine samples of hospitalized patients with UTI. These bacteria showed quinolone resistance to up to fourth-generation antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>The results elucidated the synthesis of spherical-shaped nanosilvers coated with Punica granatum polyphenols. These biosynthesized AgNPs showed moderate polydispersity and narrow distribution. The antibacterial efficiency of the AgNPs was determined against isolated bacterial strains. Klebsiella variicola and Staphylococcus epidermidis exhibited the highest sensitivity to the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles at a concentration of 128 μg/ml inhibited bacterial growth to a great extent and gave a maximum inhibition zone of 14.67 ± 0.577 mm in diameter for both bacterial strains. In addition, toxicity analysis of synthesized nanoparticles via brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) showed a very low cytotoxicity level (2398.83 μg/ml), depicting safety for human use.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We can conclude that <i>Punica granatum</i> leaf-synthesized AgNPs could possess significant biomedical applications as potential antibacterial agents due to their bactericidal activity and low cytotoxicity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":"59-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145066852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Panax Ginseng: A Comprehensive Review of Its Pharmacological Applications.","authors":"Shonim Sharma, Jatin Verma, Ankita Lakhanpal, Juhi Saxena, Ruchika Mehta, Pooja Mathur, Ritu","doi":"10.2174/0127724344376497251007045815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127724344376497251007045815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Panax ginseng has long been revered in traditional medicine for its various health benefits, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic potential. Panax ginseng is rich in bioactive compounds, primarily ginsenosides, as well as diverse metabolites, including flavonoids, terpenes, saponins, amino acids, and polysaccharides, which contribute to its therapeutic properties. Ginsenosides are categorized into dammarane and oleanane groups, with at least 289 ginsenosides identified across different Panax species. Moreover, the extraction method and solvent used significantly influence the composition and bioactivity of ginseng extracts, with ethanol and water extracts showing promising antioxidant and immunostimulatory effects. Clinical and preclinical studies have demonstrated Panax ginseng's efficacy in enhancing mental functioning and immune response, while also showing promise in protection from liver damage, osteoporosis, and hyperlipidemia. Additionally, Panax ginseng exhibits antimicrobial and antiviral activities, making it a valuable natural resource in combating infectious diseases. Ginsenosides exhibit anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting NF-κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine production, while also enhancing the function of immune cells. Furthermore, ginsenosides regulate lipid metabolism, promote glucose uptake, and modulate insulin sensitivity, contributing to their anti-diabetic properties. Additionally, Panax ginseng demonstrates anti-oncogenic activity by inducing programmed cell death, inhibiting angiogenesis, and suppressing tumor growth in various cancer types. Panax ginseng exhibits neuroprotective effects across various neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, multiple sclerosis, and major depressive disorder. Its mechanisms of action involve mitigating cell death, reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, modulating neurotransmitter levels, and regulating inflammatory responses. Importantly, Panax ginseng has low acute and subacute oral toxicity, further supporting its safety profile for human consumption. In conclusion, Panax ginseng emerges as a versatile herbal remedy with significant therapeutic implications across a wide range of health conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145410961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deciphering the Translational Strategies of Nanotechnology in Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Looking Ahead.","authors":"Devender, Ritu, Khushi Quadri, Laxmi Rani, Pooja Mathur","doi":"10.2174/0127724344379172251005210842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/0127724344379172251005210842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bacterial conjunctivitis is a common eye infection caused by bacteria, posing significant treatment challenges due to rising antibiotic resistance and the limitations of traditional therapies. Standard treatments, including topical antibiotics, often suffer from issues such as poor bioavailability, limited effectiveness, and patient adherence. Nanotechnology offers an innovative approach, providing potential solutions for more effective drug delivery, diagnostics, and therapeutic interventions. The objective of this study is to explore the role of nanotechnology in improving the management of bacterial conjunctivitis. Specifically, it examines how nanostructured drug carriers, such as nanoparticles, nanogels, and liposomes, can enhance ocular drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes. A key focus is on the influence of the hydrodynamic radius (Rh) in optimizing stability, solubility, and bioavailability. Nanotechnology has shown promise in improving the delivery of drugs for bacterial conjunctivitis by enhancing ocular penetration and prolonging the release of active agents. The hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of nanoparticles plays a critical role in stabilizing the colloidal structure of the formulation, preventing aggregation and sedimentation. Furthermore, optimizing Rh can increase the surface area-to-volume ratio, which is beneficial for improving the solubility of poorly soluble drugs, thereby enhancing their bioavailability. Nanotechnology- based systems can also enable the development of diagnostic tools, such as nanosensors, capable of quickly and accurately detecting bacterial pathogens, facilitating timely, targeted treatments and reducing unnecessary use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The precise control of nanoparticle Rh enhances drug stability, bioavailability, and sustained release, ultimately improving patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. The future of bacterial conjunctivitis treatment is promising, with further research focused on optimizing nanoparticle characteristics such as size, surface modification, and targeted drug delivery. However, challenges remain, particularly concerning the safety of nanoparticles, including potential risks to ocular tissues and long-term effects. Continued research, including in vitro and in vivo studies as well as clinical trials, is essential to establish the safety and clinical viability of these nanotechnology-based systems. With further advancements, nanotechnology could revolutionize treatment strategies for bacterial conjunctivitis, offering more targeted, patient-centered, and effective solutions for managing ocular infections and combating antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":74643,"journal":{"name":"Recent advances in anti-infective drug discovery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145357130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}