Personality disorders最新文献

{"title":"The criterion validity of general and antisocial personality disorder-specific criterion A in the alternative model of personality disorders: A scoping review and meta-analysis.","authors":"Nathan Akoka, Ashley L Dunne, Michael Trood, Michael Daffern","doi":"10.1037/per0000773","DOIUrl":"10.1037/per0000773","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The alternative model for personality disorders include two-dimensional criteria: self and interpersonal dysfunction (Criterion A) and maladaptive personality traits (Criterion B). Criterion A is appraised using the Levels of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS). Personality disorder-specific impairments are also described. This scoping review and meta-analysis evaluates the criterion validity of self-report and observer-rated LPFS measures, and two antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)-specific measures, in assessing Criterion A for ASPD, psychopathy, antisocial behavior, and aggression. Six databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, EMCare, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and PubMed) were searched for studies assessing Criterion A and ASPD, aggression, antisocial behavior, and/or psychopathy. Thirty-two studies were identified. Meta-analysis revealed strong pooled associations between self-report and clinician-rated LPFS measures and Section II ASPD. Effects with psychopathy for self-report LPFS measures were moderate and weak for clinician-rated LPFS. Weak to moderate pooled effects for LPFS with aggression and antisocial behavior were found. ASPD-specific impairments showed moderate associations with Section II ASPD and large associations for psychopathy. Overall, general and ASPD-specific measures demonstrated variable criterion validity with Section II ASPD and associated antisocial constructs. Caution is warranted when assessing Criterion A impairment for antisociality using a single measure in isolation. A clinician-led, multimethod approach that integrates general LPFS-based assessment with instruments specifically designed to capture antisocial features is likely to (a) enhance diagnostic accuracy and (b) improve the clinical utility of Criterion A assessment in informing violence risk formulation and management. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":"364-373"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147679357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Subjective Emptiness Scale in nonclinical and clinical samples.","authors":"Laura Di Leonardo, Antonella Lebruto, Antonino Carcione, Antonio Semerari, Gabriele Melli","doi":"10.1037/per0000772","DOIUrl":"10.1037/per0000772","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subjective emptiness is a state characterized by persistent feelings of unfulfillment and disconnection from the external world. Traditionally associated with borderline personality disorder, subjective emptiness is increasingly recognized as a transdiagnostic construct linked to adverse clinical outcomes and substantial psychosocial impairment. Despite its relevance, specific instruments for assessing this construct remain scarce. To address this gap, Price et al. (2022) developed the Subjective Emptiness Scale (SES), a five-item self-report measure designed to capture the core features of emptiness. Study 1 examined the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the SES in a nonclinical sample of 1,204 participants (71.3% female; <i>M</i>_age = 30.79, <i>SD</i> = 11.31). Study 2 aimed to replicate these findings in a clinical sample of 177 individuals diagnosed with personality disorders (56% female; <i>M</i>_age = 33.22, <i>SD</i> = 11.71). Results from both studies indicated that the Italian version of the SES demonstrated a stable unidimensional structure, full measurement invariance across sex, and good internal consistency across general and clinical populations. SES scores also exhibited the expected pattern of correlations with conceptually related constructs. However, its incremental validity beyond depressive symptoms appeared questionable, suggesting a substantial overlap between subjective emptiness and depression-related experiences. Accurate assessment of subjective emptiness may contribute to a more refined understanding of its role as a central psychological mechanism in personality pathology and inform the development of targeted interventions, ultimately improving treatment outcomes. Future research should clarify the conceptual and empirical boundaries between emptiness and depression to improve measurement precision. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":"329-339"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147944083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A mixed-methods investigation of feelings of inner emptiness in community young adults: Associations with identity and personality functioning, health risk behaviors, and (mal)adaptive coping strategies.","authors":"Annabel Bogaerts, Kristina Eggermont, Christopher J Hopwood","doi":"10.1037/per0000776","DOIUrl":"10.1037/per0000776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inner emptiness is a transdiagnostic experience linked to self-injurious and suicidal behaviors, yet its underlying structure and psychosocial correlates remain poorly understood, particularly in nonclinical young adults. This mixed-methods study examined the structure of emptiness and its associations with identity and personality functioning, health risk behaviors, and coping strategies in community young adults, a developmental period marked by identity and personality consolidation, and increased vulnerability to maladaptive behaviors. A total of 737 young adults (<i>M</i>_age = 21.70; 66.6% female) completed online self-report measures and wrote personal narratives about their experience of emptiness. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on the Subjective Emptiness Scale and the Multidimensional Sense of Emptiness Scale. Quantitative analyses assessed associations with psychosocial factors, and narrative data were thematically analyzed for subjective experiences of emptiness and coping strategies in response to emptiness. Factor analyses revealed a three-factor structure: Feelings of Inner Emptiness, Absence of Relatedness, and Meaninglessness. Narrative analysis supported this structure. Experiences of emptiness were often described in physical terms and varied in frequency, chronicity, and triggers. Feelings of Inner Emptiness were strongly associated with identity disturbances, personality dysfunction, and greater engagement in self-harm and disordered eating. Furthermore, emptiness was linked to greater use of externalizing and distancing coping strategies, alongside adaptive strategies such as seeking support. These findings offer a more nuanced understanding of emptiness beyond clinical populations and highlight its connections to self- and interpersonal dysfunction, engagement in internalizing health risk behaviors, and avoidance-focused coping strategies. Longitudinal research is needed to investigate temporal pathways. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":"305-318"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147944101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seven-year stability of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder symptom criteria in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder.","authors":"Yiqing Fan, Immanuela C Obisie-Orlu, Tarry Mkhize, Allison M Letkiewicz, Jane L Eisen, Steven A Rasmussen, Christina L Boisseau","doi":"10.1037/per0000768","DOIUrl":"10.1037/per0000768","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) commonly co-occurs with personality disorders, particularly obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Recent research suggests that personality disorders, especially OCPD, might not be as stable as once thought. The current study investigates the longitudinal stability of OCPD diagnosis and individual symptom criteria in individuals with OCD. Around 320 participants with a primary diagnosis of OCD were included in the study, with diagnostic assessments conducted annually for 7 years. Logistic mixed-effects models were conducted to examine the relationship between time and OCPD diagnosis ratings, as well as the relationship between time and each OCPD symptom criterion over 7 years. In individuals with OCD, time was a significant predictor of OCPD diagnosis which indicated diagnostic instability, with the likelihood of OCPD diagnosis decreasing over time. Three individual criteria (detail-oriented, inflexible, overconscientious, and scrupulous, and miserly spending style) were shown to be stable while the other five (perfectionism, reluctance to delegate, rigidity and stubbornness, excessive work devotion, and inability to discard) were unstable. OCPD diagnosis ratings generally remained stable with some decrease over time in individuals with OCD and consist of a mix of enduring and episodic symptom criteria. It suggests the need for a refinement of OCPD diagnostic criteria and future research on symptom stability of OCPD across different diagnostic groups. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":"374-383"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13108514/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147791550","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Good enough assessment: A comparison of brief screener and detailed interview assessments of borderline personality disorder symptoms in a clinical research setting.","authors":"Laura Furtado Fernandes, Margaret Taylor Davis, Wenjing Luo, Thea Marika McAfee, Katherine Greenlee Jones, Gabriel Chandler, Sarah K Fineberg","doi":"10.1037/per0000771","DOIUrl":"10.1037/per0000771","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Structured clinical interviews are the gold standard for identifying borderline personality disorder (BPD) in research. No self-report instrument has been validated as a replacement tool for BPD diagnosis. However, clinical interviews can be time and cost-intensive, limiting their utility as appropriate screening tools. Also, data are lacking regarding the level of training and education interviewers need to use BPD screening instruments effectively. The goal of this project was to clarify best practices for brief screening interviews to identify potential research participants with BPD. We analyzed data from research participants (<i>N</i> = 366) who completed both a brief phone screen and clinical interview assessments of BPD symptom experience. A subset (<i>n</i> = 120) also completed BPD-focused self-report questionnaires. Agreement between the full-length interview and the brief phone screen assessment was moderate (Cohen's κ = .63), and phone screens were more sensitive than specific (sensitivity = .92, specificity = .73). Fitting a logistic regression model to observations did not increase specificity without lowering sensitivity. Using a decision tree to shorten the phone screen process did not increase misclassifications, remained ∼18%; χ²(1) = 0.13, <i>p</i> = .72. Self-report instruments were not highly correlated with clinical interview scores and were more specific than sensitive, suggesting they are poor screening tools (<i>r</i> values .1-.28). Finally, screener education level did not predict agreement between assessments. Our findings suggest that full-length clinical interview assessments remain necessary for accurate identification of BPD in research contexts. However, phone screens, even if shortened and conducted by nonclinically trained personnel, can serve as a reliable first step in the screening process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":"340-350"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13178104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147944074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"\"I feel like so much more of myself\": The experience of modifying appearance in borderline personality disorder.","authors":"Katherine G Jones, Tatiana Allan, Laura Furtado Fernandes, Sophia Zhang, Nyla Conaway, Ada Umeugo, Sara Rose Masland, Sharon Nelson, Sarah K Fineberg","doi":"10.1037/per0000765","DOIUrl":"10.1037/per0000765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Body modifications such as tattoos and piercings have known identity-affirming functions. Despite this, as a subject of psychological research, they are mainly studied in relation to self-injurious behavior. Given the frequency of both self-damaging behavior and unstable identity in borderline personality disorder (BPD), and informed by a sample of 17 pilot interviews, we hypothesized that for people with BPD, body modifications provide relief from internal and aversive identity-related concerns. The present study takes a qualitative approach to examine body modification and related emotional and intrapersonal experiences in BPD. Participants with BPD (<i>N</i> = 47) participated in a semistructured interview targeting appearance-modification experiences. Rapid qualitative analysis methods were used to sort interview content into five domains of interest: physical sensations, affect regulation, sense of self, emptiness and identity disturbance, and impulsivity. Participants described a wide range of body modifications and associated experiences. Results substantiated the potential for appearance modifications to positively impact sense of self in BPD-mitigating identity disturbance and emptiness-and revealed complex emotional consequences when these modifications do not \"work.\" The results also challenge inferred causal relationships between nonsuicidal self-injury history and appearance modification: Although participants reported sensory similarities between the behaviors, appearance modifications carried specific positive connotations and consequences that nonsuicidal self-injury did not. This study reveals a complex and nuanced picture of appearance modification in BPD, with particular implications for identity affirmation and mood induction. The results identify common themes across highly variable and personal narratives, opening a window into BPD lived experience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":"319-328"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13249013/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148201398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychometrics of the Personality Inventory for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to measure the international classification of diseases trait model: A meta-analysis.","authors":"Saeid Komasi, André Kerber, Carla Sharp","doi":"10.1037/per0000779","DOIUrl":"10.1037/per0000779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although the Personality Inventory for <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i> (5th ed.; PID-5) was initially designed to assess the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i> (5th ed.) trait model, a modified scoring algorithm was developed to evaluate the <i>International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems</i> (11th ed.; <i>ICD-11</i>) trait model constructs. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the internal (structural and discriminant types) and external (convergent and criterion types) validity of the PID-5 to measure the <i>ICD-11</i> trait model constructs (the PID <i>ICD</i> scale). Systematic searches in PubMed, Scopus, PsycNET, and Google Scholar were used to screen all articles published between January 2013 and October 2024. Given the high heterogeneity in the results of the included studies, the random-effects method was used for all pooled estimates. Ten medium to high-quality reports consisting of 12,840 people (2,551 psychiatric patients and 10,289 nonpatients) were entered into the meta-analysis. The pooled estimates supported the five-factor structure with good model fit indices (root-mean-square error of approximation = .06, comparative fit index = .97, Tucker-Lewis index = .93, standardized root-mean-square residual = .02). Alpha coefficients were between .86 and .93 for all factors (<i>Mdn</i> = 0.89) and the factor intercorrelations were between .11 and .49. The expected correlations were found between the factors and symptoms of 10 personality disorders (all between -.07 and .62). The mean scores of all factors were significantly higher in the clinical than nonclinical sample (<i>d</i> between 0.68 and 1.37) and the Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve values were significant (all between .65 and .83). We tentatively suggest that the PID <i>ICD</i> may function as an applicable questionnaire with generally acceptable internal and external validity, while noting that the Anankastia scale-particularly the perseveration subfacet-warrants extra caution in interpretation due to its poor convergence with regular <i>ICD</i> scales. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":"351-363"},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148280322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disentangling paranoia and social anxiety: Overlap and differentiation in daily life.","authors":"Yunlai Gui, Leslie E Horton, Alysia M Berglund, Laura M Hernández, Molly A Walsh, Paul J Silvia, Neus Barrantes-Vidal, Thomas R Kwapil","doi":"10.1037/per0000781","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Paranoia, the unfounded belief and mistrust about other people's intentions as threatening, and social anxiety, the intense worry and fear regarding social interactions, share a number of phenomenological features. Furthermore, both can be conceptualized as traits ranging from mild or subclinical to severe clinical expressions. However, few studies have examined how these trait-level vulnerabilities differentially map onto individuals' daily experiences. The present study used experience sampling methodology to disentangle the overlap and differentiation of trait-level social anxiety and paranoia in daily life. A total of 238 young adults were prompted 8 times daily for 1 week to complete experience sampling methodology questionnaires that assessed affect, cognitive appraisals, suspicious thoughts, activities, and social behaviors. As hypothesized, paranoia and social anxiety were both independently associated with negative affect and negative self- and other-related appraisals. However, after controlling for shared variance, only paranoia was uniquely associated with anger, intense feelings, and threat-related suspicious thoughts, whereas only social anxiety was uniquely associated with feeling not cared for, preference to be alone while with others, and among participants who were alone, interpreting being alone as due to others' dislike. Cross-level interactions further showed that only social anxiety exacerbated the inverse association between momentary reports of feeling close to others and the preference to be alone. Overall, these findings suggest that although paranoia and social anxiety are closely intertwined in daily life, they may reflect partially distinct interpersonal processing: paranoia involving heightened threat detection and suspiciousness, and social anxiety involving heightened sensitivity to rejection and unease. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148802203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the relationship between sleep disturbance and ICD-11 personality disorder in a community sample.","authors":"Martin Sellbom, Sean P A Drummond","doi":"10.1037/per0000784","DOIUrl":"10.1037/per0000784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a substantial literature on the associations between personality disorder (PD) and sleep dysfunction, but the majority of studies have focused on borderline PD. Studies that have taken a broader perspective have indicated that associations between PD and sleep problems are diffuse. The current study examined associations between the <i>International Classification of Diseases</i>, 11th revision <i>(ICD-11</i>) PD (severity and traits) with a diverse set of sleep problems as well as the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and executive functioning in explaining the overlap between PD and sleep dysfunction. Participants were 503 individuals with mental health histories recruited via Prolific Academic from six English-speaking countries and completed a battery of self-report questionnaires targeting the constructs of interest. The results show that <i>ICD-11</i> PD severity and negative affectivity were both distinctly associated with insomnia severity and presleep arousal. To a lesser degree, disinhibition was primarily associated with an eveningness chronotype and daytime sleepiness. Although both ACEs and executive dysfunction explained the overlap of the PD constructs with insomnia severity and presleep arousal, the latter was associated with a much larger effect size. The findings indicate that a dimensional PD model such as the one included in <i>ICD-11</i> can be useful in elucidating how PD is related to sleep problems, and this overlap should also signal to clinicians to assess for and intervene with sleep problems in clients with PDs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148802392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two operationalizations of a single construct: Overlap between borderline personality disorder and the level of personality functioning.","authors":"Rachael C Martin, Awal Kuer, Martin Sellbom","doi":"10.1037/per0000780","DOIUrl":"10.1037/per0000780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Scholarly debate continues regarding whether borderline personality disorder (BPD) represents a distinct categorical disorder or primarily reflects elevated levels of personality functioning (LPFs) as conceptualized in the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i>, fifth ed., Alternative Model of Personality Disorders. The present study examined the overlap between measures of LPF and BPD by analyzing archival data from 289 adults receiving community-based mental health treatment. Participants completed both clinician-rated and self-report measures assessing BPD symptoms, LPF, and relevant psychopathology and personality constructs. Results indicated substantial overlap between measures of BPD and LPF, with confirmatory factor analyses and bifactor modeling supporting a dominant general factor that accounted for most shared variance between the 2 constructs. Concurrently, BPD retained modest yet consistent unique variance, primarily associated with externalizing domains. Together, these findings indicate that BPD largely reflects LPF with some stylistic features remaining unique that are likely artifacts of the behavioral focus of BPD in the <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,</i> fifth ed. This observation suggests that resources currently directed toward BPD-specific frameworks may be more effectively invested in dimensional models targeting general personality impairment, with benefits extending across broader personality pathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).</p>","PeriodicalId":74420,"journal":{"name":"Personality disorders","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":4.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}