Parasites, hosts and diseases最新文献

{"title":"Molecular detection of Coxiella burnetii and a Coxiellaceae bacterium in Hyalomma asiaticum and Dermacentor nuttalli ticks collected in Mongolia.","authors":"Choon-Mee Kim, Tungalag Kh, Merlin Jayalal Lp, You Mi Lee, Ganbold D, Natsagdorj B, Battsetseg J, Tsogbadrakh N, Na Ra Yun, Dong-Min Kim","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is a zoonotic pathogen for which epidemiological data are limited in Mongolia. This study investigated the presence of C. burnetii in ticks collected across Mongolia from forest, pasture, and livestock-associated environments. A total of 7,511 ticks were collected from 42 Soums across 12 provinces and 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar between May and June 2018. Molecular detection of Coxiella-related organisms was performed using 46 DNA samples, comprising 28 individual-tick samples and 18 pooled-tick samples representing 489 ticks, by nested PCR targeting IS1111 and the 16S rRNA gene. Twenty DNA samples (2 individual ticks and 18 pools) were PCR-positive. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that 9 Hyalomma asiaticum tick pools contained 16S rRNA sequences of C. burnetii, whereas 11 Dermacentor nuttalli samples (2 individual ticks and 9 pools) contained 16S rRNA sequences of a Coxiellaceae bacterium. Two individual D. nuttalli ticks yielded IS1111 sequences closely related to C. burnetii, whereas the corresponding 16S rRNA sequences clustered with a Coxiellaceae bacterium, highlighting discordance between the 2 molecular targets. The C. burnetii sequences detected in H. asiaticum were closely related to clade A strains reported from the United States, Japan, Greenland, and Korea, whereas sequences detected in D. nuttalli clustered with Coxiella endosymbiont sequences. This study provides molecular evidence for the presence of C. burnetii in H. asiaticum tick pools in Mongolia and demonstrates that Mongolian ticks harbor genetically diverse Coxiella-related bacteria, highlighting the need for further investigation of their epidemiological significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149345037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxoplasma gondii GRA16-induced apoptosis in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells is linked to coordinated p53 and PP2A-B55 signaling.","authors":"Seung-Hwan Seo, Ji-Eun Lee, Sang-Hyeon Ahn, Eun-Ji Cho, Eun-Hee Shin","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Colorectal cancer (CRC) with KRAS mutations represents a clinically challenging subgroup with variable treatment responses. Among these tumors, codon 12 mutations are associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance, while KRASG12D-mutant CRCs lack effective mutation-specific therapeutic options. Toxoplasma gondii dense granule protein 16 (GRA16) is a parasite-derived host-modulating effector that modulates phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/p53, protein phosphatase 2A-B55 (PP2A-B55)-associated signaling, and cancer-associated metabolic pathways. We evaluated the anticancer effects of GRA16 in KRASG12D-mutant LS174T cells using KRASG13D-mutant HCT116 cells as a comparative TP53-wild-type CRC model. Stable GRA16-expressing cells were generated by lentiviral transduction and assessed for proliferation, cell death-associated responses, DNA damage/apoptosis-related protein markers, key signaling proteins, and targeted transcriptional changes. GRA16 inhibited proliferation and increased cell death-associated populations in both cell lines, accompanied by elevated γ-H2A.X, cleaved PARP, and cleaved caspase-3 levels. In HCT116 cells, GRA16 increased PTEN, p53, and PP2A-B55 protein levels and reduced total AKT and Survivin proteins, together with BAX induction and suppression of cell-cycle/checkpoint-, epithelial mesenchymal transition/motility-, and glycolysis-associated transcripts. In LS174T cells, GRA16 increased PP2A-B55 and reduced Survivin protein levels, whereas PTEN protein was unchanged, p53 was reduced, and total AKT was increased. These changes were accompanied by limited p53/BAX-associated transcriptional engagement, glycolytic attenuation, shared cell-cycle/checkpoint-associated gene suppression, and stress-adaptive remodeling. These findings suggest that GRA16 induces cell line-dependent anticancer-associated responses in KRAS-mutant CRC cells, with a prominent PTEN/p53-associated response in HCT116 cells and preserved PP2A-B55 induction and Survivin suppression in LS174T cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149345038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular diagnosis of a case of Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis infection in Suzu City, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.","authors":"Kohei Kawabata, Rin Shimosaki, Ryosuke Ikku, Hiroaki Saito, Kanpei Mizuhara, Akihiro Dejima, Kota Mochizuki, Manabu Murakami","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this study, we intended to report a case of Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis infection diagnosed in Suzu City, Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan. A 23-year-old man from Aichi Prefecture moved to Suzu City, one of the most severely destroyed areas by the 2024 Noto Peninsula earthquake, to engage in reconstructive works. He visited the internal medicine department of Suzu General Hospital by the passage of long slender worm in his stool. Numerous operculated helminth eggs were detected from his stool samples, and a tapeworm strobila with the scolex was found after the treatment of praziquantel (10 mg/kg). Magnesium citrate was administered before and after praziquantel treatment, and stool samples were collected from the patient. The expelled tapeworm measured approximately 1.7 m in length. Morphological examination revealed a relatively small scolex with 2 suckling grooves, suggesting an immature adult specimen. Phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA and cox1 genes identified the parasite as Dibothriocephalus nihonkaiensis. This case highlights the importance of integrating morphological and molecular approaches for accurate species identification in cases with complex epidemiological backgrounds.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149278431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cdc2-related kinases and cyclin partners as regulators of the Trypanosoma brucei cell cycle: Current evidence and unresolved questions.","authors":"Eun Hye Lee, Hankyu Kim, Jin-Hee Han, Danbi Lee, Kyu Joon Lee","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trypanosoma brucei, the protozoan parasite responsible for African trypanosomiasis, undergoes a divergent cell cycle characterized by closed mitosis, inheritance of single-copy organelles such as the kinetoplast, basal body, and flagellum, and anterior-to-posterior longitudinal cytokinesis. Cdc2-related kinases (CRKs) and cyclin-like proteins have emerged as key regulators of these processes; however, most CRK- cyclin modules remain incompletely defined in terms of their in vivo composition, substrate specificity, and physiological function. In this review, we summarize current evidence for the roles of T. brucei CRKs in parasite cell-cycle control, focusing on CRK1-associated PHO80-like cyclins in G1/S progression, the CRK2-CYC13 complex in S-phase DNA replication, CRK3-associated complexes in mitosis, and additional modules including CRK9-CYC12 in spliced-leader trans-splicing and CRK12-CYC9 with endocytic and cytokinesis-related phenotypes. By comparing evidence across these modules, we highlight the gap between phenotypic assignment and mechanistic validation, and emphasize the need to define functional CRK-cyclin-substrate axes in vivo. Resolving these gaps will provide important insights into parasite-specific cell-cycle control and support the evaluation of CRKs as parasite-selective therapeutic targets.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149169216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wound myiasis caused by Lucilia spp. (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in a dog and a cat in Korea.","authors":"Subin Lee, Joohyung Kim, Kihwan Yang, Seongjun Choe, Seung-Hun Lee","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study presents 2 cases of wound myiasis in a dog and a cat involving morphological and molecular identification in Korea. A 7-year-old male Jindo mix dog, Canis familiaris, was admitted to a veterinary clinic in Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, in July 2024. The bite wound near the right rib was infected with maggots. We carefully removed the 5 maggots using forceps. The wound healed without any subsequent complications. A Korean Shorthair stray cat, Felis catus, was brought to the same clinic in October 2024 after being hit by a car. The maggot-infected wounds were found in the anus and perianal regions. We removed all 10 maggots from the wounds. After treatment, no living maggots were observed; however, the cat was euthanized due to trauma-related complications. The maggots from the dog and the cat were third instars with 12 body segments and posterior spiracles containing 3 distinct slits. Compared with the dog-derived larvae, the cat-derived larvae had a more dorsally positioned posterior process of the mouth hook, reduced dorsal papillae distances, and distinctly sclerotized ventral cornua. Complete cox1 gene analysis confirmed the dog- and cat-derived larvae as Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) and Lucilia illustris (Meigen, 1826), respectively, whereas 18S rRNA gene analysis showed limited species-level resolution. In the present study, wound myiasis caused by L. sericata and L. illustris is described in a dog and a cat in Korea based on morphological and molecular findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149129436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidental intestinal parasitic infections detected during colonoscopy: A case series of hookworm in a Cambodian immigrant and whipworm in Korean patients.","authors":"Junghwan Na, Kwang Woo Kim, Bokyung Kim, Jee Hyun Kim, Hyoun Woo Kang, Ji Won Kim, Jin Sun Choi, Seung Chul Heo, Rumi Shin","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal helminth infections have become uncommon in Korea but still occur sporadically, either as residual native infections or as imported infections among immigrants. We retrospectively reviewed 4 cases of intestinal helminth infections incidentally identified during colonoscopy at a single academic hospital between January 2019 and March 2026. One Cambodian immigrant had hookworm infection (species-level differentiation between Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus was not possible). Of the 3 Korean patients, 2 had histopathologically confirmed Trichuris trichiura infection, and in 1, T. trichiura infection was suspected endoscopically, but the retrieved organism was not submitted for histopathologic examination. All patients were asymptomatic or had only nonspecific symptoms, and none showed peripheral eosinophilia. Colonoscopy allowed direct visualization and removal of each organism, demonstrating mucosal embedding in T. trichiura infection and firm mucosal attachment of the hookworm in the rectum. Three patients received a single 400-mg oral dose of albendazole; the case without histopathologic confirmation was managed without anthelmintic therapy. Recognition of characteristic endoscopic morphology can guide diagnosis even when histopathologic confirmation is unavailable, and management should be individualized according to diagnostic certainty and clinical context.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149119798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zoonotic and prey-derived protozoa in Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) and other wild canids: Implications for public health in the eastern Tibetan Plateau.","authors":"Xueying Deng, Chuizhao Xue, Qilu Chen, Qingqiu Zuo, Mengqing Li, Xiaoxue Peng, Peng Li, Xu Wang","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Enteric protozoan infections-cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, microsporidiosis, and coccidiosis-constitute a significant global burden on human and animal health. Yet comprehensive parasitological surveys of wildlife in the eastern Tibetan Plateau, where anthropogenic, livestock, and wildlife activities extensively intersect, remain deficient. We collected 359 fecal specimens from wild carnivores across 98 random quadrats and employed molecular techniques for host identification and protozoan screening. Seven carnivore species were identified, with Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata) predominating. Intestinal protozoa were exclusively recovered from Vulpes species, yielding a prevalence of 19.37% (68/351; 95% CI, 15.24%-23.51%). Eimeria falciformis (7.41%, 26/351) and Eimeria banffensis (7.12%, 25/351) were the most frequently detected, followed by Enterocytozoon bieneusi (3.70%, 13/351). Cryptosporidium was confirmed in one V. ferrilata, and Giardia intestinalis in 2 samples (V. ferrilata and Vulpes vulpes). This investigation furnishes the first molecular evidence that wild carnivores, especially V. ferrilata, harbor zoonotic protozoa including G. intestinalis assemblage AII and E. bieneusi genotypes PigEBITS5 and a D-like variant. The concurrent detection of Cryptosporidium yak genotype and E. bieneusi subgroup 1i in foxes, pikas, yaks, and sheep implies potential interspecies transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface. These findings fill knowledge gaps in regional parasite diversity and emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance of wildlife-borne protozoa under a One Health framework, thereby providing scientific evidence for zoonotic risk assessment and public health planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149018991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Malaria in Menoreh Hills, Indonesia: an eco-epidemiological perspective on persistence of malaria transmission.","authors":"Nabila Gusvie Qanita, Derico Hitipeuw, Raisha Nuranindita, Edo Yungki Saputra, Elmira Putri Ramadani, Farhani Aulia Putri, Divendra Anugrah Pratama, Hojong Jun, Bo-Young Jeon, Ni Kadek Dita Cahyani, Jin-Hee Han, Fauzi Muh","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Persistent malaria transmission remains a considerable challenge in Indonesia despite national elimination efforts, with the Menoreh Hills representing a residual transmission hotspot characterized by ecological and socio-behavioral complexity. This highland region, spanning the boundaries of the Kulon Progo, Purworejo, and Magelang districts presents a complex eco-epidemiological setting in which malaria transmission persists despite substantial reductions in incidence. Spatial analyses consistently reveal micro-foci and cross-district clusters, underscoring the structural and ecological interconnectedness of the Menoreh Hills, including Anopheles mosquito habitats. Anopheles mosquitoes exhibit ecological adaptability and behavioral plasticity that may contribute to residual transmission. This region features a heterogeneous landscape of secondary forests, agricultural lands, and rural settlements that foster diverse vector species and habitats, occupational exposure, and sustained human-vector contact associated with Plasmodium transmission. Hypnozoite-mediated relapse in P. vivax, prolonged gametocyte carriage in P. falciparum, and asymptomatic or submicroscopic infections may contribute to residual transmission. Surveillance is complicated by fragmented governance, variable funding, high human mobility across district borders, and logistical constraints imposed by rugged topography. This review emphasizes the necessity of strengthening integrated malaria surveillance systems that combine entomological, serological, genomic, and spatial data to enable early detection and targeted interventions. Cross-sectoral collaboration, community engagement, and adaptive, location-specific strategies addressing socio-ecological determinants alongside biological and environmental drivers are essential to interrupt persistent transmission in complex residual foci such as the Menoreh Hills.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149018940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid detection of viable Acanthamoeba spp. trophozoites and cysts in water treatment processes using propidium monoazide coupled with real-time PCR.","authors":"Eun-Sook Lee, Ji-Yeon Lee, Young-Ae Baek, Seok-Ju Cho","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acanthamoeba spp. are known to cause human diseases such as granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and keratitis. These protozoa can persist in aquatic environments for extended periods and exhibit resistance to disinfectants used in water treatment, posing a significant threat to public health. Traditional culture and molecular methods have limitations in the rapid detection of viable Acanthamoeba in water. Therefore, we optimized real-time PCR (qPCR) combined with propidium monoazide (PMA) and evaluated the applicability of PMA-qPCR for the rapid detection of viable Acanthamoeba throughout the tap water production process. Using a PMA concentration of 50 µM, we successfully differentiated viable from non-viable cells and selected a 180-bp fragment of the 18S rRNA gene to enhance qPCR efficiency while minimizing amplification from non-viable cells. Application of PMA-qPCR to samples collected from each stage of the water treatment process, from raw water to purified water, enabled the detection of viable Acanthamoeba in samples with turbidity levels between 0.03 and 13.7 nephelometric turbidity units. These results demonstrate that PMA-qPCR is a suitable tool for monitoring pathogenic Acanthamoeba in drinking water supplies and enabling prompt responses to potential waterborne contamination events.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149018929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular and pathological characterization of a Dirofilaria sp. infection in a little egret (Egretta garzetta).","authors":"Eunjeong Go, You-Jeong Lee, Da-Ye Nam, Beoul Kim, Hyo-Min Woo, Min-Goo Seo, Dayoung Choi, Jae-Hoon Kim, Jinho Jang, YoungMin Yun, Ji-Youl Jung","doi":"10.3347/PHD.26030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3347/PHD.26030","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dirofilaria spp. are mosquito-borne filarial nematodes that primarily infect mammals. Here, we describe a filarial nematode infection in a female little egret (Egretta garzetta) from Jeju, Korea. Necropsy revealed multiple slender nematodes (4-6 cm) in the subcutaneous tissues of both legs. Histopathological examination demonstrated granulomatous inflammation with intralesional parasites. Morphologically, the nematodes exhibited a thick multilayered cuticle with prominent longitudinal ridges, consistent with members of the genus Dirofilaria. Molecular analysis based on 18S rRNA and mitochondrial c oxidase subunit I (cox1) gene sequences indicated that the parasite was most closely related to D. repens; however, the level of sequence divergence precluded definitive species-level identification. Phylogenetic analysis further demonstrated that the isolates clustered within the Dirofilaria clade and were clearly separated from avian-associated filarioid nematodes. This study provides molecular and histopathological evidence of a Dirofilaria sp. infection in an avian host and supports incidental infection under natural exposure conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":74397,"journal":{"name":"Parasites, hosts and diseases","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148972744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}