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Protease inhibitor plasma concentrations associate with COVID-19 infection. 蛋白酶抑制剂血浆浓度与新冠肺炎感染相关。
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-07-07 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab014
Nicholas R Medjeral-Thomas, Anne Troldborg, Annette G Hansen, Rasmus Pihl, Candice L Clarke, James E Peters, David C Thomas, Michelle Willicombe, Yaseelan Palarasah, Marina Botto, Matthew C Pickering, Steffen Thiel
{"title":"Protease inhibitor plasma concentrations associate with COVID-19 infection.","authors":"Nicholas R Medjeral-Thomas, Anne Troldborg, Annette G Hansen, Rasmus Pihl, Candice L Clarke, James E Peters, David C Thomas, Michelle Willicombe, Yaseelan Palarasah, Marina Botto, Matthew C Pickering, Steffen Thiel","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab014","DOIUrl":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Protease inhibitors influence a range of innate immunity and inflammatory pathways. We quantified plasma concentrations of key anti-inflammatory protease inhibitors in chronic haemodialysis patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The samples were collected early in the disease course to determine whether plasma protease inhibitor levels associated with the presence and severity of COVID-19. We used antibody-based immunoassays to measure plasma concentrations of C1 esterase inhibitor, alpha2-macroglobulin, antithrombin and inter-alpha-inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) in 100 serial samples from 27 haemodialysis patients with COVID-19. ITIH4 was tested in two assays, one measuring intact ITIH4 and another also detecting any fragmented ITIH4 (total ITIH4). Control cohorts were 32 haemodialysis patients without COVID-19 and 32 healthy controls. We compared protease inhibitor concentration based on current and future COVID-19 severity and with C-reactive protein. Results were adjusted for repeated measures and multiple comparisons. Analysis of all available samples demonstrated lower plasma C1 esterase inhibitor and α2M and higher total ITIH4 in COVID-19 compared with dialysis controls. These differences were also seen in the first sample collected after COVID-19 diagnosis, a median of 4 days from diagnostic swab. Plasma ITIH4 levels were higher in severe than the non-severe COVID-19. Serum C-reactive protein correlated positively with plasma levels of antithrombin, intact ITIH4 and total ITIH4. In conclusion, plasma protease inhibitor concentrations are altered in COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"iqab014"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8371939/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9150082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Lymphoid stromal cells-more than just a highway to humoral immunity. 淋巴基质细胞——不仅仅是通往体液免疫的高速公路。
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-05-24 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab011
Isabella Cinti, Alice E Denton
{"title":"Lymphoid stromal cells-more than just a highway to humoral immunity.","authors":"Isabella Cinti, Alice E Denton","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The generation of high-affinity long-lived antibody responses is dependent on the differentiation of plasma cells and memory B cells, which are themselves the product of the germinal centre (GC) response. The GC forms in secondary lymphoid organs in response to antigenic stimulation and is dependent on the coordinated interactions between many types of leucocytes. These leucocytes are brought together on an interconnected network of specialized lymphoid stromal cells, which provide physical and chemical guidance to immune cells that are essential for the GC response. In this review we will highlight recent advancements in lymphoid stromal cell immunobiology and their role in regulating the GC, and discuss the contribution of lymphoid stromal cells to age-associated immunosenescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"iqab011"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9914513/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9546950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Overview of approved and upcoming vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: a living review. 已批准和即将推出的严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型疫苗概述：活的综述。
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-05-22 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab010
Jennifer Alderson, Vicky Batchelor, Miriam O'Hanlon, Liliana Cifuentes, Felix Clemens Richter, Jakub Kopycinski
{"title":"Overview of approved and upcoming vaccines for SARS-CoV-2: a living review.","authors":"Jennifer Alderson, Vicky Batchelor, Miriam O'Hanlon, Liliana Cifuentes, Felix Clemens Richter, Jakub Kopycinski","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab010","DOIUrl":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rapid design and implementation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is testament to a successfully coordinated global research effort. While employing a variety of different technologies, some of which have been used for the first time, all approved vaccines demonstrate high levels of efficacy with excellent safety profiles. Despite this, there remains an urgent global demand for coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines that require further candidates to pass phase 3 clinical trials. In the expectation of SARS-CoV-2 becoming endemic, researchers are looking to adjust the vaccine constructs to tackle emerging variants. In this review, we outline different platforms used for approved vaccines and summarize latest research data with regards to immunogenicity, dosing regimens and efficiency against emerging variants.</p>","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"iqab010"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8194545/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9320523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The emerging role of group 3 innate lymphoid cells in the neonate: interaction with the maternal and neonatal microbiome. 第3组先天淋巴样细胞在新生儿中的新作用:与母体和新生儿微生物组的相互作用。
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-05-12 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab009
Julie Mirpuri
{"title":"The emerging role of group 3 innate lymphoid cells in the neonate: interaction with the maternal and neonatal microbiome.","authors":"Julie Mirpuri","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfimm/iqab009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical for host defense and are notably important in the context of the newborn when adaptive immunity is immature. There is an increasing evidence that development and function of group 3 ILCs (ILC3) can be modulated by the maternal and neonatal microbiome and is involved in neonatal disease pathogenesis. In this review, we explore the evidence that supports a critical role for ILC3 in resistance to infection and disease pathogenesis in the newborn, with a focus on microbial factors that modulate ILC3 function. We then briefly explore opportunities for research that are focused on the fetus and newborn.</p>","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":" ","pages":"iqab009"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1093/oxfimm/iqab009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39252481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 5
Vaccine responses in ageing and chronic viral infection. 老龄化和慢性病毒感染中的疫苗反应。
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-04-19 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab007
Chloe Rees-Spear, Laura E McCoy
{"title":"Vaccine responses in ageing and chronic viral infection.","authors":"Chloe Rees-Spear, Laura E McCoy","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the last few decades, changing population demographics have shown that there are a growing number of individuals living past the age of 60. With this expanding older population comes an increase in individuals that are more susceptible to chronic illness and disease. An important part of maintaining health in this population is through prophylactic vaccination, however, there is growing evidence that vaccines may be less effective in the elderly. Furthermore, with the success of anti-viral therapies, chronic infections such as HIV are becoming increasingly prevalent in older populations and present a relatively unstudied population with respect to the efficacy of vaccination. Here we will examine the evidence for age-associated reduction in antibody and cellular responsiveness to a variety of common vaccines and investigate the underlying causes attributed to this phenomenon, such as inflammation and senescence. We will also discuss the impact of chronic viral infections on immune responses in both young and elderly patients, particularly those living with HIV, and how this affects vaccinations in these populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"iqab007"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9914503/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9665603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The role of pseudotype neutralization assays in understanding SARS CoV-2. 伪型中和试验在了解SARS - CoV-2中的作用。
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-03-13 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab005
Diego Cantoni, Martin Mayora-Neto, Nigel Temperton
{"title":"The role of pseudotype neutralization assays in understanding SARS CoV-2.","authors":"Diego Cantoni, Martin Mayora-Neto, Nigel Temperton","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"iqab005"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928640/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10761299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2: kinetic and quantitative aspects and the case for their protective role. t细胞对SARS-CoV-2的反应:动力学和定量方面及其保护作用的案例
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-02-23 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab006
Antonio Bertoletti, Anthony T Tan, Nina Le Bert
{"title":"The T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2: kinetic and quantitative aspects and the case for their protective role.","authors":"Antonio Bertoletti, Anthony T Tan, Nina Le Bert","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19), triggers an adaptive immunity in the infected host that results in the production of virus-specific antibodies and T cells. Although kinetic and quantitative aspects of antibodies have been analyzed in large patient cohorts, similar information about SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells are scarce. We summarize the available knowledge of quantitative and temporal features of the SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response in this review. Currently, most of the data are derived only from the analysis of the circulatory compartment. Despite this limitation, early appearance, multi-specificity and functionality of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells are associated with accelerated viral clearance and with protection from severe COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":" ","pages":"iqab006"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928654/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45549173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What can neuroimmunology teach us about the symptoms of long-COVID? 关于长期新冠肺炎的症状，神经免疫学能教会我们什么？
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-02-10 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab004
Valeria Mondelli, Carmine M Pariante
{"title":"What can neuroimmunology teach us about the symptoms of long-COVID?","authors":"Valeria Mondelli, Carmine M Pariante","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Long-Coronavirus Disease (Long-COVID) is becoming increasingly recognized due to the persistence of symptoms such as profound fatigue, neurocognitive difficulties, muscle pains and weaknesses and depression, which would last beyond 3-12 weeks following infection with SARS-CoV-2. These particular symptoms have been extensively observed and studied in the context of previous psychoneuroimmunology research. In this short commentary, we discuss how previous neuroimmunology studies could help us to better understand pathways behind the development of these prolonged symptoms. Various mechanisms, including viral neuroinvasion, glial cells activation, neurogenesis, oxidative stress have been shown to explain these symptoms in the context of other disorders. Previous neuroimmunology findings could represent helpful pointers for future research on long-COVID symptoms and suggest potential management strategies for patients suffering with long-COVID.</p>","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"iqab004"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928677/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9335258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The role and uses of antibodies in COVID-19 infections: a living review. 抗体在 COVID-19 感染中的作用和用途：生动回顾。
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-01-28 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab003
D Oliver Scourfield, Sophie G Reed, Max Quastel, Jennifer Alderson, Valentina M T Bart, Alicia Teijeira Crespo, Ruth Jones, Ellie Pring, Felix Clemens Richter, Stephanie E A Burnell
{"title":"The role and uses of antibodies in COVID-19 infections: a living review.","authors":"D Oliver Scourfield, Sophie G Reed, Max Quastel, Jennifer Alderson, Valentina M T Bart, Alicia Teijeira Crespo, Ruth Jones, Ellie Pring, Felix Clemens Richter, Stephanie E A Burnell","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 has generated a rapidly evolving field of research, with the global scientific community striving for solutions to the current pandemic. Characterizing humoral responses towards SARS-CoV-2, as well as closely related strains, will help determine whether antibodies are central to infection control, and aid the design of therapeutics and vaccine candidates. This review outlines the major aspects of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody research to date, with a focus on the various prophylactic and therapeutic uses of antibodies to alleviate disease in addition to the potential of cross-reactive therapies and the implications of long-term immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"iqab003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7928637/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9179288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mucosal immune responses in COVID19 - a living review. COVID19 中的粘膜免疫反应--生动回顾。
Oxford open immunology Pub Date : 2021-01-25 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqab002
Claire F Pearson, Rebecca Jeffery, Emily E Thornton
{"title":"Mucosal immune responses in COVID19 - a living review.","authors":"Claire F Pearson, Rebecca Jeffery, Emily E Thornton","doi":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab002","DOIUrl":"10.1093/oxfimm/iqab002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>COVID-19 was initially characterized as a disease primarily of the lungs, but it is becoming increasingly clear that the SARS-CoV2 virus is able to infect many organs and cause a broad pathological response. The primary infection site is likely to be a mucosal surface, mainly the lungs or the intestine, where epithelial cells can be infected with virus. Although it is clear that virus within the lungs can cause severe pathology, driven by an exaggerated immune response, infection within the intestine generally seems to cause minor or no symptoms. In this review, we compare the disease processes between the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, and what might drive these different responses. As the microbiome is a key part of mucosal barrier sites, we also consider the effect that microbial species may play on infection and the subsequent immune responses. Because of difficulties obtaining tissue samples, there are currently few studies focused on the local mucosal response rather than the systemic response, but understanding the local immune response will become increasingly important for understanding the mechanisms of disease in order to develop better treatments.</p>","PeriodicalId":74384,"journal":{"name":"Oxford open immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"iqab002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7871424/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10761298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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