Open psychology最新文献_第6页

Metacognitive-strategy training promotes decision-making ability in older adults 元认知策略训练可提高老年人的决策能力

Open psychology Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0014

A. Rosi, T. Vecchi, Elena Cavallini

{"title":"Metacognitive-strategy training promotes decision-making ability in older adults","authors":"A. Rosi, T. Vecchi, Elena Cavallini","doi":"10.1515/psych-2018-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Research on decision making and aging has shown that some decision-making skills decrease with age. Despite these age-related declines, no study has yet investigated the possibility of promoting improvements in decision-making skills in older adults. The present study was designed to address this gap in literature by examining the efficacy of a metacognitive-strategy decision-making training on practiced and non-practiced tasks. The training was based on the use of specific metacognitive principles and analytical strategies for promoting an analytical mode of thinking in the decision-making process. We examined 66 older adults (Mage= 67.52 years, SD = 5.38; age range 60-81) assigned to two training groups: a metacognitive-strategy decision-making training group and an active control group involved in a strategic memory intervention. Both training groups attended four 2-hour training sessions conducted once a week. Results showed that, after intervention, the decision-making training group improved their decision-making skills significantly more than the active control training group. Crucially, the positive effect of the training was evident in both practiced and non-practiced decision-making tasks. This is the first study investigating the efficacy of a decision-making training in older adults based on metacognitive and strategic principles.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"200 - 214"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/psych-2018-0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47645138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Prototype stories of life with Chemical Intolerance – when the environment becomes a threat to health and well-being 当环境成为对健康和福祉的威胁时，生活中化学不耐受的原型故事

Open psychology Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0016

Ingrid Schéle, Ida Ask, Anna-Sara Claeson

{"title":"Prototype stories of life with Chemical Intolerance – when the environment becomes a threat to health and well-being","authors":"Ingrid Schéle, Ida Ask, Anna-Sara Claeson","doi":"10.1515/psych-2018-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We aimed to explore how individuals living with Chemical Intolerance (CI) describe the onset and progression of CI, and how they live and cope with CI. The participants were recruited via Swedish websites hosted by CI support groups. A postal survey, including a Life history calender, was sent to potential participants. Eleven respondents fitted the consensus-based criteria for CI while not reporting comorbidity. A narrative analysis of their written replies resulted in five prototypical stories based on similarities in the onset and course of CI. All five stories contain descriptions of alienation from society and insufficient social support. Differences in participants’ perceptions of the symptom onset – with regard to suddenness, the point in life and the perceived cause of symptoms – partly corresponded to etiological theories of CI related to stress or inflammation. Further differences between the prototype stories mainly concern the possible effects on health and well-being related to social support and coping. Given these differences, we recommend that medical professionals and others apply a holistic, context-sensitive approach before discouraging or promoting a specific coping strategy in relation to CI.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"239 - 254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/psych-2018-0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42016615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Temporal Chunking Makes Life's Events More Memorable. 时间分块让生活事件更难忘。

Open psychology Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0007

Kristen C McGatlin, Kimberly M Newberry, Heather R Bailey

{"title":"Temporal Chunking Makes Life's Events More Memorable.","authors":"Kristen C McGatlin, Kimberly M Newberry, Heather R Bailey","doi":"10.1515/psych-2018-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Declines in episodic memory accompany both healthy aging and age-related diseases, such as dementia. Given that memory complaints are common in the aging population, a wealth of research has evaluated the underlying mechanisms of these declines and explored strategy interventions that could offset them. In the current paper, we describe a newer approach to improving memory: event segmentation training. Event segmentation is an encoding strategy in which individuals parse continuous activity into meaningful chunks. The ability to segment activity is associated with later memory for the events, but unfortunately, this segmentation ability declines with age. Importantly, interventions designed to improve event segmentation have resulted in memory improvements for both young and older adults. We will review these past experiments as well as some new event segmentation training work that uses older adults' semantic knowledge to improve their segmentation and episodic memory. We believe that future research on event segmentation is a promising avenue for improving older adults' ability to remember everyday activities.</p>","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"94-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/psych-2018-0007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9415885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

A Serbian version of the ANPS and its link to the five-factor model of personality 塞尔维亚版本的ANPS及其与人格五因素模型的联系

Open psychology Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0019

C. Montag, K. Davis, L. Lazarević, G. Knežević

引用次数: 11

Fewer Constraints Enhance the Generation Effect for Source Memory in Younger, but not Older Adults 较少的约束增强了年轻人对源记忆的生成效应，而不是老年人

Open psychology Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0012

M. P. McCurdy, Ryan C. Leach, E. Leshikar

{"title":"Fewer Constraints Enhance the Generation Effect for Source Memory in Younger, but not Older Adults","authors":"M. P. McCurdy, Ryan C. Leach, E. Leshikar","doi":"10.1515/psych-2018-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The generation effect is the memory benefit for information that is self-generated compared to read. This effect is robust for both younger and older adults. Recent work with younger adults has shown that the generation effect for context memory (i.e., contextual details associated with an episode) can be increased when there are fewer rather than greater experimental constraints placed on what participants can generate. This increase in context memory is attributable to enhanced relational processing. Given older adults’ deficits in context memory the present study tested whether fewer generation constraints would similarly improve the generation effect for contextual details in older adults. In this study, we examined age differences in item and context (i.e., source and associative) memory across three different tasks comprising the encoding of cue-target pairs: a lower-constraint generation task (i.e., free response to cue, such as assist – ____), a higher-constraint generation task (i.e., solving an anagram, such as assist – hlpe), and a read task (i.e., simply reading the cue-target pair, such as assist – help). Both age groups showed improved item and context memory for materials studied during the generation tasks (both lower- and higher-constraint) compared to the read task. However, only younger adults showed increased source memory for lower-constraint compared to higher-constraint generation, whereas older adults showed equivalent source and associative memory for both lower- and higher-constraint generation tasks. These findings suggest both age groups benefit from self-generation, but older adults may benefit less from conditions that enhance relational processing (lower-constraint generation) in younger adults.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"168 - 184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/psych-2018-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45917426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Committed to change? Human resource management practices and attitudes towards organizational change 致力于变革？人力资源管理做法和对组织变革的态度

Open psychology Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0022

S. Raeder, M. Bokova

{"title":"Committed to change? Human resource management practices and attitudes towards organizational change","authors":"S. Raeder, M. Bokova","doi":"10.1515/psych-2018-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Organizations rely on human resource management (HRM) practices to steer organizational change, but little is known about the effects of HRM practices on employees’ attitudes towards change. This study aims to investigate the relationship between employees’ perception of HRM practices and their commitment to change. The sample comprised 221 employees of a public organization after it underwent an organizational change. Data were analyzed through structural equation modeling, considering HRM practices as individual predictors or as a second-order factor of aligned HRM practices. The results indicate that the model with individual HRM practices achieved a superior fit, but only two practices – communication and autonomy – were related to affective commitment to change. The model with a second-order factor of aligned HRM practices showed a clear positive relationship with affective and normative commitment to change, and a clear negative relationship with continuance commitment to change. Investing in HRM practices to support an ongoing change helps organizations to convince employees of the necessity and value of the change. This study provides empirical evidence that HRM practices are important for supporting employees’ commitment to change and encouraging their positive behavior towards change.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"345 - 358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/psych-2018-0022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42559499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Strategy-adaptation memory training: predictors of older adults’ training gains 策略适应记忆训练:老年人训练收益的预测因子

Open psychology Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0017

Elena Cavallini, Sara Bottiroli, J. Dunlosky, Erika Ambiel, A. Lux, C. Hertzog

{"title":"Strategy-adaptation memory training: predictors of older adults’ training gains","authors":"Elena Cavallini, Sara Bottiroli, J. Dunlosky, Erika Ambiel, A. Lux, C. Hertzog","doi":"10.1515/psych-2018-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over the past decades, memory training interventions have been developed in an attempt to stabilize or enhance memory functioning in aging. Only recently has attention been paid to individual differences in training gains and consequently to predictors of such gains. The aim of the present study was to identify which specific cognitive mechanisms/processes or components of the intervention were responsible for the desired change and which individuals were more responsive to memory strategic training. Eighty-one older adults (aged 55 to 82) were involved in a four-session strategy-adaptation training based on a learner-oriented approach that has previously been found to be effective in improving memory performance in practiced and untrained tasks. Results showed that baseline performance in memory tasks predicted the gains in the practiced task. Baseline performance in memory tasks and other cognitive variables, such as working memory, processing speed, and verbal knowledge predicted transfer effects. Interestingly, we found that the magnitude of training gain on the associative memory practiced task predicted the gains in the transfer tasks, suggesting those who best implemented the targeted strategies during training realized greater transfer to other tasks. Our study shows that older adults with larger cognitive resources will benefit more from interventions focused on the generalization via active processes.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"255 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/psych-2018-0017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45490431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Self-Referential Memory Encoding and Mind- Wandering in Younger and Older Adults 中老年人的自我参照记忆编码与心智漫游

Open psychology Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0005

S. Lipitz, Xiaodong Liu, A. Gutchess

{"title":"Self-Referential Memory Encoding and Mind- Wandering in Younger and Older Adults","authors":"S. Lipitz, Xiaodong Liu, A. Gutchess","doi":"10.1515/psych-2018-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Self-referencing, the relating of information to oneself, is a successful encoding strategy that improves memory across the lifespan. Mind-wandering, the shifting of thoughts from a task to selffocused information, is characterised by decreased cognitive performance and is reported by older adults less frequently than by younger adults. In the present study, we investigated a hypothetical relationship between mind-wandering and self-referential memory and whether this relationship decouples in healthy aging. Younger and older adults rated adjectives on how descriptive they were of themselves, Albert Einstein or assessed the commonness of the adjective. Participants were interrupted during the encoding task with randomly timed mind-wandering prompts and then completed a surprise free recall test. Results replicated prior demonstrations of enhanced memory for self-referenced information, whereas age and self-focus decreased reports of mind-wandering. In terms of effects of interest, we found that encoding condition as well as age impacted the number of words recalled and reports of mind-wandering. However, a single mechanism does not appear to account for both of these effects, and there was no compelling evidence for age differences in the relationships amongst the factors. Future research should further examine the relationships amongst self, memory, and mind-wandering across the lifespan.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"58 - 68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/psych-2018-0005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44233409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Effects of mindfulness training on regulatory and academic abilities in preadolescents: Results from a pilot study 正念训练对青春期前儿童调节和学习能力的影响：一项试点研究的结果

Open psychology Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2018-0006

Lena Wimmer, Lisa von Stockhausen, S. Bellingrath

{"title":"Effects of mindfulness training on regulatory and academic abilities in preadolescents: Results from a pilot study","authors":"Lena Wimmer, Lisa von Stockhausen, S. Bellingrath","doi":"10.1515/psych-2018-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2018-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Regulatory abilities such as self-regulation and stress regulation are key predictors of essential developmental outcomes, including intellectual and socioemotional milestones as well as academic achievement. Preadolescence has been proposed as a period that is crucial for training these abilities. The present pilot study investigated the effects of mindfulness training on preadolescents‘ regulatory abilities and school-related outcomes. A group of 34 fifth graders received either mindfulness training (experimental group), Marburg Concentration Training (alternative treatment group), or no treatment (passive control group) and were monitored over a four-month intervention period. Regulatory abilities were assessed first, with two self-report questionnaires that operationalized impulsivity and coping with stress, respectively. Second, physical stress regulation was examined on the basis of diurnal cortisol as well as salivary α-amylase (sAA) profiles. Finally, school-related outcomes were measured with a paperpencil based performance test of verbal memory. Results show that impulsivity increased in all groups over time, whereas there were no significant training effects on self-reported coping with stress. Both training groups showed more adaptive physiological stress regulation in terms of steeper diurnal cortisol slopes and marginally less pronounced sAA awakening responses, however, with respect to physiological measures, no data of the passive control group are available. With respect to school-related outcomes, the results indicate a slight superiority regarding verbal memory for the mindfulness training group compared to the Marburg Concentration Training group.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":"1 1","pages":"69 - 93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/psych-2018-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44215882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Approach, Avoidance, and the Perception of Credibility 接近、回避和可信度感知

Open psychology Pub Date : 2018-09-27 DOI: 10.1515/psych-2020-0002

K. Ask, Sofia Calderon, Erik Mac Giolla, Marc-André Reinhard

{"title":"Approach, Avoidance, and the Perception of Credibility","authors":"K. Ask, Sofia Calderon, Erik Mac Giolla, Marc-André Reinhard","doi":"10.1515/psych-2020-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/psych-2020-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Based on a functional approach to credibility judgments, the authors hypothesize that receivers’ judgments of senders’ credibility involve an evaluative dimension (i.e., good–bad) and are associated with approach and avoidance tendencies. In three experiments (total N = 645), participants (receivers) judged the credibility of suspects (senders) denying involvement in a mock theft. While watching or reading the message, receivers performed an approach-related (arm flexion) or an avoidance-related (arm extension) motor action. Although receivers’ affective evaluations of senders (good–bad) correlated strongly with credibility judgments in all three experiments, the results of the arm position manipulation were mixed. In Experiment 1, receivers in an arm flexion (vs. arm extension) state judged the sender as more credible, but only when informed beforehand about the upcoming credibility judgment. In Experiment 2 and 3, however, there was no evidence of an arm position effect on credibility judgments. A cross-experimental meta-analysis revealed that the effect of the manipulation was statistically indistinguishable from zero, Hedges’ g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.09, 0.22], and provided strong support for the null hypothesis. Multiple interpretations of the results are discussed.","PeriodicalId":74357,"journal":{"name":"Open psychology","volume":"2 1","pages":"3 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/psych-2020-0002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44168412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2