Open access journal of contraception最新文献

{"title":"Postpartum family-planning barriers and catalysts in Burkina Faso and the Democratic Republic of Congo: a multiperspective study.","authors":"Nguyen Toan Tran,&nbsp;Wambi Maurice E Yameogo,&nbsp;Mary Eluned Gaffield,&nbsp;Félicité Langwana,&nbsp;James Kiarie,&nbsp;Désiré Mashinda Kulimba,&nbsp;Seni Kouanda","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S170150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S170150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>To address the high unmet need for postpartum family planning (PPFP) in resource-limited settings, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, this study aimed to identify PPFP-related barriers and catalysts to inform policies and programs to increase access to postpartum contraception.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using qualitative methodology, we explored the perspectives of women, adolescent girls, men, religious and community leaders, service providers, and decision makers from three rural communities in Burkina Faso and three rural-urban communities in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Both countries have high unmet need for PPFP and are priority countries of the French Muskoka Fund for Maternal and Child Health.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Perceived catalysts included negative traditional views on the consequences borne by closely spaced children and their mothers; a 6-week postpartum visit dedicated to PPFP (albeit poorly attended); political will and enabling policies for FP; and support from certain religious leaders and men. Main reported barriers were the lack of male engagement; out-of-pocket copayment for contraceptives; reliance on amenorrhea for pregnancy prevention without knowing its limits; misconceptions about modern contraceptives, including prerequisites for the lactational amenorrhea method; sexual abstinence supported by religious and traditional norms for up to 3-6 months, although women reported earlier resumption of sexual activity; low prioritization of scheduled postpartum visits by women; and limited availability of readily accessible methods, PPFP counseling materials, and clinic days and scheduled visits dedicated to contraceptive services.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Based on results found to be most actionable, the following interventions have the potential to optimize access to PPFP services: counseling women on postpartum-pregnancy risks and options at different points in time before and after childbirth through the use of appropriate information, education, and counseling materials; integrating PPFP services into existing maternal and child health visits; making contraceptives readily available and affordable; and meaningfully engaging male partners.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJC.S170150","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36799525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Venous thrombosis and hormonal contraception: what's new with estradiol-based hormonal contraceptives?","authors":"Franca Fruzzetti,&nbsp;Angelo Cagnacci","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S179673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S179673","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Estradiol (E2)-based hormonal contraceptives impact less than ethinylstradiol (EE) contraceptives on venous thromboembolism (VTE) in comparison to formulations with EE.</p><p><strong>Study design: </strong>In this article, the pharamacologic data of EE and E2 were briefly reviewed, along with the induced biologic effect. These data were then related to a recent large international prospective, controlled, non-interventional cohort active surveillance study, on the cardiovascular risk of users of different types of combined estroprogestin contraceptive (CEPC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The crude HR for E2-valerate (E2V)/dienogest vs other CEPCs with EE was 0.8 (95% CI, 0.4-1.6), but when the data were corrected for age, body mass index, duration of use, and family history of VTE, the corresponding adjusted HR was 0.5 (95% CI, 0.2-1.0). A comparison of the E2V/dienogest and EE/levonorgestrel groups showed that the two contraceptives induced a similar VTE risk with the crude and adjusted VTE HRs of 0.7 (95% CI, 0.3-1.8) and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.2-1.3), respectively. Similar results were obtained when the observation was prolonged to January 2017.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The reduced impact of E2 vs EE on coagulation translates into the epidemiologic evidence of a reduced number of events in E2V vs EE users, when progestins other than levonorgestrel are used. However, E2 may continue to negatively impact on the risk of VTE, and this should not be forgotten at the time of prescription. Family history of VTE or thrombophilia, age, and obesity are risk factors for VTE too. If these risk factors are not taken into consideration and excluded, they can overcome or hide the higher safety of E2 vs CEPCs with EE.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJC.S179673","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36799526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Programmatic implications of unmet need for contraception among men and young married women in northern Nigeria.","authors":"Irit Sinai, Jabulani Nyenwa, Olugbenga Oguntunde","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S172330","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OAJC.S172330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The study was designed to provide programmatic recommendations for interventions to increase contraceptive prevalence in northern Nigeria. Family-planning use in North-East and North-West regions of Nigeria has remained very low, despite years of domestic and donor investments. We examine respondents' perceptions of their own need for contraception and specifically focus on young women because of their higher risk for maternal mortality.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this cross-sectional study, we interviewed 1,624 married women younger than 25 years and 1,627 men married to women younger than 25 years, in Kaduna and Katsina states in northern Nigeria. We classified respondents into five categories: 1) having no real need for contraception, 2) perceiving no need for contraception, despite physical or behavioral need, 3) having met need by using a modern contraceptive method, 4) perceiving met need by employing traditional practices, and 5) having unmet need for contraception.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Half of female respondents had no need for contraception because they were either pregnant or desiring a pregnancy at the time of the survey. A quarter of female and male respondents were not using contraception because of their religious beliefs. Less than 2% of respondents had unmet need because of lack of availability or access, or due to poor quality of care. Men had more positive views of family planning than women.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that young women in northern Nigeria would benefit from a programmatic approach that targets men, utilizes religious leaders, and addresses the prevalent religious and sociocultural norms that present barriers to contraceptive use. Such interventions have the potential to increase contraceptive prevalence more substantially, but the literature on these types of interventions in northern Nigeria is scarce. Therefore, more research is needed to identify and document what approaches work or do not work to increase contraceptive use in northern Nigeria.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/08/bd/oajc-9-081.PMC6236097.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36799527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Percutaneous extraction of an embolized progesterone contraceptive implant from the pulmonary artery.","authors":"Mohammed Majid Akhtar,&nbsp;Amit Bhan,&nbsp;Zhan Yun Lim,&nbsp;Mohammed Abid Akhtar,&nbsp;Neha Sekhri,&nbsp;Preeti Bharadwaj,&nbsp;Michael Mullen","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S165827","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S165827","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Nexplanon^® implant is a commonly used radiopaque contraceptive device that contains progestogen associated with an ethylene vinyl-acetate copolymer resulting in a slow release of the active hormonal ingredient. It is inserted into the subdermal connective tissue and provides contraceptive efficacy for up to 3 years. Device removal for clinical, personal or device \"end-of-life span\" reasons is straightforward. In rare cases, implant migration can occur locally within centimeters of the insertion site. Distant device embolization is extremely rare and can result in complications including chest pain, dyspnoea, pneumothorax and thrombosis or prevent conception until the active ingredient is depleted. We present one such case, where a Nexplanon^® implant embolized into the pulmonary artery of a young female patient. We describe the initial \"missed\" diagnosis of embolized device on a chest radiograph and subsequent successful percutaneous removal once distant embolization was diagnosed.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJC.S165827","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36421210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abortion history and its association with current use of modern contraceptive methods in Luanda, Angola.","authors":"Natalie Morris, Ndola Prata","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S164736","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OAJC.S164736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Women in sub-Saharan Africa often use abortion as a method of limiting their fertility and spacing births. However, it is not well understood whether having an abortion influences contraceptive behavior. The goal of this study was to examine associations between abortion history and use of a modern contraceptive method among women in Luanda, Angola.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We analyzed data on 1,176 women aged 15-49 years from a 2012 cross-sectional study conducted in Luanda, Angola, which aimed to obtain general information on sexual and reproductive health indicators. The outcome and exposure were based on participant reports of past induced abortions and current use of a modern method. We used a modified Poisson regression with robust standard errors to estimate the relative risks of using a modern contraceptive method, given history of induced abortion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among all respondents, 736 (62.6%) reported using a modern contraceptive method. The clear majority of the respondents (73.21%), regardless of abortion history, were using either no method, a traditional method, or condoms. Long-acting reversible contraceptive use was very low across all respondents (2.73%). The most common family planning method reported by women with a history of abortion was condoms (32.76%). Regression analysis demonstrated that women who had a history of abortion were 1.23 times more likely to use a modern contraceptive method as compared to those who never had an abortion (relative risk: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.10-1.36), after adjusting for potential confounders. Postregression estimations of predicted probabilities demonstrated that women with a history of abortion had an 80% probability of using a modern method (95% CI: 0.76-0.84), while those who never had an abortion had a 60% probability of using a modern method (95% CI: 0.59-0.61).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>History of induced abortion was associated with use of a modern contraceptive method in our study population. The most common contraceptive used by women with a history of induced abortion was condoms, indicating that despite adoption of a modern method, many women are still at risk for an unintended pregnancy. Further research is needed to understand the causal factors underlying women's postabortion contraceptive choices.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2018-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/1a/cc/oajc-9-045.PMC6053171.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36338073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does courtesy bias affect how clients report on objective and subjective measures of family planning service quality? A comparison between facility- and home-based interviews.","authors":"Waqas Hameed, Muhammad Ishaque, Xaher Gul, Junaid-Ur-Rehman Siddiqui, Sharmeen Hussain, Wajahat Hussain, Aftab Ahmed, Asma Balal","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S153443","DOIUrl":"10.2147/OAJC.S153443","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Despite a general understanding that exit interviews being conducted at service providers' facilities may influence clients' responses favorably to health professionals, there is very little evidence available that demonstrates the extent to which this problem exists. This study aimed at assessing and comparing clients' perceptions of the quality of family planning services and their satisfaction levels between facility- and home-based interviews.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional survey was conducted among clients receiving family planning services across three service delivery channels - nongovernmental organization (NGO) clinics, social franchise (SF) centers, and outreach camps. The survey took place from December 2015 to January 2016 in 70 districts across all four provinces of Pakistan. A total of 2,807 clients were interviewed, of whom 1,404 clients were interviewed at health facilities after receiving services and 1,403 were interviewed at their homes within 3 days of method uptake.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, we found no significant differences between the characteristics of study participants interviewed at health facilities or at home. The findings suggested that experiences reported in exit surveys at facilities were strongly biased positively. This was true for both experiential (service quality) and perception-based (satisfaction) questions in the context of SF centers, while at NGO clinics the interview location only affected clients' responses regarding service quality. However, in outreach settings, clients are more likely to share bad experiences in exit interviews than in home-based interviews on objectively asked questions (service quality).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our study indicates signs of courtesy bias and possibly the Hawthorne effect in exit interviews. Program implementers could opt for home-based interviews for women receiving services at NGO clinics or SF center, whereas exit interviews could be used in outreach settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/d9/97/oajc-9-033.PMC5937485.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36098295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: an analysis of the FAERS database.","authors":"David Madigan,&nbsp;Jennifer Shin","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S161737","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S161737","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Substantial evidence suggests that drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives may cause a higher risk of venous thrombotic events than earlier-generation oral contraceptives.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To gain insight into recent real-world implications, we conducted an analysis using the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Venous thrombotic events continue to be reported at a much higher rate with drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives than the general background. The disproportionality has been rising since 2010. The same behavior is not seen with levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptives.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results are consistent with decreased physician and patient awareness of risks associated with drospirenone-containing oral contraceptives.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJC.S161737","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36067185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Domestic violence: a hidden barrier to contraceptive use among women in Nigeria.","authors":"Ghose Bishwajit,&nbsp;Sanni Yaya","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S154733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S154733","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The nonuse of family planning methods remains a major public health concern in the low-and-middle-income countries, especially due to its impact on unwanted pregnancy, high rate of abortion, and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Various demographic and socioeconomic factors have been reported to be associated with the nonuse of family planning methods. In the present study, we aimed at assessing the influence of domestic violence (DV) on contraceptive use among ever married women in Nigeria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data on 22,275 women aged between 15 and 49 years were collected from the most recent Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2013. The outcome variable was contraceptive utilization status, and the main exposure variable was DV, which was assessed by the self-reported experience of physical and psychological abuse. Complex survey method was employed to account for the multistage design of the survey. Data analyses were performed by using bivariate and multivariable techniques.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the participants was 31.33±8.26. More than four fifths (84%) of the participants reported that they were not using any contraceptive methods at all. Lifetime prevalence of psychological and physical abuse was, respectively, 19.0% (95% CI =18.0-20.1) and 14.1% (95% CI =13.3-14.9). Women who reported physical abuse were 28% (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =1.275; 95% CI =1.030-1.578), and those reported both physical and psychological abuse had 52% (AOR =1.520; 95% CI =1.132-2.042) higher odds of not using any contraception.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The rate of contraception nonuse was considerably high and was found to be significantly associated with DV. Thus, the high prevalence of DV may compromise the effectiveness of the family planning programs in the long run. Evidence-based intervention strategies should be developed to protect the health and reproductive rights of the vulnerable women and to reduce DV by giving the issue a wider recognition in public policy making.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJC.S154733","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35827672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A pilot study on the functional performance and acceptability of an innovative female condom (Wondaleaf^®) in Malaysia.","authors":"Rachel Sing-Kiat Ting,&nbsp;Ee-Lynn Wong,&nbsp;Jessie Koh-Sing Tnay","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S152505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S152505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Female condom (FC) has been available for over 30 years, but it still lacks wide acceptability. To overcome misdirection and invagination occurring in FC and to provide a wider area of protection, Wondaleaf^® (WL), a new-generation adhesive FC, was recently invented. This pioneering study sought to assess the acceptability and functional performance of WL among Malaysian women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A mixed method survey was conducted in three cities of Malaysia, recruiting sexually active heterosexual women, aged 18-50, by snowball sampling method. Participants were provided with WL and initially surveyed to rate its performance in five coital usages over 2 months. After that, the participants underwent a second survey to rate their satisfaction and acceptability toward WL. Descriptive statistics on clinical failure rates were tabulated with correlational analysis performed to identify major variables contributing to WL's functional performance and acceptability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of the 51 enrolled participants, 31 women completed the required surveys. WL's total clinical failure rate was 2.60% (out of 155 condom uses) with above-average ratings of functional performance. The ease of use significantly correlated with ratings of no slippage and no misdirection. The confidence in WL's safety features significantly correlated with a sense of empowerment and protection.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>WL has a relatively low risk of clinical failures and an overall favorable acceptability among Malaysian women. However, this study also showed that its future usage largely depends on partner acceptability. It may have the potential of complementing the existing barrier toward contraceptive use. Further studies are needed to understand the global acceptability of WL.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJC.S152505","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35827670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contraceptive use and preferences of young married women in Kerala, India.","authors":"Jissa Vinoda Thulaseedharan","doi":"10.2147/OAJC.S152178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S152178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>As in other states of India, female sterilization is the most widely used contraceptive method in Kerala where women have higher levels of education compared to most other states in India. This paper describes the use and preferences of contraceptive methods among young married women in Trivandrum district, Kerala, India.</p><p><strong>Subjects and methods: </strong>A community-based cross-sectional survey was carried out among 203 young married women (18-28 years) during January-March 2015 using multistage cluster sampling method. Statistical analysis was mainly descriptive, and chi-squared test was used to test the statistical significance of the relationship between sociodemographic factors and contraceptive use.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average age at marriage for women was 21.3 years, and 23% of women had more than one child. Current use of any contraceptive methods was 58%. Female sterilization was preferred by 13% and it was significantly higher among women aged 25-28 years than in those aged 18-24 years (20% vs 2.6%, <i>p</i><0.001). Female sterilization was significantly lower among women with higher levels of education than in women with an education level of plus two or below (5.8% vs 19%, <i>p</i>=0.006). Women were mostly in favor of female sterilization (91%), and a significantly lower proportion of highly educated women preferred female sterilization than women with an education of 12 years or below (85% vs 95.7%, <i>p</i>=0.008).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A considerable number of females in the age group 25-28-years opting for sterilization and the unique preference for female sterilization when the family size is complete show the predominant reliance on female sterilization among young women. Higher education delays sterilization in young women due to delayed marriage and childbirth. Women empowerment, proper information and assuring availability and accessibility to different methods can gradually change the dominant preference for female-oriented permanent method of contraception.</p>","PeriodicalId":74348,"journal":{"name":"Open access journal of contraception","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2147/OAJC.S152178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35827669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}