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ivmte: An R Package for Extrapolating Instrumental Variable Estimates Away From Compliers* ivmte：一个用于从Compliers外推仪器变量估计的R包*
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-03-01 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0016
Joshua Shea, Alexander Torgovitsky
{"title":"ivmte: An R Package for Extrapolating Instrumental Variable Estimates Away From Compliers*","authors":"Joshua Shea, Alexander Torgovitsky","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Instrumental variable (IV) strategies are widely used to estimate causal effects in economics, political science, epidemiology, sociology, psychology, and other fields. When there is unobserved heterogeneity in causal effects, standard linear IV estimators only represent effects for complier subpopulations (Imbens and Angrist, 1994). Marginal treatment effect (MTE) methods (Heckman and Vytlacil, 1999, 2005) allow researchers to use additional assumptions to extrapolate beyond complier subpopulations. We discuss a flexible framework for MTE methods based on linear regression and the generalized method of moments. We show how to implement the framework using the ivmte package for R.","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"1 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45602939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Editor’s Note Editor’s音符
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0014
Nandita Mitra
{"title":"Editor’s Note","authors":"Nandita Mitra","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46534155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The central role of the propensity score in epidemiology 倾向性评分在流行病学中的核心作用
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0004
Brian K. Lee
{"title":"The central role of the propensity score in epidemiology","authors":"Brian K. Lee","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:In this commentary, I provide a personal perspective on how the propensity score has become important to epidemiology.","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"19 1","pages":"55 - 57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66460632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 12
Some Reflections on Rosenbaum and Rubin’s Propensity Score Paper 对Rosenbaum和Rubin倾向性评分论文的几点思考
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0006
R. Little
{"title":"Some Reflections on Rosenbaum and Rubin’s Propensity Score Paper","authors":"R. Little","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Rosenbaum and Rubin’s paper is highly cited because the basic idea is simple and insightful, and it has applications to important practical problems in treatment comparisons with observational data, and selection bias and nonresponse in surveys. I discuss several issues related to the method, including use of the propensity score for weighting or prediction, and two robust methods that use the propensity score as a covariate and can be more efficient that weighting when the weights are highly variable, namely Penalized Spline of Propensity Prediction (PSPP) and Penalized Spline of Propensity for Treatment Comparisons (PENCOMP). Approaches to addressing highly variable weights are discussed, including omitting variables in the propensity model that are unrelated to outcomes, and redefining the estimand.","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"69 - 75"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49646766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
What is a propensity score? Applications and extensions of balancing score methods 什么是倾向得分？平衡计分法的应用与推广
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0011
E. Stuart
{"title":"What is a propensity score? Applications and extensions of balancing score methods","authors":"E. Stuart","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The foundational propensity score paper by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983a) laid the foundation for a set of methods widely used in the design of non-experimental studies. This commentary reflects on the theoretical contributions of that paper –especially the idea of the propensity score as a balancing score –as well as on the wide variety of contexts in which the general idea of a balancing score has since been applied. Areas in which the fundamental ideas of a balancing score –which can help equate two groups on the basis of a set of covariates –have been extended include mediation analysis and generalizability. The commentary also touches on common misperceptions regarding propensity scores, and on the key role of the “other” Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983b) paper, which laid out a method for assessing the sensitivity of study results to violation of the key assumption underlying most uses of propensity scores –that of no unmeasured confounding. All together, this body of work has changed how many fields conduct non-experimental studies, and other related types of studies, and with many applications and extensions yet to come.","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"113 - 117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45664986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A Visual Diagnostic Tool for Causal Inference 因果推理的可视化诊断工具
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0008
Lucy D’Agostino McGowan, Ralph B. D’Agostino
{"title":"A Visual Diagnostic Tool for Causal Inference","authors":"Lucy D’Agostino McGowan, Ralph B. D’Agostino","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983) suggested a visual representation, that can be used as a diagnostic tool, for examining whether the relationships between confounders and outcomes are sufficiently controlled, or whether there is a more complex relationship that requires further adjustment. This short commentary highlights this simple tool, providing an example of its utility along with relevant R code.","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"87 - 95"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46392615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Propensity Score in the Face of Interference: Discussion of Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983) 面对干扰的倾向得分:Rosenbaum和Rubin(1983)的讨论
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0013
Bo Zhang, M. Hudgens, M. Halloran
{"title":"Propensity Score in the Face of Interference: Discussion of Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983)","authors":"Bo Zhang, M. Hudgens, M. Halloran","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Rosenbaum and Rubin’s (1983) propensity score revolutionized the field of causal inference and has emerged as a standard tool when researchers reason about cause-and-effect relationship across many disciplines. This discussion centers around the key “no interference” assumption in Rosenbaum and Rubin’s original development of the propensity score and reviews some recent advances in extending the propensity score to studies involving dependent happenings.","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"125 - 131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48628021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Central Role of Rosenbaum and Rubin’s Seminal Work 罗森鲍姆与鲁宾神学院著作的中心作用
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0010
A. Spieker
{"title":"The Central Role of Rosenbaum and Rubin’s Seminal Work","authors":"A. Spieker","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Rosenbaum and Rubin’s seminal work on the propensity score set the stage for decades of subsequent developments in causal inference methodology for use in observational studies. In this commentary, I discuss two specific aspects of their work with particular emphasis on how they have shaped my understanding of causal inference: (1) the propensity score as a data reduction technique, and (2) the importance of drawing parallels between the observational study and the randomized experiment.","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"105 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48592462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Sensitivity Analysis for Matched Observational Studies 倾向评分在匹配观察性研究敏感性分析中的核心作用
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0002
Siyu Heng
{"title":"The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Sensitivity Analysis for Matched Observational Studies","authors":"Siyu Heng","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The propensity score, which was originally introduced in Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), has been widely considered one of the most important concepts in the causal inference literature. This article briefly reviews some propensity score models involving both observed and unobserved covariates and discusses their applications in sensitivity analysis for matched observational studies.","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"35 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45075047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Commentary on Rubin and Rosenbaum Seminal 1983 Paper on Propensity Scores: From Then to Now 鲁宾和罗森鲍姆1983年关于倾向得分的开创性论文:从那时到现在
Observational studies Pub Date : 2023-01-23 DOI: 10.1353/obs.2023.0000
Usha Govindarajulu
{"title":"Commentary on Rubin and Rosenbaum Seminal 1983 Paper on Propensity Scores: From Then to Now","authors":"Usha Govindarajulu","doi":"10.1353/obs.2023.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/obs.2023.0000","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:Rubin and Rosenbaum (1983) wrote about the theory and application of “propensity scores” in their landmark paper. Since that time, the method has still been in use or adapted for use in various contexts. In this commentary, I discuss their original paper and the latest in terms of criticisms and defense of the use of some of the theory they proposed for propensity score matching. Although the commentary is not exhaustive, I try to highlight important aspects of their theory as well as points made later for and against some of their originally proposed theory.","PeriodicalId":74335,"journal":{"name":"Observational studies","volume":"9 1","pages":"19 - 22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46521470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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