Neurotrauma reports最新文献

{"title":"Identifying a Biological Signature of Trauma-Related Neurodegeneration Following Repeated Traumatic Brain Injuries Compared with Healthy Controls.","authors":"Shawn R Eagle, Ava Puccio, Sarah Svirsky, James Mountz, Charles Laymon, Allison Borasso, Luke Henry, David O Okonkwo","doi":"10.1089/neur.2025.0052","DOIUrl":"10.1089/neur.2025.0052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of this study was to compare participants at-risk for trauma-related neurodegeneration to a healthy control group on outcomes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), such as subjective symptoms, neurocognitive performance, plasma biomarkers, volumetrics, amyloid-beta (Aβ) positron emission tomography (PET), and tau PET. Participants completed a comprehensive assessment protocol for neurodegenerative disease, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), PET scans for tau and Aβ, blood draw, subjective symptom reports related to neurodegenerative disease, and objective neurocognitive assessment. Surveys included the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Epworth Sleepiness Severity (ESS), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS), and Buss Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ). PET scans were read by a neuroradiologist and rated positive or negative based upon established cutoffs. General linear models compared participants with TBI history with controls on outcomes. Age, years of education, military status, biological sex, race/ethnicity, and total self-reported TBIs were included as covariates in all models with Bonferroni corrections. Forward stepwise linear regression models were built to associate neuroimaging outcomes with symptom domains; inclusion in the linear regression required a <i>p</i> value <0.1. The average age for both groups was ∼40 years. The TBI group reported an average of five TBIs; the control group reported an average of one TBI. Across seven regions of interest, only one TBI participant met established PET cutoffs for neuropathology in one cortical region. After controlling for age, sex, race/ethnicity, years of education, military status, and TBI history, there were no statistically significant differences between groups in any neurocognitive outcome (<i>p</i> = 0.06-0.95), Aβ or tau PET (<i>p</i> = 0.05-0.70), MRI volumetrics (<i>p</i> = 0.06-0.98), or plasma biomarkers (<i>p</i> = 0.06-0.85). The TBI group had higher NSI, PCL-5, BSI-18, BPAQ, ESS, and ISI scores compared with the controls (<i>p</i> < 0.001-0.042). Within the TBI group, amygdala normative percentile and/or amygdala asymmetry index were included in the final models for NSI, SWLS, PCL5, BIS, BPAQ, and ISI. Only two models included a statistically significant PET outcome in the final model. In this sample with a mean age of 40 and a history of 5+ TBIs, core diagnostic biomarkers for AD were not different from controls despite significantly higher symptom burden. Volumetrics in critical brain regions were associated with several symptom domains in the TBI group, indicating that cortical volumetrics (especially in the amygdala) may be a more viable early biomarker of chronic symptom burden in this population than PET scans.</p>","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"560-568"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235121/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144593102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acknowledgment of Reviewers 2024.","authors":"","doi":"10.1089/neur.2024.16549.revack","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/neur.2024.16549.revack","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"480-481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235116/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144593099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Impact of Mitoquinone Supplementation on Glycan Profiles in a Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Mouse Model.","authors":"Mona Goli, Akeem Sanni, Sakshi Gautam, Khalil Mallah, W Brad Hubbard, Mohammad Reslan, Muhammad Ali Haidar, Karim Halabi, Joseph Walker, Stefania Mondello, Firas Kobeissy, Yehia Mechref","doi":"10.1089/neur.2025.0054","DOIUrl":"10.1089/neur.2025.0054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a significant cause of injury-related deaths and disabilities. Repeated exposure to mechanical impact can lead to metabolic and ionic imbalance, which can cause oxidative stress and worsen the cellular dysfunction initiated by the initial mild TBI (mTBI). Currently, no FDA-approved drug targets repeated mTBI (rmTBI) and its potential sequelae. Mitoquinone (MitoQ) is a mitochondrion-targeted drug that has proven beneficial in different brain-related diseases. We have previously demonstrated the neurotherapeutic effects of MitoQ at a 30-day chronic time point in a similar rmTBI mouse model, where we observed decreased neuroinflammation, enhanced behavioral outcomes, and diminished oxidation. Recently, alterations in glycans have been shown to modulate key roles in the nervous system. Their relevance has been recognized in several neurodegenerative disorders, including TBI, which indicated injury severity and pathobiology. In this study, we aimed to assess brain glycome profiles post MitoQ treatment in experimental rmTBI using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Our findings indicate that there is a correlation between the HexNAc₄Hex₅DeoxyHex₃ glycan profile and MitoQ administration at the acute phase, the levels of HexNAc₄Hex₄ glycan in the subacute phase of MitoQ treatment, and the HexNAc₄Hex₅ glycan profile at the chronic time point phase of MitoQ treatment. These data suggest that these three glycan profiles can be considered molecular signatures for MitoQ-associated neurotherapy. However, further research is required to validate and establish that these three glycan profiles are accurate and sensitive markers associated with TBI neuroprotection.</p>","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"525-538"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12237849/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144602416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanisms of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury AIS Grade Conversion.","authors":"Jesse A Stokum, Riccardo Serra, Nicole Gorny, Bradley Wilhelmy, Timothy J Chryssikos, Gary Schwartzbauer, Bizhan Aarabi, Volodymyr Gerzanich, J Marc Simard","doi":"10.1089/neur.2025.0035","DOIUrl":"10.1089/neur.2025.0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a major unsolved problem that permanently impairs the lives of innumerable individuals worldwide. Although advances in the basic, pre-clinical and clinical sciences of SCI hold promise for patients, clinicians may lack a full insight into the relevant cellular and molecular events, and laboratory researchers may underappreciate how cellular and molecular phenomena translate into meaningful functional outcomes. To help bridge these perspectives, we first review the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS) grade, which is the principal instrument used to gauge clinical outcomes in SCI, and the clinically important concept of AIS grade \"conversion\" (improvement), which occurs in some but not all patients. We then review underlying mechanisms that contribute to the AIS grade and its conversion, including mechanisms of transient neurological dysfunction (neuronal and axonal \"stunning\"), mechanisms of secondary cell loss (apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis), and mechanisms of axonal loss (primary axotomy and secondary axonal degeneration). Finally, we briefly review approaches to clinical management that may ameliorate identified mechanisms of secondary tissue loss and neurological dysfunction following SCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"506-524"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235128/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144593104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-Term Survival for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in British Columbia, Canada: A Retrospective Evaluation of 20 Years of Linked Health Care Data.","authors":"Michael Bond, Aidan Beresford, Vanessa Noonan, Naama Rotem-Kohavi, Marcel Dvorak, Brian Kwon, Guiping Liu, Jason Sutherland","doi":"10.1089/neur.2025.0057","DOIUrl":"10.1089/neur.2025.0057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients living with traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) have seen many improvements in care and treatment, but life expectancy still falls below the general population. Measuring long-term survival rates and characterizing causes of death are required to identify ways of improving well-being and reduce premature mortality. The study conducted a retrospective analysis of population-based administrative and clinical data from 2001 to 2021 to measure long-term survival of TSCI, mortality predictors, and cause of death. Population-based hospital records linked with administrative databases in British Columbia, Canada, were used to identify those with TSCIs. Demographic and clinical summary statistics were calculated. Mortality rates for 1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, and >15-year survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier methods. Factors associated with mortality throughout the study period were identified with Cox models. During the study period, 3624 patients were identified with TSCI. The mean age was 51.1 years (SD 21.19) and 2718 (75.0%) were male. Mortality rates at 1, 5, 10, 15, and >15 years were 11.2%, 19.6%, 25.4%, 28.3%, and 29.1%, respectively. Factors associated with mortality included cervical spine injuries, more comorbidities, older age, lower household income, presence of traumatic brain injury, and greater severity of initial injury (<i>p</i> < 0.001). Cardiac disease (22.3%) was the most common cause of death in TSCI patients followed by respiratory diseases (10.2%) and neoplasms (8.5%). The long-term survival of TSCI patients is a significant concern, and preventative measures to avoid injury are critical. Among those suffering TSCI, particularly high death rates are observed in those with cervical injuries, multiple comorbidities, and advanced age. Interventions are needed to reduce premature death among TSCI patients compared with the population.</p>","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"551-559"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235124/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144593103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiology of Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Southeast Norway.","authors":"Mona Strøm, Jalal Mirzamohammadi, Thomas Glott, Tor Brommeland, Hege Linnerud, Pål Andre Rønning, Syed Ali Mujtaba Rizvi, Donata Biernat, Tor Arnøy Austad, Marianne Efskind Harr, Mads Aarhus, Eirik Helseth","doi":"10.1089/neur.2025.0013","DOIUrl":"10.1089/neur.2025.0013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) is a severe consequence of trauma to the cervical spine with high mortality and morbidity rates. Epidemiological studies of traumatic cSCIs are necessary for planning preventive measures and health care resource allocation. This is a retrospective database study of 387 consecutive patients with traumatic cSCI admitted to hospitals in Southeast Norway between 2015 and 2022. The estimated incidence of traumatic cSCI was 1.6 per 100,000 per year. The incidence rates adjusted for standard European and global populations were 1.7 and 1.1 per 100,000 per year, respectively. The median patient age was 64 years, 75% were males, 40% had severe comorbidities, 65% of injuries were caused by falls, 25% were ethanol influenced, 44% had multiple traumas, and 96% were admitted to the Neurotrauma Center (NTC). In patients with C0-C2 injury, an odontoid fracture with dislocation of the odontoid fragment was most frequent. The most frequent subaxial injuries were, according to the AO Spine subaxial cervical spine injury classification system, minor nonstructural injuries (type A0) and translational injuries (type C). Eleven percent of patients were diagnosed with cSCIs at C0-C2, and 89% of cSCIs were subaxial. According to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale (AIS), 17% of cSCIs were classified as A, 12% B, 24% C, and 47% D. Forty-three percent of patients were classified as central cord syndrome, which was significantly associated with subaxial injuries and preinjury degenerative cervical spinal stenosis. Compromised respiration due to the cSCI itself was diagnosed in 17% of patients and was predominant in patients with complete cSCIs (AIS A or B) and high cervical injuries. These data will be helpful in planning the capacity of NTCs in the future. Interventions to prevent falls in elderly individuals and to increase awareness of ethanol as a risk factor for severe cSCIs are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"539-550"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235120/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144593100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Global Prevalence of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Kai Wang, Kunbin Li, Baochao Fan, Yingchun Gu, Xiaopeng Wen, Zhiyuan Wu, Xianli Yao, Pingge Sun, Bing Jiao, Xiaoxing Li, Yage Liu, Liming Lu","doi":"10.1089/neur.2024.0144","DOIUrl":"10.1089/neur.2024.0144","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A meta-analysis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) was performed using five databases (PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus) from 2000 to March 2023. Observational descriptive studies investigating the prevalence of DVT among patients with SCI were included. Data were retrieved by author, country, continent, gender, age, sample source, and additional variables. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Instrument for Studies Reporting Prevalence. Data and random-effects models were used to synthesize existing findings. Among 45 studies, the overall pooled estimated prevalence of DVT was 14.53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 11.22 - 17.84%) in patients with SCI (<i>n</i> = 87,294), including 14.77% (95% CI, 11.19 - 18.35%) in patients with acute SCI and 19.02% (95% CI, 11.51 - 26.53%) in patients with SCI older than 18 years. A total of 26 studies from hospitals showed that the combined prevalence estimate of DVT in patients with SCI was 16.41% (95% CI, 11.36 - 21.45%), and in 19 studies from rehabilitation institutions was 12.33% (95% CI, 8.25 - 16.42%). Moreover, the prevalence of DVT in patients with SCI is influenced by factors such as regional distribution, demographic characteristics, the extent of nerve damage, the level of the lesion, and the implementation of thromboprophylaxis. We estimated the overall pooled prevalence of DVT after SCI in distinctive characteristics. These findings can provide a reference for future epidemiological studies of DVT in patients with SCI. Given the substantial variety of the included studies (e.g., diagnostic methodologies, demographic characteristics), our results should be interpreted with caution.</p>","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"491-505"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12235127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144593101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sleep Fragmentation as a Diagnostic Biomarker of Traumatic Brain Injury.","authors":"Grant S Mannino, Christian R Baumann, Mark R Opp, Rachel K Rowe","doi":"10.1089/neur.2025.0050","DOIUrl":"10.1089/neur.2025.0050","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep disturbances are among the most prevalent and persistent consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI), yet they remain underutilized as clinical indicators of injury status. In this perspective, we propose that sleep fragmentation-defined as the frequency of transitions between sleep and wakefulness-represents a functional, scalable, and underrecognized diagnostic biomarker of TBI. Drawing on empirical findings from a mouse model of diffuse TBI, we show that summary measures of sleep fragmentation and duration can reliably distinguish injured from uninjured animals using dimensionality reduction and machine learning techniques. Current biomarkers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament light chain provide valuable insights into structural damage but offer limited information about how injury affects behavior and day-to-day function. Sleep-based metrics, by contrast, reflect neural network integrity and capture ongoing physiological disruption. Critically, these metrics can be collected non-invasively, longitudinally, and in real-world settings using actigraphy, making them a practical complement to blood-based diagnostics that require biological sampling and specialized laboratory infrastructure. Our analysis demonstrates that sleep metrics collected over 48 h post-injury-specifically the number of sleep-wake transitions-carry a strong diagnostic signal. Sleep metrics offer a behaviorally grounded complement aligned with the goals of precision medicine and functional assessment. With further validation, these features may also support monitoring recovery or stratifying injury severity. This perspective highlights sleep fragmentation as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for TBI with the potential to enhance individualized monitoring and support early detection efforts in both research and clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"482-490"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12167842/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144310878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Accounting for Withdrawal of Life-Sustaining Treatment in the Analysis of Traumatic Brain Injury Studies.","authors":"Brian C Healy, Brian L Edlow, Yelena G Bodien","doi":"10.1089/neur.2025.0010","DOIUrl":"10.1089/neur.2025.0010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies that aim to evaluate outcomes after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) must account for patients who die after withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment (WLST). If we are willing to assume that some of the patients who die of WLST might have had a good outcome at 6 months, the choice of analytic approach may impact the results. In this study, 6-month clinical outcomes for patients with TBI were simulated under six different scenarios related to WLST. Each scenario represents different assumptions related to the decision to choose WLST and how that decision relates to the 6-month clinical outcome. For each simulated dataset and scenario, three analytic approaches were used to estimate the probability of a good outcome at 6 months: complete case analysis, worst-case imputation, and inverse probability weighted analysis. The bias of the estimate from each of the approaches was used to compare the performance of the analysis approaches. When the probability of WLST was equal for all patients (i.e., covariates were not factored into the WLST decision), both the complete case analysis and the inverse probability weighted analysis were unbiased. When only patients who would have a poor outcome at 6 months were eligible to have WLST, only the worst-case imputation analysis was unbiased. When the probability of WLST was a function of observed patient characteristics that were also related to 6-month outcome (e.g., age, injury severity), only the inverse probability weighted analysis was unbiased. Finally, when the probability of missingness was related to an unobserved patient characteristic, none of the approaches were unbiased. If some patients who die of WLST might have had a good outcome, inverse probability weighting could be considered to decrease bias associated with censoring or imputing poor outcomes for participants with WLST.</p>","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"435-441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12171701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144318894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Orexin/Hypocretin System.","authors":"Rebecca T Somach, Miranda M Lim, Akiva S Cohen","doi":"10.1089/neur.2024.0111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/neur.2024.0111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) are known to cause a myriad of symptoms in patients. One common symptom after injury is sleep disruptions. One neuropeptide system has been studied repeatedly as a potential cause of sleep disruptions after TBI- the orexin/hypocretin system. Orexin promotes wakefulness and arousal while disrupting the orexin system causes increased sleepiness and narcolepsy. Studies of TBI in human and animal subjects have shown that TBI affects the orexin system. This review serves as an overview of how TBI affects the orexin/hypocretin system, including structural and functional changes to the neurons after injury. This review is the first to include studies that examine how TBI affects orexin/hypocretin receptors. This review also examines how sex is accounted for in the studies of the orexin system after TBI.</p>","PeriodicalId":74300,"journal":{"name":"Neurotrauma reports","volume":"6 1","pages":"322-335"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12040569/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144000115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}