Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献_第3页

Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: The Cellular Superpowers for Nerve Repair 脊髓损伤的嗅鞘细胞:神经修复的细胞超能力

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2022-11-04 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia3040009

Francesca Oieni, Ronak Reshamwala, J. S. St John

{"title":"Olfactory Ensheathing Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: The Cellular Superpowers for Nerve Repair","authors":"Francesca Oieni, Ronak Reshamwala, J. S. St John","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia3040009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia3040009","url":null,"abstract":"Neurotrauma injuries are notoriously difficult to deal with both clinically as well as experimentally, as the cellular and molecular events ensuing after injury complicate the neuroinflammatory processes. Spinal cord injuries are further complicated by the formation of scars at the injury sites, which can provide a physical barrier to repair. The lack of effective clinical therapy for spinal cord injury underscores the need for experimental approaches to generate effective therapies. To repair the injury, cell transplantation offers the potential to replace lost cells and create a permissive bridge to promote neural regeneration across the injury site. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), which are the glia of the olfactory nerve, stand apart from other candidate cell types due to their innate natural abilities to manage nerve injury and promote repair and regeneration. This is evidenced by their physiological role in the daily repair and maintenance of the olfactory nerve. Here, we explain their properties in relation to their physiological role and their most relevant cellular attributes, including cellular interactions, phagocytosis, migration, axonal guidance and support, and modulation of neuroinflammation. We highlight some critical drawbacks in the current approaches and identify some ways to address them.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43902157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Overview of Neuroglia Activation, Chronic Neuroinflammation, Remodeling, and Impaired Cognition Due to Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Exosomes in Obesity and Diabetes 肥胖症和糖尿病中由血管周围脂肪组织衍生的细胞外泡外泌体引起的神经胶质细胞激活、慢性神经炎症、重塑和认知受损综述

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2022-10-04 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia3040008

M. Hayden

{"title":"Overview of Neuroglia Activation, Chronic Neuroinflammation, Remodeling, and Impaired Cognition Due to Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Exosomes in Obesity and Diabetes","authors":"M. Hayden","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia3040008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia3040008","url":null,"abstract":"Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) with small exosome(s) (PVAT-dEVexos) from the descending aorta are capable of entering capillaries and systemic circulation. These PVAT-dEVexos are delivered to the central nervous system (CNS) in preclinical, obese, insulin and leptin resistant, diabetic, db/db mouse models and humans with T2DM. Once within the CNS, these exosomes are capable of traversing the blood–brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier resulting in activation of the neuroglia microglia cell(s) (aMGCs) and the formation of reactive astrocytes (rACs). The chronic peripheral inflammation in the PVAT via crown-like structures consists of activated macrophages and mast cells, which harbor peripheral adipokines, cytokines, and chemokines (pCC) in addition to the EV exosomes. These pCC are transported to the systemic circulation where they may act synergistically with the PVAT-dEVexos to amplify the activation of neuroglia and result in chronic neuroinflammation. Once activated, the MGCs and ACs will contribute to even greater neuroinflammation via central nervous cytokines/chemokines (cnsCC). Activated neuroglia results in an increase of cnsCC and the creation of a vicious cycle of ongoing chronic neuroinflammation and increased redox stress. The increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) involves the reactive species interactome that not only include reactive oxygen but also reactive nitrogen and sulfur species wherein a vicious cycle of ROS begetting inflammation and inflammation begetting ROS develops. Thus, the CNS perceives peripheral systemic inflammation from the obese PVAT depots as an injury and a response to injury wound healing mechanism develops with activation of neuroglia, cellular remodeling, neurodegeneration, and impaired cognition.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45663107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Temporal Profile of Reactive Astrocytes after Ischemic Stroke in Rats 大鼠缺血性脑卒中后反应性星形胶质细胞的时间分布

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2022-09-16 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia3030007

Justin Stadler, Harrison Schurr, D. Doyle, Lucas Garmo, B. Srinageshwar, Marc R. Spencer, Robert B Petersen, G. Dunbar, J. Rossignol

{"title":"Temporal Profile of Reactive Astrocytes after Ischemic Stroke in Rats","authors":"Justin Stadler, Harrison Schurr, D. Doyle, Lucas Garmo, B. Srinageshwar, Marc R. Spencer, Robert B Petersen, G. Dunbar, J. Rossignol","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia3030007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia3030007","url":null,"abstract":"Ischemic stroke is a debilitating neurological disease most commonly resulting from an occlusion within the cerebral vasculature. Ischemia/reperfusion injury is oftentimes a consequence of stroke, characterized by oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and the activation of surrounding glial cells following restoration of blood supply. Astrocytes are regarded as the most prominent glial cell in the brain and, under pathologic conditions, display, among other pathologies, activated (GFAP) relatively proportional to the degree of reactivity. The primary objective of the study was to determine the temporal profile of astrocyte reactivity following ischemic stroke. Thirty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to surgery consisting of either 90-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) or sham surgery. Animals were sub-grouped by postoperative euthanization day; 2 days (n = 10), 4 days (n = 11), and 7 days (n = 13). Fluorescence microscopy and densitometry were utilized to quantify GFAP immunoreactivity, which indicated a non-linear relationship following ischemia/reperfusion. Results demonstrated substantially higher GFAP levels in MCAo groups than in sham, with peak GFAP reactivity being shown in the brains of rats euthanized on day 4. These findings are applicable to future research, especially in the investigation of interventions that target reactive astrocytes following ischemic injury.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47952830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Antioxidants Derived from Natural Products Reduce Radiative Damage in Cultured Retinal Glia to Prevent Oxidative Stress 从天然产物中提取的抗氧化剂可减少培养视网膜胶质细胞的辐射损伤，防止氧化应激

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2022-07-20 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia3030006

Richard N. Cliver, Natalia G Castro, T. Russomano, Gaetano Lardieri, Lindsay Quarrie, Helena van der Merwe, Maribel Vazquez

{"title":"Antioxidants Derived from Natural Products Reduce Radiative Damage in Cultured Retinal Glia to Prevent Oxidative Stress","authors":"Richard N. Cliver, Natalia G Castro, T. Russomano, Gaetano Lardieri, Lindsay Quarrie, Helena van der Merwe, Maribel Vazquez","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia3030006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia3030006","url":null,"abstract":"Retinal pathologies have been heavily studied in response to radiation and microgravity, including spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS), which is commonly developed in space flight. SANS has been characterized in clinical studies of astronauts returning to Earth and includes a range of symptoms, such as globe flattening, optic-disc edema, retinal folds, and retinal ischemia. In cases of retinal insult, Müller glia (MG) cells respond via neuroprotective gliotic responses that may become destructive to produce glial scarring and vison loss over time. Retinal pathology is further impacted by the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that stimulate retinal inflammation and furthers the gliosis of MG. Neuroprotectants derived from natural products (NPs) able to scavenge excess ROS and mitigate long-term, gliotic responses have garnered recent interest, especially among mature and aging adults. The natural antioxidants aloin and ginkgolide A flavonoids, derived from Aloe vera and Ginkgo biloba species, respectively, have been of particular interest due to their recent use in other nervous-system studies. The current study examined MG behaviors in response to different doses of aloin and ginkgolide A over time by measuring changes in morphology, survival, and ROS production within microscale assays. The study was further enhanced by using galactic cosmic rays (GCR) at the Brookhaven NASA Space Radiation Laboratory to simulate ionizing radiation in low- and high-radiation parameters. Changes in the survival and ROS production of radiation-treated MG were then measured in response to varying dosage of NPs. Our study used in vitro systems to evaluate the potential of NPs to reduce oxidative stress in the retina, highlighting the underexplored interplay between NP antioxidants and MG endogenous responses both in space and terrestrially.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41330034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Fabp7 Is Required for Normal Sleep Suppression and Anxiety-Associated Phenotype following Single-Prolonged Stress in Mice. Fabp7是小鼠单次长时间应激后正常睡眠抑制和焦虑相关表型所必需的。

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia3020005

William M Vanderheyden, Micah Lefton, Carlos C Flores, Yuji Owada, Jason R Gerstner

{"title":"Fabp7 Is Required for Normal Sleep Suppression and Anxiety-Associated Phenotype following Single-Prolonged Stress in Mice.","authors":"William M Vanderheyden, Micah Lefton, Carlos C Flores, Yuji Owada, Jason R Gerstner","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia3020005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia3020005","url":null,"abstract":"Humans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) exhibit sleep disturbances that include insomnia, nightmares, and enhanced daytime sleepiness. Sleep disturbances are considered a hallmark feature of PTSD; however, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating trauma-induced sleep disorders. Using a rodent model of PTSD called \"Single Prolonged Stress\" (SPS) we examined the requirement of the brain-type fatty acid binding protein Fabp7, an astrocyte expressed lipid-signaling molecule, in mediating trauma-induced sleep disturbances. We measured baseline sleep/wake parameters and then exposed Fabp7 knock-out (KO) and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6N genetic background control animals to SPS. Sleep and wake measurements were obtained immediately following the initial trauma exposure of SPS, and again 7 days later. We found that active-phase (dark period) wakefulness was similar in KO and WT at baseline and immediately following SPS; however, it was significantly increased after 7 days. These effects were opposite in the inactive-phase (light period), where KOs exhibited increased wake in baseline and following SPS, but returned to WT levels after 7 days. To examine the effects of Fabp7 on unconditioned anxiety following trauma, we exposed KO and WT mice to the light-dark box test before and after SPS. Prior to SPS, KO and WT mice spent similar amounts of time in the lit compartment. Following SPS, KO mice spent significantly more time in the lit compartment compared to WT mice. These results demonstrate that mutations in an astrocyte-expressed gene (Fabp7) influence changes in stress-dependent sleep disturbances and associated anxiety behavior.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"3 2","pages":"73-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10001429/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9118522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Unique Astrocyte Cytoskeletal and Nuclear Morphology in a Three-Dimensional Tissue-Engineered Rostral Migratory Stream. 三维组织工程吻侧迁移流中独特的星形胶质细胞骨架和核形态。

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2022-03-01 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia3010003

Erin M Purvis, John C O'Donnell, D Kacy Cullen

{"title":"Unique Astrocyte Cytoskeletal and Nuclear Morphology in a Three-Dimensional Tissue-Engineered Rostral Migratory Stream.","authors":"Erin M Purvis, John C O'Donnell, D Kacy Cullen","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia3010003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia3010003","url":null,"abstract":"Neural precursor cells (NPCs) are generated in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and travel through the rostral migratory stream (RMS) to replace olfactory bulb interneurons in the brains of most adult mammals. Following brain injury, SVZ-derived NPCs can divert from the RMS and migrate toward injured brain regions but arrive in numbers too low to promote functional recovery without experimental intervention. Our lab has biofabricated a \"living scaffold\" that replicates the structural and functional features of the endogenous RMS. This tissue-engineered rostral migratory stream (TE-RMS) is a new regenerative medicine strategy designed to facilitate stable and sustained NPC delivery into neuron-deficient brain regions following brain injury or neurodegenerative disease and an in vitro tool to investigate the mechanisms of neuronal migration and cell-cell communication. We have previously shown that the TE-RMS replicates the basic structure and protein expression of the endogenous RMS and can direct immature neuronal migration in vitro and in vivo. Here, we further describe profound morphological changes that occur following precise physical manipulation and subsequent self-assembly of astrocytes into the TE-RMS, including significant cytoskeletal rearrangement and nuclear elongation. The unique cytoskeletal and nuclear architecture of TE-RMS astrocytes mimics astrocytes in the endogenous rat RMS. Advanced imaging techniques reveal the unique morphology of TE-RMS cells that has yet to be described of astrocytes in vitro. The TE-RMS offers a novel platform to elucidate astrocyte cytoskeletal and nuclear dynamics and their relationship to cell behavior and function.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"3 1","pages":"41-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9910099/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10716280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Glia Excitation in the CNS Modulates Intact Behaviors and Sensory-CNS-Motor Circuitry 中枢神经系统中的神经胶质兴奋调节完整的行为和感觉-中枢-运动回路

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2022-02-28 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia3010002

Shelby McCubbin, D. Harrison, R. Cooper

{"title":"Glia Excitation in the CNS Modulates Intact Behaviors and Sensory-CNS-Motor Circuitry","authors":"Shelby McCubbin, D. Harrison, R. Cooper","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia3010002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia3010002","url":null,"abstract":"Glial cells play a role in many important processes, though the mechanisms through which they affect neighboring cells are not fully known. Insights may be gained by selectively activating glial cell populations in intact organisms utilizing the activatable channel proteins channel rhodopsin (ChR2XXL) and TRPA1. Here, the impacts of the glial-specific expression of these channels were examined in both larval and adult Drosophila. The Glia > ChR2XXL adults and larvae became immobile when exposed to blue light and TRPA1-expressed Drosophila upon heat exposure. The chloride pump expression in glia > eNpHR animals showed no observable differences in adults or larvae. In the in situ neural circuit activity of larvae in the Glia > ChR2XXL, the evoked activity first became more intense with concurrent light exposure, and then the activity was silenced and slowly picked back up after light was turned off. This decrease in motor nerve activity was also noted in the intact behaviors for Glia > ChR2XXL and Glia > TRPA1 larvae. As a proof of concept, this study demonstrated that activation of the glia can produce excessive neural activity and it appears with increased excitation of the glia and depressed motor neuron activity.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46106267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: Properties and Therapeutic Effects after Transplantation into the Lesioned Nervous System 嗅鞘细胞移植：神经系统损伤后的特性和治疗效果

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2022-01-28 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia3010001

Q. Delarue, N. Guérout

{"title":"Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: Properties and Therapeutic Effects after Transplantation into the Lesioned Nervous System","authors":"Q. Delarue, N. Guérout","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia3010001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia3010001","url":null,"abstract":"The primary olfactory system (POS) is in permanent renewal, especially the primary olfactory neurons (PON) are renewed with a turnover of around four weeks, even in adulthood. The re-growth of these axons is helped by a specific population of glial cells: the olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs). In the POS, OECs constitute an “open-channel” in which the axons of PON cause regrowth from peripheral nervous system (PNS) to central nervous system (CNS). The remarkable role played by OECs into the POS has led scientists to investigate their properties and potential beneficial effects after transplantation in different lesion models of the CNS and PNS. In this review, we will resume and discuss more than thirty years of research regarding OEC studies. Indeed, after discussing the embryonic origins of OECs, we will describe the in vitro and in vivo properties exert at physiological state by these cells. Thereafter, we will present and talk over the effects of the transplantation of OECs after spinal cord injury, peripheral injury and other CNS injury models such as demyelinating diseases or traumatic brain injury. Finally, the mechanisms exerted by OECs in these different CNS and PNS lesion paradigms will be stated and we will conclude by presenting the innovations and future directions which can be considered to improve OECs properties and allow us to envisage their use in the near future in clinical applications.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42830670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Neuroprotective and Anti-Microglial Activation Effects of Tocotrienols in Brains of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Model Mice Tocotrienols对脂多糖诱导的炎症模型小鼠大脑的神经保护和抗小胶质细胞活化作用

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia2010009

S. Okuyama, M. Matsuda, Yuna Okusako, Sanae Miyauchi, Toshiki Omasa, Akiho Ozawa, M. Abe, T. Yaeno, T. Araki, A. Sawamoto, M. Nakajima, Y. Furukawa

{"title":"Neuroprotective and Anti-Microglial Activation Effects of Tocotrienols in Brains of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Model Mice","authors":"S. Okuyama, M. Matsuda, Yuna Okusako, Sanae Miyauchi, Toshiki Omasa, Akiho Ozawa, M. Abe, T. Yaeno, T. Araki, A. Sawamoto, M. Nakajima, Y. Furukawa","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia2010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia2010009","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammation is the cause and/or result of many diseases in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Recent findings suggested that inflammation in peripheral tissue induces an inflammatory response in the brain that activates glial cells, which, in turn, induce neuronal cell dysfunction. Therefore, anti-inflammatory compounds are important for the suppression of chronic inflammation and prevention of disease. The present study revealed microglial activation in the hippocampus of the brain two days after the peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, the expression of the synaptic vesicle membrane protein, synaptophysin, in the CA3 stratum lucidum of the hippocampus was down-regulated 7 days after the LPS injection. The administration of tocotrienols, a type of vitamin E, significantly attenuated these changes in the hippocampus. Collectively, the present results demonstrated the spread of peripheral inflammatory responses to the brain, in which glial activation and neuronal dysfunction were induced, while tocotrienols exerted anti-inflammatory effects and protected neurons from damage.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48401803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Molecular and Functional Characterization of Caveolae in Mixed Cultures of Human NT-2 Neurons and Astrocytes 人NT-2神经元和星形胶质细胞混合培养小窝的分子和功能特征

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia2010008

J. Sandhu, M. Ribecco‐Lutkiewicz, A. Abulrob

{"title":"Molecular and Functional Characterization of Caveolae in Mixed Cultures of Human NT-2 Neurons and Astrocytes","authors":"J. Sandhu, M. Ribecco‐Lutkiewicz, A. Abulrob","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia2010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia2010008","url":null,"abstract":"Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations that are enriched in cholesterol-binding proteins called caveolins. The presence of caveolae and caveolins in mixed cultures of human neurons and glia has not been investigated. Here, we sought to determine the presence of caveolae and caveolins in human NTera-2 (NT2/D1) cells, differentiated with retinoic acid into neuron-like (NT2/N) and astrocyte-like (NT2/A) cells. We found that while caveolin-3 mRNA levels remained relatively constant, caveolin-1 and -2 levels were upregulated in NT2/A and downregulated in NT2/N. No caveolin-1 immunoreactivity was detected in NT2/N. Electron microscopy revealed numerous flask-shaped invaginations (~86–102 nm in diameter) in the plasma membrane of NT2/A and NT2/N cells, while only few were detected in NT2/D1 cells. Immunoelectron microscopy localized caveolin-1 gold particles in the flask-shaped structures on plasmalemma and cytoplasmic vesicles of NT2/A cells. Furthermore, NT2/A endocytosed Alexa 488 conjugated-cholera toxin B subunit (CTX-B) through a caveolae- and clathrin-dependent pathway, whereas NT2/N endocytosed CTX-B through a caveolae-independent pathway. We have established that while NT2/A expressed functional caveolae, the molecular identity of the plasma membrane invaginations in NT2/N is unknown. The expression of caveolin proteins was differentially regulated in these cells. Taken together, our findings support the usefulness of the human NT2 model system to study the role of caveolins in neuron–glia communication, and their involvement in brain health and disease.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43843816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1