Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)最新文献_第4页

Neuroprotective and Anti-Microglial Activation Effects of Tocotrienols in Brains of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Model Mice Tocotrienols对脂多糖诱导的炎症模型小鼠大脑的神经保护和抗小胶质细胞活化作用

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2021-12-16 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia2010009

S. Okuyama, M. Matsuda, Yuna Okusako, Sanae Miyauchi, Toshiki Omasa, Akiho Ozawa, M. Abe, T. Yaeno, T. Araki, A. Sawamoto, M. Nakajima, Y. Furukawa

{"title":"Neuroprotective and Anti-Microglial Activation Effects of Tocotrienols in Brains of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Model Mice","authors":"S. Okuyama, M. Matsuda, Yuna Okusako, Sanae Miyauchi, Toshiki Omasa, Akiho Ozawa, M. Abe, T. Yaeno, T. Araki, A. Sawamoto, M. Nakajima, Y. Furukawa","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia2010009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia2010009","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammation is the cause and/or result of many diseases in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. Recent findings suggested that inflammation in peripheral tissue induces an inflammatory response in the brain that activates glial cells, which, in turn, induce neuronal cell dysfunction. Therefore, anti-inflammatory compounds are important for the suppression of chronic inflammation and prevention of disease. The present study revealed microglial activation in the hippocampus of the brain two days after the peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Furthermore, the expression of the synaptic vesicle membrane protein, synaptophysin, in the CA3 stratum lucidum of the hippocampus was down-regulated 7 days after the LPS injection. The administration of tocotrienols, a type of vitamin E, significantly attenuated these changes in the hippocampus. Collectively, the present results demonstrated the spread of peripheral inflammatory responses to the brain, in which glial activation and neuronal dysfunction were induced, while tocotrienols exerted anti-inflammatory effects and protected neurons from damage.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48401803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Molecular and Functional Characterization of Caveolae in Mixed Cultures of Human NT-2 Neurons and Astrocytes 人NT-2神经元和星形胶质细胞混合培养小窝的分子和功能特征

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2021-12-08 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia2010008

J. Sandhu, M. Ribecco‐Lutkiewicz, A. Abulrob

{"title":"Molecular and Functional Characterization of Caveolae in Mixed Cultures of Human NT-2 Neurons and Astrocytes","authors":"J. Sandhu, M. Ribecco‐Lutkiewicz, A. Abulrob","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia2010008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia2010008","url":null,"abstract":"Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations that are enriched in cholesterol-binding proteins called caveolins. The presence of caveolae and caveolins in mixed cultures of human neurons and glia has not been investigated. Here, we sought to determine the presence of caveolae and caveolins in human NTera-2 (NT2/D1) cells, differentiated with retinoic acid into neuron-like (NT2/N) and astrocyte-like (NT2/A) cells. We found that while caveolin-3 mRNA levels remained relatively constant, caveolin-1 and -2 levels were upregulated in NT2/A and downregulated in NT2/N. No caveolin-1 immunoreactivity was detected in NT2/N. Electron microscopy revealed numerous flask-shaped invaginations (~86–102 nm in diameter) in the plasma membrane of NT2/A and NT2/N cells, while only few were detected in NT2/D1 cells. Immunoelectron microscopy localized caveolin-1 gold particles in the flask-shaped structures on plasmalemma and cytoplasmic vesicles of NT2/A cells. Furthermore, NT2/A endocytosed Alexa 488 conjugated-cholera toxin B subunit (CTX-B) through a caveolae- and clathrin-dependent pathway, whereas NT2/N endocytosed CTX-B through a caveolae-independent pathway. We have established that while NT2/A expressed functional caveolae, the molecular identity of the plasma membrane invaginations in NT2/N is unknown. The expression of caveolin proteins was differentially regulated in these cells. Taken together, our findings support the usefulness of the human NT2 model system to study the role of caveolins in neuron–glia communication, and their involvement in brain health and disease.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43843816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The Effect of Optogenetically Activating Glia on Neuronal Function 视激活胶质细胞对神经元功能的影响

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2021-10-22 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia2010007

Cecilia Pankau, Shelby McCubbin, R. Cooper

{"title":"The Effect of Optogenetically Activating Glia on Neuronal Function","authors":"Cecilia Pankau, Shelby McCubbin, R. Cooper","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia2010007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia2010007","url":null,"abstract":"Glia, or glial cells, are considered a vital component of the nervous system, serving as an electrical insulator and a protective barrier from the interstitial (extracellular) media. Certain glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) within the CNS have been shown to directly affect neural functions, but these properties are challenging to study due to the difficulty involved with selectively-activating specific glia. To overcome this hurdle, we selectively expressed light-sensitive ion channels (i.e., channel rhodopsin, ChR2-XXL) in glia of larvae and adult Drosophila melanogaster. Upon activation of ChR2, both adults and larvae showed a rapid contracture of body wall muscles with the animal remaining in contracture even after the light was turned off. During ChR2-XXL activation, electrophysiological recordings of evoked excitatory junction potentials within body wall muscles of the larvae confirmed a train of motor nerve activity. Additionally, when segmental nerves were transected from the CNS and exposed to light, there were no noted differences in quantal or evoked responses. This suggests that there is not enough expression of ChR2-XXL to influence the segmental axons to detect in our paradigm. Activation of the glia within the CNS is sufficient to excite the motor neurons.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47094473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Direct Deviations in Astrocyte Free Ca2+ Concentration Control Multiple Arteriole Tone States 星形胶质细胞游离Ca2+浓度的直接偏差控制多小动脉张力状态

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2021-10-14 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia2010006

J. Haidey, G. Gordon

{"title":"Direct Deviations in Astrocyte Free Ca2+ Concentration Control Multiple Arteriole Tone States","authors":"J. Haidey, G. Gordon","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia2010006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia2010006","url":null,"abstract":"Astrocytes elicit bidirectional control of microvascular diameter in acutely isolated brain slices through vasoconstriction and vasodilation pathways that can be differentially recruited via the free Ca2+ concentration in endfeet and/or the metabolic status of the tissue. However, the Ca2+-level hypothesis has not been tested using direct manipulation. To overcome this, we used Ca2+-clamp whole-cell patching of peri-arteriole astrocytes to change astrocyte-free Ca2+ to different concentrations and examined the vascular response. We discovered that clamping Ca2+ at the approximate resting value (100 nM) had no impact on arteriole diameter in a pre-constricted arteriole. However, a moderate elevation to 250 nM elicited sustained vasodilation that was blocked by the COX-1 antagonist SC-560 (500 nM). The vasodilation to 250 nM Ca2+ was sensitive to the metabolic state, as it converted to vasoconstriction when oxygen tension was dramatically elevated. In normal oxygen, clamping astrocyte Ca2+ well above the resting level (750 nM) produced sustained vasoconstriction, which converted to vasodilation in the 20-HETE blocker HET0016 (1 μM). This response was fully blocked by the addition of SC-560 (500 nM), showing that 20-HETE-induced vasoconstriction dominated the dilatory action of COX-1. These data demonstrate that direct changes in astrocyte free Ca2+ can control multiple arteriole tone states through different mediators.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44330269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Neurovascular Coupling in Seizures 癫痫发作中的神经血管耦合

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2021-10-11 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia2010005

G. Teskey, C. Tran

引用次数: 1

Hypothesis: Neuroglia Activation Due to Increased Peripheral and CNS Proinflammatory Cytokines/Chemokines with Neuroinflammation May Result in Long COVID 假设:神经炎症引起的外周和中枢神经系统促炎细胞因子/趋化因子增加导致神经胶质细胞活化可能导致长COVID

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2021-08-30 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia2010004

M. Hayden

{"title":"Hypothesis: Neuroglia Activation Due to Increased Peripheral and CNS Proinflammatory Cytokines/Chemokines with Neuroinflammation May Result in Long COVID","authors":"M. Hayden","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia2010004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia2010004","url":null,"abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic has paralleled the great Spanish flu pandemic of 1918–1919 in the United States. Previous historical accounts have strongly suggested a post-viral syndrome and, currently, a post-COVID-19 viral syndrome is unquestionable, which shares many of the characteristics of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome that is present globally. The original term for this post-acute sequela of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) was termed long haulers by those who were affected with this syndrome and it is now termed long COVID (LC) or PASC. International researchers and clinicians are desperately trying to better understand the pathobiological mechanisms possibly involved in this syndrome. This review aims to summarize many of the cumulated findings associated with LC/PASC and provides supportive and representative illustrations and transmission electron micrographic remodeling changes within brain tissues associated with a stress type of injury as occurs in the classic db/db and novel BTBR ob/ob obesity and diabetes mellitus mice models. These models are utilized to merely provide a response to metabolic stress injury wound healing mechanisms that are also present in humans. This review posits that neuroglial activation and chronic neuroinflammation may be a common denominator for the development of the complex LC/PASC syndrome following acute COVID-19 due to SARS-CoV-2.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42513762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

Effects of Chemically-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Morphology and Vitality of D54MG Human Glioblastoma Cells. 化学功能化单壁碳纳米管对D54MG人胶质母细胞瘤细胞形态和活力的影响

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2018-12-01 Epub Date: 2018-10-16 DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia1020022

Seantel Hopkins, Manoj K Gottipati, Vedrana Montana, Elena Bekyarova, Robert C Haddon, Vladimir Parpura

{"title":"Effects of Chemically-Functionalized Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes on the Morphology and Vitality of D54MG Human Glioblastoma Cells.","authors":"Seantel Hopkins, Manoj K Gottipati, Vedrana Montana, Elena Bekyarova, Robert C Haddon, Vladimir Parpura","doi":"10.3390/neuroglia1020022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia1020022","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The unique properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have made them interesting candidates for applications in biomedicine. There are diverse chemical groups that can be attached to SWCNTs in order for these tiny tubes to gain various functionalities, for example, water solubility. Due to the availability of these \"functionalization\" approaches, SWCNTs are seen as agents for a potential anti-cancer therapy. In this context, we tested different chemically-functionalized forms of SWCNTs to determine which modifications make them better combatants against glioblastoma (astrocytoma grade IV), the deadliest brain cancer. We investigated the effects that two types of water soluble SWCNTs, functionalized with polyethylene glycol (SWCNT-PEG) or tetrahydrofurfuryl-terminated polyethylene glycol (SWCNT-PEG-THFF), have on the morphology and vitality, that is, cell adhesion, proliferation and death rate, of the D54MG human glioblastoma cells in culture. We found that SWCNT-PEG-THFF solute, when added to culture media, makes D54MG cells less round (measured as a significant decrease, by ~23%, in the form factor). This morphological change was induced by the PEG-THFF functional group, but not the SWCNT backbone itself. We also found that SWCNT-PEG-THFF solute reduces the proliferation rate of D54MG cells while increasing the rate of cell death. The functional groups PEG and PEG-THFF, on the other hand, reduce the cell death rate of D54MG human glioma cells. These data indicate that the process of functionalization of SWCNTs for potential use as glioma therapeutics may affect their biological effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":"1 2","pages":"327-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/neuroglia1020022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37257717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Role for Astroglia-Derived BDNF and MSK1 in Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity 星形胶质细胞来源的BDNF和MSK1在稳态突触可塑性中的作用

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020026

U. Lalo, Alexander Bogdanov, Guy W J Moss, B. Frenguelli, Y. Pankratov

{"title":"Role for Astroglia-Derived BDNF and MSK1 in Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity","authors":"U. Lalo, Alexander Bogdanov, Guy W J Moss, B. Frenguelli, Y. Pankratov","doi":"10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020026","url":null,"abstract":"Homeostatic scaling of synaptic strength in response to environmental stimuli may underlie the beneficial effects of an active lifestyle on brain function. Our previous results highlighted a key role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1) in experience-related homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Astroglia have recently been shown to serve as an important source of BDNF. To elucidate a role for astroglia-derived BDNF, we explored homeostatic synaptic plasticity in transgenic mice with an impairment in the BDNF/MSK1 pathway (MSK1 kinase dead knock-in (KD) mice) and impairment of glial exocytosis (dnSNARE mice). We observed that prolonged tonic activation of astrocytes caused BDNF-dependent upregulation of excitatory synaptic currents accompanied by enlargement of synaptic boutons. We found that exposure to environmental enrichment (EE) and caloric restriction (CR) strongly upregulated excitatory but downregulated inhibitory synaptic currents in old wild-type mice, thus counterbalancing the impact of ageing on synaptic transmission. In parallel, EE and CR enhanced astrocytic Ca2+-signalling. Importantly, we observed a significant deficit in the effects of EE and CR on synaptic transmission in the MSK1 KD and dnSNARE mice. Combined, our results strongly support the importance of astrocytic exocytosis of BDNF for the beneficial effects of EE and CR on synaptic transmission and plasticity in the ageing brain.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020026","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44226299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 6

Putative Receptors Underpinning l-Lactate Signalling in Locus Coeruleus 蓝斑中l-乳酸信号传导的推定受体

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2018-11-16 DOI: 10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020025

V. Mosienko, Seyed M. A. Rasooli-Nejad, K. Kishi, M. D. De Both, D. Jane, M. Huentelman, S. Kasparov, A. Teschemacher

{"title":"Putative Receptors Underpinning l-Lactate Signalling in Locus Coeruleus","authors":"V. Mosienko, Seyed M. A. Rasooli-Nejad, K. Kishi, M. D. De Both, D. Jane, M. Huentelman, S. Kasparov, A. Teschemacher","doi":"10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020025","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of astrocytic l-lactate (LL) for normal functioning of neural circuits such as those regulating learning/memory, sleep/wake state, autonomic homeostasis, or emotional behaviour is being increasingly recognised. l-Lactate can act on neurones as a metabolic or redox substrate, but transmembrane receptor targets are also emerging. A comparative review of the hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor (HCA1, formerly known as GPR81), Olfactory Receptor Family 51 Subfamily E Member 2 (OR51E2), and orphan receptor GPR4 highlights differences in their LL sensitivity, pharmacology, intracellular coupling, and localisation in the brain. In addition, a putative Gs-coupled receptor on noradrenergic neurones, LLRx, which we previously postulated, remains to be identified. Next-generation sequencing revealed several orphan receptors expressed in locus coeruleus neurones. Screening of a selection of these suggests additional LL-sensitive receptors: GPR180 which inhibits and GPR137 which activates intracellular cyclic AMP signalling in response to LL in a heterologous expression system. To further characterise binding of LL at LLRx, we carried out a structure–activity relationship study which demonstrates that carboxyl and 2-hydroxyl moieties of LL are essential for triggering d-lactate-sensitive noradrenaline release in locus coeruleus, and that the size of the LL binding pocket is limited towards the methyl group position. The evidence accumulating to date suggests that LL acts via multiple receptor targets to modulate distinct brain functions.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43567735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Ultrastructural Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit in the Female Diabetic db/db Model—Part III: Oligodendrocyte and Myelin 女性糖尿病db/db模型中神经血管单元的超微结构重构——第三部分:少突胶质细胞和髓磷脂

Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland) Pub Date : 2018-11-08 DOI: 10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020024

M. Hayden, D. Grant, A. Aroor, V. DeMarco

{"title":"Ultrastructural Remodeling of the Neurovascular Unit in the Female Diabetic db/db Model—Part III: Oligodendrocyte and Myelin","authors":"M. Hayden, D. Grant, A. Aroor, V. DeMarco","doi":"10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020024","url":null,"abstract":"Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus are associated with diabetic cognopathy. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that neurovascular unit(s) (NVU), oligodendrocytes, and myelin within cerebral cortical grey matter and deeper transitional zone regions between the cortical grey matter and white matter may be abnormal. The monogenic (Leprdb) female diabetic db/db [BKS.CgDock7m +/+ Leprdb/J] (DBC) mouse model was utilized for this ultrastructural study. Upon sacrifice (20 weeks of age), left-brain hemispheres of the DBC and age-matched non-diabetic wild type control C57BL/KsJ (CKC) mice were immediately immersion-fixed. We found prominent remodeling of oligodendrocytes with increased nuclear chromatin condensation and volume and increased numbers of active myelination sites of the cytoplasm in transition zones. Marked dysmyelination with outer myelin lamellae sheath splitting, separation, and ballooning with aberrant mitochondria in grey matter and similar myelin remodeling changes with marked disarray with additional axonal collapse in transitional zones in DBC as compared to CKC models.","PeriodicalId":74275,"journal":{"name":"Neuroglia (Basel, Switzerland)","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3390/NEUROGLIA1020024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44842454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12