Molecular psychology最新文献_第2页

An ontological approach to the ethical issues of human cerebral organoids 人类大脑类器官伦理问题的本体论研究

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-07-13 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17555.1

Federico Zilio

{"title":"An ontological approach to the ethical issues of human cerebral organoids","authors":"Federico Zilio","doi":"10.12688/molpsychol.17555.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/molpsychol.17555.1","url":null,"abstract":"Human cerebral organoids (HCOs) are models that grow up in the laboratory and mimic the cellular composition, structure and function of parts of the adult human brain. Recently, an interesting debate has appeared on the ethics of HCO research and application, particularly on the current and future moral status of these entities. A precautionary approach has been proposed, implying a level of protection and moral consideration based on the potential conscious activity that might be detected in future complex forms of HCO. In this article, I aim to broaden the analysis of the question of the moral status of HCOs through an ontological analysis. The hybrid nature of HCOs (between object and subject, natural and artificial) entails an ontological complexity that is difficult to fix in an absolute sense, and this has consequences on the ethical level as well. After identifying the relevant moral concepts at stake, I argue that HCOs can be placed between being moral objects and moral patients based on their ontological status. Therefore, HCOs deserve indirect moral consideration (as moral objects), even if they have not yet or will never develop consciousness; moreover, if they were to reach such a level of complexity that they might have interests in their own self-preservation, they could also receive direct moral consideration (as moral patients). This ontological analysis displays the evolving complexity of these entities, potentially helping define all the factors to be taken into account when formulating the precautionary principle on a case-by-case basis to identify the proper proportionality and regulation of HCOs.","PeriodicalId":74223,"journal":{"name":"Molecular psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49340687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

An assessment of the moral value of neuronal cell models and brain organoids 神经细胞模型和脑类器官的道德价值评估

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-07-10 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17557.1

Sietske A L van Till, M. V. Maksimova, G. V. van Thiel, Eline M. Bunnik

{"title":"An assessment of the moral value of neuronal cell models and brain organoids","authors":"Sietske A L van Till, M. V. Maksimova, G. V. van Thiel, Eline M. Bunnik","doi":"10.12688/molpsychol.17557.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/molpsychol.17557.1","url":null,"abstract":"Advances in stem cell technology enable neuroscientists to develop induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based neuronal models of varying complexity, ranging from single human brain cells to two-dimensional neuronal cell models and three-dimensional brain organoids. While the discussion on the moral status of brain organoids is taking center stage in the bioethical literature and is invariably linked to the presumed capacity of future brain organoids to develop some form of consciousness, analyses of the moral status of other – less complex – iPSC-based neuronal models are lacking. In this paper we aim to clarify the moral value of various types of existing neuronal models, including brain organoids. We show how it is made up of several layers that may encompass various sorts of considerations, including moral values, the results of empirical research, and biological characteristics. We identify four such layers – instrumental, intrinsic, symbolic, and relational – that are relevant for the assessment of the moral value of neuronal models. We demonstrate that it lies not in a capacity to develop some form of consciousness (which is absent in current iPSC-based neuronal models, including brain organoids), but in other considerations, including the genetic links between models and donors, the ability of models to mimic brain (dys)function, and their symbolic value, all of which are often overlooked in the bioethical literature. Also, we demonstrate that the 'thickness' of the layers (i.e., their moral weight) increases when the neuronal model is more complex. Finally, we discuss the practical-ethical implications of our analysis for the use of neuronal models in research settings, for instance in relation to informed consent and biobank governance. Our four-layer framework can be applied also in moral assessments of other iPSC-based models, including emerging and future cell models.","PeriodicalId":74223,"journal":{"name":"Molecular psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44586579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sonar-guided attention in natural tasks 自然任务中声纳引导的注意力

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-26 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17488.2

Melville J. Wohlgemuth, Angeles Salles, C. Moss

引用次数: 0

What do mammals have to say about the neurobiology of acoustic communication? 哺乳动物对声音交流的神经生物学有什么要说的?

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-16 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17539.2

Angeles Salles, Joshua Neunuebel

引用次数: 0

The end of ‘mini-brains’! Responsible communication of cerebral organoid research “迷你大脑”时代的终结!负责脑类器官研究的交流

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17534.1

Katherine Bassil

引用次数: 3

Human brain organoid transplantation: ethical implications of enhancing specific cerebral functions in small-animal models 人脑类器官移植：在小动物模型中增强特定大脑功能的伦理意义

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-06 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17544.1

Paul M. Harary, Rachel Blue, Mackenzie Castellanos, Mehek Dedhia, Sarah Hamimi, Dennis Jgamadze, Benjamin Rees, Nitin Seshadri, Shikha Singh, Jonathan Moreno, J. Wolf, Hongjun Song, G. Ming, H. I. Chen

{"title":"Human brain organoid transplantation: ethical implications of enhancing specific cerebral functions in small-animal models","authors":"Paul M. Harary, Rachel Blue, Mackenzie Castellanos, Mehek Dedhia, Sarah Hamimi, Dennis Jgamadze, Benjamin Rees, Nitin Seshadri, Shikha Singh, Jonathan Moreno, J. Wolf, Hongjun Song, G. Ming, H. I. Chen","doi":"10.12688/molpsychol.17544.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/molpsychol.17544.1","url":null,"abstract":"Brain organoids are self-organizing, three-dimensional tissues derived from pluripotent stem cells that recapitulate many aspects of the cellular diversity and architectural features of the developing brain. Recently, there has been growing interest in using human brain organoid transplantation in animal models as a means of addressing the limitations of in vitro culture, such as the lack of vascularization, and to explore the potential of organoids for neural repair. While there has been substantial debate on the ethical implications of brain organoid research, particularly the potential for organoids to exhibit higher-order brain functions such as consciousness, the impact of human organoid grafts on animal hosts has been less extensively discussed. Enhancement of host animal brain function may not be technically feasible at this time, but it is imperative to carefully consider the moral significance of these potential outcomes. Here, we discuss the ethical implications of enhancing somatosensation, motor processes, memory, and basic socialization in small-animal models. We consider the moral implications of such outcomes and if safeguards are needed to accommodate any increased moral status of animals transplanted with human brain organoids.","PeriodicalId":74223,"journal":{"name":"Molecular psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41439464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Agency, moral worth and the legal status of human cerebral organoids 代理、道德价值与人类大脑类器官的法律地位

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-06-01 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17531.1

J. Jowitt

{"title":"Agency, moral worth and the legal status of human cerebral organoids","authors":"J. Jowitt","doi":"10.12688/molpsychol.17531.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/molpsychol.17531.1","url":null,"abstract":"Human cerebral organoids are an emerging medical technology whose development raises ethical questions pertinent to debates regarding how regulators ought to respond to research that makes use of them. The sentience of a non-human entity is a common focus of work exploring how moral status ought to be reflected in the law, but it is not the only threshold for moral worth suitable for this purpose. This paper considers the problem of the moral status of human cerebral organoids from the Gewirthian perspective – which holds that a special moral consideration ought to be afforded to agents through a principle of reciprocity, the Principle of Generic Consistency. This alternative framework may be preferable to the sentience-based approach due to the fact that it is proceeds from the bare agency of the observer, which provides a more certain foundation for assessments of moral worth than attempts to ascertain sentience in an observee. The paper will proceed in three main steps. It will first provide an outline of the moral writing of Alan Gewirth, which, through a dialectically necessary argument, imposes an obligation on all agents to ensure that the freedom and wellbeing of all other agents is protected from non-consensual interference. It will then turn to consider whether human cerebral organoids may be considered agents for the purpose of the Gewirthian ethical framework, and thus deserving of this special moral consideration. Lastly, the paper will outline two potential legislative responses with regards to their legal status and legal protection of any interests they may possess. These will be offered from the perspective of two competing theories of legal validity – those that hold that the moral permissibility of a legal rule is a necessary condition of its validity, and those that may see such moral permissibility as desirable though not necessary.","PeriodicalId":74223,"journal":{"name":"Molecular psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46593731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Global governance of human brain organoid research and applications: A role for the World Health Organization? 人脑类器官研究和应用的全球治理:世界卫生组织的作用?

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17548.1

Tsung-Ling Lee, Tsutomu Sawai

引用次数: 0

Too-Many-Oids: The paradox in constructing an organoid ethics framework 太多Oids：构建类器官伦理框架的悖论

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-05-25 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17552.1

A. Barnhart, K. Dierickx

{"title":"Too-Many-Oids: The paradox in constructing an organoid ethics framework","authors":"A. Barnhart, K. Dierickx","doi":"10.12688/molpsychol.17552.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12688/molpsychol.17552.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The field of organoid ethics is complex and multifaceted, and the need for flexibility and adaptability in the face of its moral complexity is of great importance. Certain kinds of organoids may be deemed morally controversial due to their intrinsic characteristics (e.g., brain organoids, embryoids, or organoid intelligence models) and debates are underway over their possible moral standing. Furthermore, different domains of organoid applications, such as transplantation, precision medicine, or disease modeling have fundamentally different moral concerns. Methods: In this paper, we argue that it is a mistake and near impossible to develop an overarching, all-in-one ethical framework that can sufficiently cover the myriad of organoid moral contexts. We first identify different ontological categories of organoid technologies along with morally problematic properties. We then present different moral contexts in which the organoid technologies are applied. Results: Constructing an organoid ethics framework that can both consider all the relevant moral properties and contexts, and be a useful ethical lens for moral examination may lead to a paradox; the more relevant moral contexts the framework tries to incorporate, the more abstract and less useful the framework becomes. Conclusions: It may be more useful for bioethicists to take on more collaborative and contextual approaches for organoids ethics.","PeriodicalId":74223,"journal":{"name":"Molecular psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47117682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

The science of birdsong and the spectrogram, the technique that changed it all 鸟类鸣叫的科学和光谱图，改变了这一切的技术

Molecular psychology Pub Date : 2023-05-17 DOI: 10.12688/molpsychol.17520.1

A. Amador, G. Mindlin

引用次数: 0