Microbiology insights最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Identification of Infectious Enteropathogens in Faeces of Healthy Horses","authors":"Lisa Paruch, A. Paruch","doi":"10.1177/11786361221089005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361221089005","url":null,"abstract":"Zoogenic faecal contamination of the environment is one of the indices included in the evaluation of ecological threats, health hazards and adverse impacts on various ecosystems. The risks and environmental concerns are associated with the fact that faeces of wild and domesticated animals constitute the largest source of environmental loading of enteropathogens associated with transmission of zoonotic diseases (enteric zoonoses). Although sick animals are more likely to transmit pathogens, healthy ones can also be the carriers and defecate them into the environment. This is of particular importance given the close human-animal interactions and health effects resulting from human and ecological exposures to faecal hazards from companion and farm animals. We have therefore set out to investigate whether healthy equines can carry and defecate human infectious pathogens. For this purpose, we set up a pilot study to examine the faecal DNA of horses using culture-independent molecular diagnostics – fluorescent probe-based quantitative real-time PCR. Our results revealed that among a total of 23 horses, 6 were found to carry Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni), and 5 had Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). Moreover, Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) was found in 14 horses, while 19 were positive for Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens). Furthermore, the frequently reported protozoan parasites in livestock, Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) and Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia), were discovered in 8 and 7 samples, respectively. This pilot study shed new light on the phenomenon of healthy horses carrying C. jejuni and other human-health-related enteropathogens.","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"65350129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occurrence, Antibiotic Susceptibility and Genes Encoding Antibacterial Resistance of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli From Milk and Meat Sold in Markets of Bushenyi District, Uganda","authors":"H. Onohuean, B. Igere","doi":"10.1177/11786361221088992","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361221088992","url":null,"abstract":"The bacteriological safety of food/food products and the menace of antimicrobial resistance amongst enteropathogenic bacteria raise therapeutic management concerns within the public health system. Recently consumers of food/food products purchased from the public market of Bushenyi District presents with Enterobacteriaceae infection-associated symptoms and clinical conditions. We determine the molecular characterization and antibiotic signatures of some enteric bacterial recovered from foods/food products in markets of Bushenyi District, Uganda. Standard molecular biology techniques (Polymerase chain reaction PCR) and microbiological procedures were applied. Meat (MT) and milk (MK) samples were collected from 4 communities/town markets (Kizinda, Ishaka, Bushenyi, kashenyi) between April and September 2020 and analyzed. Our result reveals high differential counts of Salmonella species (175.33 ± 59.71 Log 10 CFU/100 ml) and Escherichia coli (53.33 ± 26.03 Log 10 CFU/100 ml) within the 4 markets with the count of Salmonella species higher than that of E. coli in each sampled market. The PCR further confirmed the detected strains (22.72% of E. coli and 54.29% of Salmonella species) and diverse multiple antibiotic-resistant determinants {TEM: (12 (23.1%) blaTEM-2 gene, 3 (5.8%) blaTEM gene}, 5 (9.6%) blaSHV gene, 3 (5.8%) bla-CTX-M-2, 1 (1.9%) bla-CTX-M-9 }. Other resistance genes detected were {10 (21.7%) strA gene} and 8 (17.4%) aadA gene} indicating a potential antibiotic failure. The need for alternative medicine and therapeutic measure is suggestive. Astute and routine surveillance/monitoring of potential pathogens and food products in the public market remains a core for maintaining future consumer safety.","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49108493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Characterization of ESBLs and QnrS Producers From Selected Enterobacteriaceae Strains Isolated From Commercial Poultry Production Systems in Kiambu County, Kenya","authors":"J. Ndukui, J. Gikunju, G. Aboge, J. Mwaniki, J. Maina, J. Mbaria","doi":"10.1177/11786361211063619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361211063619","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The emergence and spread of Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Enterobacteriaceae through the plasmid-mediated exchange have become a major threat to public health by complicating the treatment of severe infections in both animals and humans. Therefore, the current study focused on evaluating the manifestation of ESBLs production from the fecal isolates of E. coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, and Klebsiella spps in commercial poultry production systems of Kiambu County, Kenya. Materials and methods: Out of 591 isolates identified as E. coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, and Klebsiella spps from 437 fecal samples, only 78 were phenotypically suggestive to be ESBL producers. The possible ESBL producers were screened for the presence of blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, and blaSHV using the PCR technique. These isolates were also screened for carriage of the QnrS gene that confers resistance to the fluoroquinolone class of drugs. Results: The most detected ESBL gene from the isolates was blaOXA (n = 20; 26%), followed by blaTEM (n = 16, 21%), with the majority of them detected in E. coli. The blaCTX-M was identified in all the 4 enteric’s bacteria-type isolates tested. Three E. coli and Salmonella spp respectively were found to harbor all the 5 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) gene types. The blaTEM, blaOXA, blaSHV, and QnrS genes were not detected from Klebsiella and Shigella spps. Additionally, most of the AMR gene co-carriage was detected in both E. coli and Salmonella spps as follows blaTEM + blaOXA (n = 4); blaTEM + QnrS (n = 3); blaTEM + blaOXA + QnrS (n = 3), concurrently. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the significance of commercial poultry production in disseminating transferable antibiotic resistance genes that act as potential sources of extensive drug resistance in livestock, humans, and the environment, leaving limited therapeutic options in infection management.","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41429558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi Isolated From a Referral Hospital of Kathmandu, Nepal.","authors":"Saroj Khadka,&nbsp;Basudha Shrestha,&nbsp;Anil Pokhrel,&nbsp;Sachin Khadka,&nbsp;Rajesh Dhoj Joshi,&nbsp;Megha Raj Banjara","doi":"10.1177/11786361211056350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361211056350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The morbidity and mortality due to typhoid fever can be significantly reduced with the use of effective antibiotics. At present, fluoroquinolones, third generation cephalosporins, and azithromycin are widely used to treat typhoid fever. However, changing antibiotic susceptibility among <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi and <i>Salmonella</i> Paratyphi poses a particular challenge to the therapeutic management of enteric fever. The objective of this study was to assess the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi isolates.</p><p><strong>Patients and methods: </strong>A total of 706 blood specimens were collected from febrile patients attending the outpatient department of Kathmandu Model Hospital during June to September, 2018. The antibiotic susceptibility testing for 11 different antibiotics (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, azithromycin, cotrimoxazole, chloramphenicol, and amoxicillin) was performed by disk diffusion method. Furthermore, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin were determined by agar dilution method. Mutation at <i>gyrA</i> ser83 associated with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones was determined by PCR-RFLP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 706 blood samples, 6.94% (n = 49) were culture positive for <i>Salmonella</i> enterica (S. Typhi, n = 46). It was revealed that 97.8% <i>S.</i> Typhi isolates were susceptible to conventional first-line antibiotics (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and cotrimoxazole), 97.3% to cephalosporins and 95.7% to azithromycin. <i>S.</i> Typhi were either resistant or intermediately susceptible to fluoroquinolones: 97.8% to ciprofloxacin, 91.3% to ofloxacin, and 89.1% to levofloxacin. The MIC of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and azithromycin for <i>S.</i> Typhi ranged from 0.008 to 32, 0.03 to 16, and 2 to 8 μg/mL, respectively. Out of 46 S. Typhi isolates, 44 (95.65%) had <i>gyrA</i> ser83 mutation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fluoroquinolones have poor activity against <i>Salmonella</i> Typhi. The trends of increasing azithromycin MIC value among <i>S.</i> Typhi might limit its use for the treatment of typhoid fever. Effectiveness of conventional first-line antibiotics in vitro suggests considering their clinical use after large-scale studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":"14 ","pages":"11786361211056350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/6f/f9/10.1177_11786361211056350.PMC8669115.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39732966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pathogenic Bacterial Species in Locally Prepared Fresh Fruit Juices Sold in Juice Houses of Eastern Ethiopia.","authors":"Dechasa Adare Mengistu,&nbsp;Negga Baraki,&nbsp;Tesfaye Gobena Tesema","doi":"10.1177/11786361211060736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361211060736","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fruit juices are important components of a healthy diet and a dietary source of nutrients, vitamins, and fiber and vital for human health. However, unless it is handled with safety and hygienic conditions, food can be a vehicle for the transmission of various agents of diseases resulting in food borne outbreaks. Thus, this study aimed to determine common pathogenic bacterial species in locally prepared fresh fruit juices sold in juice houses of Eastern Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was conducted from 1 January to 27 March 2020, in eastern Ethiopia. Seventy-eight juice samples were collected aseptically using a sterilized collecting jar from each juice house. Pour plate count method was used to determine <i>Staphylococcus</i>, <i>Salmonella</i>, and <i>Shigella</i> species. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistical tests such as Chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. <i>P</i>-value of .05 was considered as a cut point for statistical significance. The study found <i>Staphylococcus</i> count ranged from 1.68 log CFU/mL with the mean value of 4.204 log CFU/mL. Overall, 58 (74.4%) of the fruit juice samples had <i>Staphylococcus</i> count, 19 (24.4%) had <i>Salmonella</i> and 12 (15.4%) had <i>Shigella</i> higher than the maximum permitted limit of Gulf standard, 2000 set for any type of fruit juice. In general, the study found more than two-thirds of fruit juice samples had at least 1 pathogenic bacteria species higher than the maximum permitted limit and potentially hazardous to consumer health. Thus, regular supervision and application of food hygiene and safety are essential to improve the quality of fruit juice and to prevent the consumption of contaminated fruit juices, which leads to food borne illness.</p>","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":"14 ","pages":"11786361211060736"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/15/04/10.1177_11786361211060736.PMC8855452.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39814402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meningococcal Disease Burden in India: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Canna Jagdish Ghia,&nbsp;Gautam Sudhakar Rambhad","doi":"10.1177/11786361211053344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361211053344","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To perform systematic review and meta-analysis of meningococcal disease burden in India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We searched publications on meningococcal disease in India between 1996 and 2020 using PubMed and Google Scholar. Prevalence (proportion) of <i>Meningococcal meningitis</i> and Case-fatality ratio (CFR) were pooled using random effects model. Other outcomes were pooled qualitatively.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of <i>Meningococcal meningitis</i> in epidemic and endemic conditions was 12.1% (95% CI: 5.2-21.4) and 0.76% (95% CI: 0.3-1.4), respectively, with a CFR of 12.8% (95% CI: 6.8-20.4) in epidemic settings; <i>N. meningitis</i> caused 3.2% (95% CI: 1.6-5.3) of Acute Bacterial Meningitis (ABM) cases in endemic settings. The disease appeared in infants, adolescents, and adults with Serogroup A prevalence. Treatment and prophylaxis were limited to antibiotics despite increased resistance.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study reveals epidemic and endemic presence of the disease in India with high fatality and serogroup A prevalence. Further monitoring and immunization are required to prevent outbreaks.</p>","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":"14 ","pages":"11786361211053344"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/34/e7/10.1177_11786361211053344.PMC8637695.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39782688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Awareness Toward Mucormycosis Attack for COVID Patients.","authors":"Meet Kamal Dwivedi,&nbsp;Ashutosh Dwivedi","doi":"10.1177/11786361211053003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361211053003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Risk groups for mucormycosis include persons with immunosuppressed immune system and uncontrolled diabetes. The patients suffering from corona virus or post covid patients have been found to be entrapped with this fungal infection due to suppression in the immune system. Also the major attack was reported in those patients who were in Intensive Care units. It arises due to the fungal infection of various species and can occur simultaneously with covid. The development of black fungus mostly affects lungs, eyes, brain, and skin and is not at all contagious. Proper diagnostic can only predict that the patient is in invasive attack of which mucor species. It is better to take prevention by wearing medicated masks, hand gloves, wearing glasses, avoid dusty and damp places.</p>","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":"14 ","pages":"11786361211053003"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/0e/05/10.1177_11786361211053003.PMC8637688.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39782687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of 2-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid (HICA) Against Obligate Anaerobic Bacterial Species Associated With Periodontal Disease.","authors":"Marjut Sakko,&nbsp;Riina Rautemaa-Richardson,&nbsp;Samuli Sakko,&nbsp;Malcolm Richardson,&nbsp;Timo Sorsa","doi":"10.1177/11786361211050086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361211050086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Topical antiseptics are used to assist and further increase the effect of mechanical biofilm eradication and to potentially prevent new biofilm formation in periodontal treatment. This is of importance in treatment-resistant infections with 10% prevalence of all periodontitis cases to avoid the need for antibiotic therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of DL-2-hydroxyisocaproic acid on human pathogenic obligate anaerobic bacteria related to periodontitis. In this study antimicrobial activity of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid was observed against 14 bacterial reference strains and clinical isolates of obligate anaerobic bacterial species using a microdilution method in 1.25 to 160 mg/mL concentrations of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid. The 11 strains of bacteria included in this study are typically associated with periodontal disease; <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i>, <i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>, <i>Tannerella forsythia</i>, <i>Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</i>, and <i>Parvimonas micra</i>. Three strains of <i>Cutibacterium acnes</i>, normally associated with skin diseases, were tested for comparison. 90% inhibitory concentration was determined at 48 hours and minimum bactericidal concentration was determined after 72 hours incubation. The 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid was bactericidal at ⩾160 mg/mL for all isolates tested. The reference strain of <i>T. forsythia</i>, and the reference strain and the clinical isolates of C. acnes were the most tolerant ones. The reference strains and clinical isolates of <i>F. nucleatum</i> and <i>A. actinomycetemcomitans</i> were killed at ⩾40 mg/mL concentration. In conclusion, topical use of 2-hydroxyisocaproic acid could eventually be a well-tolerated and useful method in the therapy of patients with difficult-to-treat periodontal disease or other superficial infections to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use and the emergence of antibiotic resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":"14 ","pages":"11786361211050086"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8543563/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39563743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Viral Loads in Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Delta Variant Infection: Higher Loads Do Not Translate Into Different Testing Scenarios","authors":"Juan Luis Gomez Marti, A. Mays, M. McCullough, A. Wells, T. Phan","doi":"10.1177/11786361221087537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361221087537","url":null,"abstract":"The Delta SARS-CoV-2 variant is very infectious, and it is spreading quickly during this pandemic. In the study, we compared viral loads estimated by means of the Ct values emerging from RT-PCR swab tests in surging cases infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in the fourth wave of COVID-19 with the three prior waves. The data comprised viral loads from positive cases detected within the UPMC health care system in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. A total of 2059 upper airway samples were collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR during March 2020 to September 2021. We did not observe significant difference in viral load difference between the third (December 2020 to January 2021) and fourth (June 2021 to September 2021) waves; however, they had the higher viral load than the first (March 2020 to June 2020) and second waves (June 2020 to August 2020). We did find an age-related effect with the elderly presenting with lower viral loads, which was also seen in the earlier waves. However, the level of the viral loads in the fourth wave in the respect of the previous ones was not sufficiently increased to change our testing strategies by means of increased use of rapid antigen tests (RAT).","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44149871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Analysis of Susceptibility and Severity of COVID-19 in Countries from the Eastern and the Western World Till March '21.","authors":"Shashi Chawla,&nbsp;Shubhaa Chawla","doi":"10.1177/11786361211041367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/11786361211041367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Majority of the world's human population today is affected by Covid-19. The disease has not only exhibited differences in susceptibility among people of different countries, but also the mortality rate. In general, Western world has been reporting a greater number of infected cases than eastern countries. Even the mortality rates are quite high there. The aim of this study was to analyse the data available on the infectivity and mortality rates of Covid-19 in different countries till March'21 and then reviewed the literature to find reasons for the differences in susceptibility and severity in eastern and western countries. The reasons for the observed differences may be: (i) Eastern countries followed stricter modalities and got grace period to create better healthcare facilities to tackle COVID-19. This probably also slowed the transmission of virus and its evolution, (ii) Vaccination policies in the east may have provided some immunity due to cross reactivity, (iii) Frequent exposure to infections at young age in eastern countries might be helping in better immunity, (iv) Mutations in viral genome may be geography based and (v) Genetic differences in the immune system of the hosts with respect to ACE receptors and MHC may be playing an important role. In this article, an attempt has been made to put forth and discuss these plausible reasons along with suitable evidences. These findings may help in future research on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of Covid-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":74187,"journal":{"name":"Microbiology insights","volume":"14 ","pages":"11786361211041367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/c6/41/10.1177_11786361211041367.PMC8411631.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39387586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}