Medicine international最新文献

{"title":"Kynurenine levels are elevated in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction or atrial fibrillation undergoing hemodialysis.","authors":"Maria Divani, Aikaterini Katsanaki, Panagiota Makri, Christina Poulianiti, Evangelos Lykotsetas, Andriani Balatsouka, Maria Tziastoudi, Ioannis Stefanidis, Theodoros Eleftheriadis","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.313","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.313","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Uremic toxins may play a role in this process. One such toxin is kynurenine, a product of tryptophan metabolism that is not cleared sufficiently by HD. In the present study, serum kynurenine and tryptophan levels were measured using ELISA in 119 patients undergoing HD and 25 healthy subjects. In total, 41 patients had coronary heart disease (CHD), 61 patients had heart failure (HF), 27 patients had HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and 33 patients had atrial fibrillation (AF). Factors that may influence kynurenine levels in patients undergoing HD, and the associations between kynurenine and CHD, HF and AF were examined. Compared with the healthy individuals, patients undergoing HD had higher kynurenine levels (7.56 vs. 2.33 µM; P<0.001). In patients undergoing HD, kynurenine negatively correlated with inflammatory markers. Kynurenine levels were significantly higher in patients undergoing HD with HFrEF (8.78 vs. 7.56 µM; P=0.03) and AF (9.15 vs. 7.30 µM; P=0.011). Following adjustment, for every 1 µM increase in serum kynurenine levels, the odds ratios for HFrEF and AF were 1.65 (P=0.008) and 1.37 (P=0.039), respectively. On the whole, the present study demonstrates that in patients undergoing HD, serum kynurenine levels are elevated, and are associated with HFrEF and AF. These findings suggest a potential role for this uremic toxin in the development of these cardiovascular disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 3","pages":"29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13093010/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147791405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metformin for the management and prevention of antipsychotic-induced weight gain.","authors":"Sara Shreen, Mazher Ali, Syeda Lubna Eram, Mahreen Baig, Mohammed Abdul Nayeem, Waheed Fatima Asna Omer, Minhajzafar Nasirabadi, Syed Altaf Hussain","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.312","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Psychiatric disorders are commonly treated with antipsychotic medications; however, their use is frequently complicated by antipsychotic-associated weight gain (AAWG), which contributes to reduced treatment adherence and an increased cardiometabolic risk. Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent widely used in the management of diabetes, has emerged as a potential adjunctive therapy for mitigating AAWG, although real-world clinical data remain limited. The present prospective observational study evaluated the effectiveness of adjunctive metformin therapy in the management of AAWG in a routine psychiatric care setting. The present study was conducted over a period of 6 months and included 100 adult patients receiving antipsychotic treatment. Participants were allocated into two groups based on routine clinical practice: A test group receiving metformin in addition to antipsychotic therapy and lifestyle modifications (n=50), and a control group receiving antipsychotic therapy with lifestyle modifications alone (n=50). Changes in body weight and body mass index (BMI) were assessed as primary outcomes. The study population predominantly comprised younger adults aged 18-29 years, with a higher proportion of female patients. Olanzapine was the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic, and schizophrenia was the most common psychiatric diagnosis. The test group demonstrated a reduction in mean body weight and BMI over the study period, whereas the control group exhibited an increase in both parameters. Female patients reported a greater adherence to metformin therapy; however, adherence was assessed using self-reports and pill counts. These findings suggest that adjunctive metformin therapy may be associated with improvements in weight-related outcomes among patients receiving antipsychotics. Given the observational and non-randomized design, the results should be interpreted with caution, and further randomized controlled studies are warranted to confirm the long-term metabolic benefits.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 3","pages":"28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13077268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147694128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sucrose fuels liver cancer cell growth and spheroid formation: New insights from 2D and 3D cell culture models.","authors":"Gamze Demirel, Cagdas Kaya, Ranan Gulhan Aktas","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.311","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.311","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although there have been studies on the effect of sucrose on cell growth in various cancer types and spheroid formation, further research on whether sucrose supports the development of liver cancer cells would be instrumental for the development of more effective <i>in vitro</i> 3D models for drug discovery. Thus, the present study examined the effects of sucrose on the growth of liver cancer cells. The results revealed that sucrose at a concentration of 10 mM/l was associated with the increased growth of liver cancer cells and enhanced their ability to form spheroids. These findings challenge previous assumptions, as spheroid formation is associated with increased tumor aggressiveness. Furthermore, the observed increase in the levels of in alpha-fetoprotein (a marker for liver cancer) with unaltered albumin levels (a marker for healthy liver function) suggested a potential shift towards a more malignant state. Live imaging revealed no significant differences in cell membrane behavior and the morphology of the cancer cells between the sucrose-treated and untreated groups. On the whole, while the present study primarily focuses on phenotypic outcomes, the mechanisms underlying these observations remain to be elucidated in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 3","pages":"27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13040530/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147610865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Osteopontin in pancreatic cancer: A systematic review.","authors":"Georg F Weber","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.310","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study analyzed the available literature on osteopontin in pancreatic cancers. Before the cut-off date, PubMed listed 105 pertinent references, plus 39 results covering osteopontin in non-cancerous conditions of the pancreas. The molecule fulfills physiologic roles in pancreatic development and function, including islet survival and protection from hyperglycemia. Osteopontin has been found upregulated in cancers of the pancreas and may serve as a biomarker for transformation, progression or survival prospects, particularly in conjunction with other molecular indicators. It has been reliably corroborated as a blood biomarker for these malignancies. In particular, the measurement of the cancer-specific osteopontin splice variants OPN-b and OPN-c achieves upgraded diagnosis. Animal and cellular models have elucidated the functions of osteopontin in support of the metastasis, tropism and stemness of the cancer cells, as well as roles in angiogenesis and chemoresistance. As the full-length form of osteopontin, OPN-a, serves as an inducer cytokine for cellular immunity, it has been characterized by several studies as a regulator in pancreatic tumor immunology, particularly in macrophages. Osteopontin induction and biologic effects are associated with various premalignant and predisposing conditions, including intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, smoking, pancreatitis and kidney disease. In diabetes and obesity, the molecule plays complex roles that may either attenuate or promote disease progression. While osteopontin has emerged as a key physiological regulator of pancreatic functions, its aberrant expression and splicing in cancers of the pancreas supports tumor progression and may serve early detection as well as prognostication. The splice variants have potential to become therapeutic targets in anti-metastasis regimens.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 3","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13040131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147610842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intraoperative biopsy during dacryocystorhinostomy in a patient with lacrimal sac MALT lymphoma mimicking dacryocystitis: A case report.","authors":"Tatsuya Yunoki, Hirohiko Tachino, Yuka Morita, Noriko Okuno, Atsushi Hayashi","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.309","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.309","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lacrimal sac primary tumors are uncommon and often mimic inflammatory conditions, rendering preoperative diagnosis difficult. The present study describes the case of an 83-year-old female patient presenting with left-sided epiphora and mucopurulent discharge. Based on the clinical findings, dacryocystitis was strongly suspected. Computed tomography dacryocystography revealed only a mild filling defect, with no radiological evidence suggestive of a neoplastic lesion. However, during endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy, a well-defined polypoid lesion was observed within the lacrimal sac. A lesion biopsy revealed a mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. No metastasis was observed in other organs, and the patient has been under observation for 24 months post-operatively without recurrence. The present case report highlights the importance of obtaining an adequate tissue biopsy for definitive diagnosis when any mass-like or elevated lesion is encountered within the lacrimal sac, even in the absence of suspicious pre-operative findings. The intraoperative careful inspection of the entire lacrimal sac is essential in order to avoid missing malignant tumors and to enable early diagnosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 3","pages":"25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13040640/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147610818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sequencing antibody-drug conjugates in metastatic cancer (Review).","authors":"Berun A Abdalla","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.308","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The therapeutic landscape of metastatic solid tumors has been fundamentally reshaped by the rapid development and regulatory approval of multiple antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) across breast, urothelial and lung cancers. As these targeted agents move into earlier lines of therapy, patients are experiencing prolonged survival and are increasingly becoming candidates for sequential ADC treatment. This evolution introduces a critical and complex clinical dilemma: The question of whether a second 'Trojan Horse' remains effective following the failure of a prior ADC, or whether shared resistance mechanisms undermine sequential efficacy. While the expanding ADC armamentarium provides new therapeutic opportunities, emerging real-world data suggest that sequential use is frequently complicated by cross-resistance, particularly when successive agents employ similar cytotoxic payloads such as topoisomerase I inhibitors. The present narrative review critically discusses the biological basis of resistance in the sequential ADC setting. The present review distinguishes between target-mediated resistance, in which antigen downregulation limits drug delivery, and payload-mediated resistance, in which intracellular mechanisms neutralize the cytotoxic component. By synthesizing clinical evidence from metastatic breast and urothelial carcinoma cohorts, the present review highlights the diminished efficacy often observed when changing targets without altering payload class. Therefore, a pragmatic sequencing framework emphasizing 'payload swapping' is proposed, prioritizing a change in cytotoxic mechanisms over antigen switching to optimize patient outcomes and minimize futile toxicity in this rapidly evolving therapeutic era.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 3","pages":"24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13040639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147610876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of lactoferrin in periodontal disease: A meta-analytical assessment of its reliability as a biomarker.","authors":"Gauri Vilas Patil, Jaideep Mahendra, Deepa Ponnaiyan, Rajan Krishna Kumar, Sakthivel Kannan, Aarudra Devi Jeyaganesh, Kaustubh Suresh Thakare, Bawatharani Maharavi, Aisvarya Naagendran","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.307","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.307","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present systematic review and meta-analysis assessed the clinical utility of lactoferrin as a biomarker for periodontitis by evaluating its association with established periodontal parameters, including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and gingival index (GI). The PICOS question was: 'Are lactoferrin levels different between individuals with periodontitis and periodontally healthy controls, and are these levels associated with disease severity and established clinical periodontal indicators, supporting their role as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for periodontitis?'. The present meta-analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and was formally registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251003457). A total of 384 articles were initially identified through various databases, from which 15 studies were selected. A random-effects model was applied to analyse lactoferrin concentration in saliva, serum and gingival crevicular fluid in relation to periodontitis and its periodontal parameters, using standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity and potential publication bias were examined through statistical methods, including funnel plots, forest plots, Egger's regression analysis, and Begg's rank correlation test. From the initial pool of 384 studies, 15 satisfied the inclusion criteria for the present meta-analysis, comprising a total of 798 participants (496 patients with periodontitis and 302 healthy controls). The combined SMD was 2.630 (P=<0.010; 95% CI: 1.140-11.180), demonstrating a significant link between elevated lactoferrin levels and periodontitis compared with the controls. Egger's regression test produced a t-statistic of -0.646 (P=0.529), reflecting a lack of significant evidence for publication bias. In addition, there was a significant association between lactoferrin concentration and periodontal indicators such as PPD, CAL and GI. In conclusion, lactoferrin showed potential as a biomarker for periodontal disease, with elevated levels consistently linked to its presence and disease severity. However, significant variability in reported levels across studies and a lack of methodological standardization currently limit its diagnostic reliability.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 3","pages":"23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997025/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147488532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refractory ventricular tachycardia storm with 42 ICD shocks in 24 h: A case report.","authors":"Parth Adrejiya, Negarsadat Neshat, Abdel Rahman Qamar, Harsh Suthar, Ngozika Orjioke, Abhishek Thandra, Divyang Patel","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.306","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.306","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An electrical storm (ES) represents a critical arrhythmic emergency, often associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in patients with underlying structural heart disease. Despite therapeutic advancements, its management remains challenging. The present case report describes an exceptional case of ES marked by 42 appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) shocks within a period of 24 h, one of the highest documented burdens underscoring the limitations of conventional therapy and the importance of timely interventional strategies. A 71-year-old male patient with ischemic cardiomyopathy and prior MitraClip implantation presented with recurrent ICD shocks. Despite optimized device programming and dual antiarrhythmic therapy (amiodarone and lidocaine), he experienced 42 appropriate ICD discharges in a single day. His course rapidly progressed to severe hemodynamic instability, necessitating intubation, mechanical ventilation, deep sedation, and neuromuscular blockade. Telemetry demonstrated the transient suppression of ventricular tachycardia with pacing, followed in select episodes by degeneration into ventricular fibrillation, likely reflecting underlying substrate instability rather than device malfunction or direct pacing-induced proarrhythmia. This pattern suggested complex device-arrhythmia interactions and provided diagnostic insight. Following the failure of all conventional treatments, the patient was transferred for urgent electrophysiological intervention including catheter ablation and bilateral cardiac sympathetic denervation. Unfortunately, the patient did not survive. This case highlights an extreme and refractory form of ES in a patient with structural heart disease. The severity and resistance to medical therapy reinforce the need for early recognition and timely escalation to interventional approaches such as ablation and sympathetic denervation. Additionally, the captured telemetry offers unique electrophysiological insight into pacing-triggered ventricular arrhythmogenesis. The present case report contributes valuable clinical and diagnostic learning for physicians managing complex ventricular arrhythmias in advanced cardiac patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 3","pages":"22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12998414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147488480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"X-rays enhance Fe²⁺-mediated oxidative membrane damage in OUMS-36T-1 fibroblasts, supported by the liposome model.","authors":"Shinya Kato","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.305","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ferroptosis is a regulated form of cell death driven by iron-dependent membrane lipid peroxidation, with ferrous ions (Fe²⁺) and reactive oxygen species playing central roles. Although X-rays are known to generate free radicals via water radiolysis, their role in ferroptosis-related oxidative membrane injury remains unclear. The present study investigated the effects of Fe²⁺ on membrane damage in OUMS-36T-1 human fibroblasts under X-ray irradiation. DOPC/DOPS (8:2 mol/mol) liposomes were employed as a simplified membrane model to explore the underlying mechanisms. <i>In vitro</i>, Fe²⁺ at 1-40 µM promoted cell proliferation up to 10 µM, whereas higher concentrations of Fe²⁺ reduced cell viability. At 40 µM Fe²⁺, intracellular reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels were elevated; however, lactate dehydrogenase leakage was not observed, suggesting sublethal oxidative stress without overt membrane rupture. However, following 4 Gy X-ray irradiation, cell proliferation at 40 µM Fe²⁺ significantly decreased, accompanied by increased oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and lactate dehydrogenase leakage, indicating enhanced membrane damage rather than definitive ferroptotic cell death. These effects were mitigated by citric acid, an iron chelator, or reduced glutathione, suggesting the involvement of redox-dependent processes at or near the membrane surface. Experiments with DOPC/DOPS (8:2 mol/mol) liposomes revealed that Fe²⁺-induced lipid peroxidation was significantly enhanced by X-rays. Furthermore, the combination of liposomes and X-rays appeared to accelerate the oxidation of Fe²⁺. These findings suggest that Fe²⁺ interacts with cell membranes to promote lipid peroxidation and impair proliferation, and that X-rays amplify these effects by exacerbating Fe²⁺-mediated oxidative membrane damage. Given the critical role of fibroblasts in post-irradiation tissue repair, the present study highlights the synergistic impact of Fe²⁺ and X-rays on ferroptosis-associated oxidative membrane injury, underscoring their biological significance.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 2","pages":"21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12997090/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147488917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence in oncology: Current status and possibilities (Review).","authors":"Abhavya Roy, Apurva Bhoyar, Ashok Ahirwar, Yogesh Pawade, Nilesh Chandra","doi":"10.3892/mi.2026.304","DOIUrl":"10.3892/mi.2026.304","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly reshaping oncology by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, improving prognostication and enabling personalized treatment planning. The present review aimed to critically synthesize the contemporary landscape of AI applications across cancer imaging, digital pathology, clinical outcome prediction, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Recent advances in machine learning and deep learning, particularly convolutional neural networks and transformer-based architectures, have demonstrated robust performance in lesion detection, tumour grading, survival prediction and treatment optimization, in several instances approaching or exceeding expert-level accuracy. Despite these advances, translation into routine clinical practice remains limited due to dataset bias, limited generalizability, the lack of standardized data protocols, insufficient interpretability and regulatory barriers. Ethical challenges related to fairness, transparency and equitable access are especially relevant in low- and middle-income countries. Emerging frontiers, including multimodal AI, foundation models, federated learning, and explainable AI, provide potential solutions to these challenges. Multidisciplinary collaboration, rigorous prospective validation and robust ethical governance will be essential to realize the full potential of AI in advancing precision oncology and improving global cancer outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":74161,"journal":{"name":"Medicine international","volume":"6 2","pages":"20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12976659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147446232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}