MedComm - Future medicine最新文献

{"title":"Comparative in silico, in vitro and ex vivo anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin","authors":"Shruti S. Choubey,&nbsp;Avtar S. Gautam,&nbsp;Lasure Vaibhav,&nbsp;Shikha Asthana,&nbsp;Anjuman Nanda,&nbsp;Mangaldeep Dey,&nbsp;Rakesh K. Singh","doi":"10.1002/mef2.57","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mef2.57","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inflammation is characterized by activation of the immune and nonimmune cells that act by removing the stress stimuli such as pathogens, toxins and so on. It can be categorized in two types namely, acute and chronic inflammation that depends on the extent of the injury caused due to inflammation. Basically, acute inflammatory responses regulate various cellular and molecular events and the interaction of different types of immune cells, that helps to minimize the injury. These events may lead to recovery of tissue homeostasis during acute inflammation. However, during chronic inflammation as in neurodegenerative diseases, a variety of key players orchestrate the process to amplify the magnitude of inflammation.<span>¹</span></p><p>Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are one of the widely studied kinase family that composed of three well known subfamily: p38 MAPKs, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs). The p38MAPKs are encoded by p38α, p38β, p38γ, and p38δ genes. It has been shown that the p38MAPK pathway is critically involved in the regulation of inflammation via activation of TLR4 receptor. MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) is one of the key substrates downstream to p38α/p38β, which on phosphorylation regulate the production and signaling of pro-inflammatory cytokines.<span>^{2, 3}</span></p><p>The inhibition of MK2 by tool compound, PF-3644022 has shown reduction of inflammatory biomarkers in various in vitro and in vivo models.<span>⁴</span> So, the present study is designed to investigate and compare the anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin<span>⁵</span> with MK2 inhibitor, PF-3644022 in LPS induced SH-SY5Y cell line in vitro and rat whole blood ex vivo.</p><p>The computational docking study (binding affinity) data was obtained through the Auto Dock Vina software and the interaction among the protein-ligand inhibition was studied through Biovia (discovery studio) and Ligplot+ software (Figure 1A-D). The structure-based binding site identification study method was performed to compare the binding affinities among PF-3644022 and quercetin against MK2 protein. The binding affinity of PF-3644022 with MK2 was found to be −8.4 Kcal/mol. The interaction between PF-3644022 and MK2 is divided into two types. At first, it formed one hydrophilic bond having bond length 3.17 Å against Arg 149 (A chain) of MK2 protein. Second, the hydrophobic bonds were formed with Glu 165, Ser 169, Asn 200, Lys 168, Ile 202, Tyr 194, Ile 166, and pro 199 in MK2 protein. The binding affinity of quercetin was found to be −8.1 Kcal/mol. The interaction between quercetin and MK2 showed that there were four hydrophilic bonds with showing different bond length against MK2 protein amino acid sequence like Asp 207 (2.70 Å), Glu 139(2.70 Å), Leu 141(2.80 Å), and Glu 145(2.91 Å). This binding also showed hydrophobic interaction against MK2 protein amino acid such as Gly 73","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.57","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49115520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemoimmunotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma—Summary and discussion of recent clinical trials","authors":"Zhen Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaqian Huang,&nbsp;Yuhong Xu,&nbsp;Huiyan Luo","doi":"10.1002/mef2.56","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mef2.56","url":null,"abstract":"As a kind of carcinoma with increasing morbidity, poor prognosis, and high mortality, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is challenging for clinical management. Chemotherapy has been the standard treatment for ESCC over decades, while its clinical outcomes remain unsatisfying. And the regimen that combine standard chemotherapy with targeted therapy also demonstrates little effect. However, the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) proved to be a game changer in cancer treatment. Recent clinical trials had sprung up to evaluate the combined effect of ICI and chemotherapy regarding first‐line ESCC treatment. What's more, researchers attempt to explore the possibility to implement ICI monotherapy regarding second‐line ESCC treatment. In conclusion, most of the first‐line trails present inspiring achievement, while ICI monotherapy indicates little improvement for ESCC treatment. To point out the heterogenicity that could be the potential reasons biasing the pooled results, the differences of PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays, geographic regions, chemotherapy regimens, and sex disparity among these trails are discussed respectively. In addition, the adverse events occurred during the trails are summarized, which confirm the safety of immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy. The article comprehensively reviews the representative explorations of using chemoimmunotherapy strategies in ESCC, as well as the deficiencies among them. Moreover, we highlight some feasible approaches. It will be beneficial for conducting more precise clinical trials on chemoimmunotherapy for ESCC in the future, including the use of more appropriate PD‐L1 IHC assays, careful consideration of the heterogeneity of the enrolled population and the optimal combination of chemotherapy and ICI.","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.56","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46978060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causality between COVID-19 and female reproductive function: A Mendelian randomization study","authors":"Bowen Zhang,&nbsp;Jixue Xu,&nbsp;Junzhi Liang,&nbsp;Mingjun Hao,&nbsp;Yuexin Yu,&nbsp;Jingzan Wei,&nbsp;Yuanyuan Fang,&nbsp;Zhijing Na,&nbsp;Da Li","doi":"10.1002/mef2.55","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mef2.55","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has experienced a global pandemic, and currently, the emergence of its variants has posed challenges in terms of prevention and treatment. Nonetheless, the effect of COVID‐19 infection on female reproductive function is unclear. This study aimed to systematically evaluate for the first time the causal effect of COVID‐19 on female reproductive function. Genetic correlations were assessed using linkage disequilibrium score regression. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed using summary statistics of two variables, including COVID‐19 severity and eight female reproductive traits. The three degrees of severity had genetically significant associations with sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations (rg = –0.153, p = 0.004; rg = –0.187, p < 0.001; rg = –0.180, p = 0.003). Additionally, MR showed that SHBG (β = –0.020, p = 0.040) and total testosterone levels (β = –0.061, p = 0.009) followed a decreasing trend, as the COVID‐19 infection higher. No significant genetic association was found between COVID‐19 infection and total estradiol concentrations, menstruation, and female infertility. Simultaneously, MR found no causal relationships between COVID‐19 infection and total estradiol concentrations, menstruation, and female infertility (all p > 0.05). In conclusion, COVID‐19 was causally associated with lower SHBG and total testosterone concentrations, offering invaluable insights that will help guide clinical decision‐making.","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.55","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45315108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted to a Fangcang shelter hospital in Beijing before the change in China's prevention and control policy","authors":"Xiaolong Xu,&nbsp;Hui Jiang,&nbsp;Maochen Li,&nbsp;Jvjv Shang,&nbsp;Yifan Shi,&nbsp;Yumeng Yan,&nbsp;Xintong Li,&nbsp;Shuang Song,&nbsp;Chunxia Zhao,&nbsp;Chunming Zhao,&nbsp;Chongpei Cen,&nbsp;Bo Li,&nbsp;Huahao Fan,&nbsp;Qingquan Liu","doi":"10.1002/mef2.54","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mef2.54","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In November 2022, a large number of Omicron infections suddenly appeared in Beijing, but the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the epidemic cases were unknown. We collected the data on COVID-19 cases in Fangcang Hospital in Beijing from November 20, 2022, to December 8, 2022, and analyzed the epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Of the enrolled study, 85.9% were asymptomatic and 14.1% were mild. Epidemiological data showed that the transmission speed of the Omicron variant was fast and the transmission range was wide, large-scale infections occurred in both rural and urban areas, and all age groups were susceptible to the Omicron variant. In addition, antipyretics and cough drugs were the two most used drugs, because 51.3% and 22.7% of patients had fever and cough, respectively, and 10.3% of patients took hypnotics. Furthermore, the proportion of patients with chronic diseases was low (13.9%), while the vaccination rate (71.2%) was relatively high. Based on the results, we found that most mild and asymptomatic cases did not need treatment, indicating that home isolation is correct and feasible. Although SARS-CoV-2 variants have characteristics such as high infectivity and immune-escape ability, the public should not be too afraid of COVID-19 infection; appropriate measures such as wearing masks and maintaining social distancing are sufficient to prevent reinfection.</p>","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.54","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49150120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PM2.5 air pollutant drives the initiate of lung adenocarcinoma","authors":"Yuhong Xu,&nbsp;Huiyan Luo","doi":"10.1002/mef2.53","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mef2.53","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Recently, researchers from Cancer Research UK and The Francis Crick Institute published a paper entitled “Lung adenocarcinoma promotion by air pollutants” in Nature.<span>¹</span> The study focused on the impact of air pollutants, specifically PM2.5, on lung adenocarcinoma development. By analyzing human data and conducting subsequent animal experiments, the researchers found that air pollutants PM2.5 leads to an influx of macrophages into the lung and triggers the release of interleukin-1β. This, in turn, induces a progenitor-like cell state within estimated glomerular filtration rate (EGFR) mutant lung alveolar type II epithelial cells, fueling tumorigenesis, and potentially exacerbating pre-existing cancerous mutations in normal tissues.</p><p>While the association between smoking and lung cancer risk is well-established, attention has increasingly turned towards understanding the carcinogenic factors in never-smokers. As the eighth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United Kingdom, lung cancer in never-smokers (LCINS) is often an adenocarcinoma carrying the EGFR mutation.<span>²</span> In an effort to identify significant factors influencing the development of lung cancer LCINS, the researchers analyzed environmental and epidemiological data from 32,957 cases of EGFR-driven lung cancer in the United Kingdom, Canada, South Korea, Taiwan, and China. The findings revealed a correlation between increased levels of PM2.5 and a higher incidence of lung cancer among the study participants. Later analysis of 407,509 individuals from the UK Biobank support these results, demonstrating significant increase in the projected incidence of lung cancer among those exposed to high levels of PM2.5. The researchers also conducted a 3-year follow-up study involving 228 Canadian lung cancer patients. The incidence of lung cancer was found to be significantly higher (73%) in those exposed to high levels of PM2.5 compared to those exposed to low levels (40%). Notably, this association was not observed in the Canadian cohort over a 20-year period, suggesting that 3 years of exposure to high levels of pollution may be sufficient to produce cancer.</p><p>Hill et al. further employed genetically engineered mice carrying EGFR mutations (EGFR^L858R) associated with human cancer to functionally investigate whether PM2.5 exposure promoted the development of lung adenocarcinoma. The study revealed that mice were exposed to similar air pollution particles, resulting in a higher likelihood of developing lung tumors compared to control mice not exposed to pollution particles. The same experiments were performed on genetically engineered mice with Kras mutations, a common mutation in various lung tumors, yielding similar results. Through spatial analysis of clonal dynamics, the researchers discovered that PM2.5 promotes early tumorigenesis through two mechanisms: increasing the number of EGFR-mutated cells capable of forming tumors","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.53","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44605933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computational study unravels inhibitory potential of epicatechin gallate against inflammatory and pyroptosis-associated mediators in COVID-19","authors":"Prem Rajak,&nbsp;Abhratanu Ganguly","doi":"10.1002/mef2.52","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mef2.52","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is the global health emergency caused by SARS-CoV-2. Upon infection, antigenic determinants of the virus trigger massive production of proinflammatory/pyroptosis-associated proteins, resulting in cytokine storm, tissue damage, and multiorgan failure. Therefore, these proinflammatory/pyroptosis-associated mediators are promising therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19. Epicatechin gallate (ECG) is a polyphenol found in green tea. It has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, in the present study, ECG was selected to explore its binding potential for inflammatory mediators such as interleukins, interferon-γ (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), along with their native receptors. In addition, the interacting potential of ECG with pyroptosis-associated proteins, viz. caspases and BAX has also been investigated. Molecular docking analysis has revealed that ECG interacts with interleukins, IFNγ, TNF-α, cytokine receptors, caspase-1/4/11, and BAX with significant binding affinity. Several amino acid residues of these mediators were blocked by ECG through stable hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. ECG interacted with caspase-11, BAX, and TNF-R1 with better binding affinities. Therefore, the present in silico study indicates that ECG could be a potential drug to subvert cytokine storm and pyroptosis during COVID-19.</p>","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.52","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45414639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using ChatGPT in a clinical setting: A case report","authors":"Yongqin Ye,&nbsp;Shuvam Sarkar,&nbsp;Anand Bhaskar,&nbsp;Brian Tomlinson,&nbsp;Olivia Monteiro","doi":"10.1002/mef2.51","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mef2.51","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large language models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming an important foundation model that has infiltrated our daily lives in many ways. The release of GPT-3 and GPT-4, a LLM that is capable of natural language processing (NLP) that has been trained on terabytes of text data through transfer learning to apply knowledge gained from a previous task to solve a different but related problem, immediately captured the attention of the medical field to investigate how LLMs can be used to process and interpret electronic health records and to streamline clinical writing.<span>¹</span> NLP models have traditionally been used mainly as diagnostic aids in healthcare. Its use generally requires supervised learning on manually labeled and training datasets with a huge involvement of time from healthcare professionals.<span>²</span> NLP models often lack precision, accuracy and mostly only accessible by the developers. Recent LLMs with their transformer and reinforcement learning with human feedback, have enabled better precision in text generation. The advancement of GPT-3 (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer, commonly known as ChatGPT) demonstrated that LLMs can rapidly adapt to new tasks resulting in better generalization. Also, ChatGPT has a simple interface, which has enabled broad adoption and use. Having such a versatile and user-friendly tool at our fingertips means that we can adapt to use LLMs for basic tasks such as generating clinical reports, providing clinical support, or to synthesize patient data from multiple sources.</p><p>We have used this case report as an opportunity to demonstrate the practicality of ChatGPT in basic writing tasks in a clinical context. This case report is obtained from two teaching videos uploaded by TTMedcastTraining Texas Tech University on YouTube. The two videos are of a patient called Jonathan who presented with bilateral knee pain with a history of sickle cell disease. One video is the bedside presentation of the patient by a medical intern, another is a group discussion of treatment plans for this patient. Since GPT-3 can only deal with text input, we have downloaded the transcript from each video. The transcripts sometimes contain people talking at the same time, filler words, mispronounced words, or incomplete sentences. Unaltered transcripts were submitted to ChatGPT separately for interpretation.</p><p>The workflow of using ChatGPT to generate the case report is summarized in Figure 1. We fed the transcript of Video 1 into ChatGPT and asked it to write a case report from it (Case Report 1). Then, we used the transcript of Video 2 to create Case Report 2. ChatGPT was asked to combine the two reports without summarizing and offer a diagnosis and a treatment plan. We also asked ChatGPT to write the final case report in the style for the New England Journal of Medicine. This process took around 1.5 h, including time the authors spent watching the videos. The full case report is found in Supportin","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.51","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47396186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers of ageing: Current state-of-art, challenges, and opportunities","authors":"Ruiye Chen,&nbsp;Yueye Wang,&nbsp;Shiran Zhang,&nbsp;Gabriella Bulloch,&nbsp;Junyao Zhang,&nbsp;Huan Liao,&nbsp;Xianwen Shang,&nbsp;Malcolm Clark,&nbsp;Qingsheng Peng,&nbsp;Zongyuan Ge,&nbsp;Ching-Yu Cheng,&nbsp;Yuanxu Gao,&nbsp;Mingguang He,&nbsp;Zhuoting Zhu","doi":"10.1002/mef2.50","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mef2.50","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Given the unprecedented phenomenon of population ageing, studies have increasing captured the heterogeneity within the ageing process. In this context, the concept of “biological age” has been introduced as an integrated measure reflecting the individualized ageing pace. Identifying reliable and robust biomarkers of age is critical for the accurate risk stratification of individuals and exploration into antiageing interventions. Numerous potential biomarkers of ageing have been proposed, spanning from molecular changes and imaging characteristics to clinical phenotypes. In this review, we will start off with a discussion of the development of ageing biomarkers, then we will provide a comprehensive summary of currently identified ageing biomarkers in humans, discuss the rationale behind each biomarker and highlight their accuracy and clinical value with a contemporary perspective. Additionally, we will discuss the challenges, potential applications, and future opportunities in this field. While research on ageing biomarkers has led to significant progress and applications, further investigations are still necessary. We anticipate that future breakthroughs in this field will involve exploring potential mechanisms, developing biomarkers by combining various data sources or employing new technologies, and validating the clinical value of existing and emerging biomarkers through comprehensive collaboration and longitudinal studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.50","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46740855","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of the link between COVID-19 and alcoholic hepatitis from the perspective of bioinformatics and systems biology","authors":"Tengda Huang,&nbsp;Bingxuan Yu,&nbsp;Xinyi Zhou,&nbsp;Hongyuan Pan,&nbsp;Ao Du,&nbsp;Jincheng Bai,&nbsp;Xiaoquan Li,&nbsp;Nan Jiang,&nbsp;Jinyi He,&nbsp;Kefei Yuan,&nbsp;Zhen Wang","doi":"10.1002/mef2.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/mef2.42","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been suggested to purpose threats to health of mankind. Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is a life-threatening acute and chronic liver failure that takes place in sufferers who drink excessively. During the epidemic, AH has an increasing incidence of severe illness and mortality. The intrinsic relationship of molecular pathogenesis, as well as common therapeutic strategies for two diseases are still poorly understood. The transcriptome of the COVID-19 and AH has been compared to obtain the altered genes and hub genes were screened out through protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Via gene ontology (GO), pathway enrichment, and transcription regulator analysis, a deeper appreciation of the interplay mechanism between hub genes were established. Finally, gene-disease and gene–drug analysis were displayed to instruct the clinical treatments. With 181 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of AH and COVID-19 were obtained, 10 hub genes were captured. Follow-up studies located that these 10 genes typically mediated the diseases occurrence by regulating the activities of the immune system. Other results suggest that the common pathways of the two ailments are enriched in regulating the function of immune cells and release of immune molecules. The top 10 drug candidates have been chosen primarily, some of which have been proved effective in treating AH sufferers infected with COVID-19. This study reveals the common pathogenesis of COVID-19 and AH and assist to discover necessary therapeutic targets to combat the ongoing pandemic induced via SARS-CoV-2 infection and acquire promising remedy strategies for the two diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.42","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50121601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The inevitable transformation of medicine and research by large language models: The possibilities and pitfalls","authors":"Yuanxu Gao,&nbsp;Daniel T. Baptista-Hon,&nbsp;Kang Zhang","doi":"10.1002/mef2.49","DOIUrl":"10.1002/mef2.49","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large language models (LLMs) often refer to artificial intelligence models that consist of extensive parameters and have the ability to understand and generate human-like language. They are typically developed in a self-supervised learning manner and are trained on large quantities of unlabeled text to learn patterns in language. LLMs were initially used in natural language processing (NLP), but they have since been extended to a variety of tasks like processing biological sequences and combining text with other modalities of data. LLMs have the potential to revolutionize the way we approach scientific research and medicine. For example, by leveraging their ability to understand and interpret vast quantities of text data, LLMs can provide insights and make predictions that would otherwise be impossible.</p><p>In the medical domain, LLMs can be used to analyze immense electronic health records and improve communication between healthcare professionals and patients. For example, LLMs can be used to automate triage, medical coding, and clinical documentation, which can help to improve the accuracy and efficiency of these processes. They can also be used to improve NLP in medical chatbots and virtual assistants, allowing patients to interact with healthcare services more efficiently and effectively. They can also be used to process medical records and patient data, enabling better diagnoses and more personalized treatments. They can also be used to analyze clinical trial data and identify trends that could lead to better outcomes. Finally, LLMs can also be used to answer medical questions and provide guidance to healthcare professionals, which can help to improve the quality of care. In the accompanying Review, Zheng et al.<span>¹</span> undertake a major effort to write a comprehensive review of this exciting and highly evolving field.</p><p>In research, LLMs can be used to search through diverse large datasets and identify patterns that would otherwise be difficult to detect. They can also be used to generate and test hypotheses and to summarize and analyze research papers. It is clear that LLMs will be transforming the way we communicate about medicine and research, and have the potential to revolutionize the field of healthcare.</p><p>The current state-of-the-art LLM is Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4), developed by OpenAI, about which Technical details have not been made public yet.<span>²</span> Based on publicly available information, the number of parameters is comparable to its previous generation, GPT-3, which consists of 175 billion parameters. GPT-4 is a generative model, meaning it can generate human-like language and even create original content. Other notable LLMs include GPT-3, Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers, and Text-to-Text Transfer Transformers, each with its unique strengths and capabilities. However, one example of an LLM developed specifically for the medical domain i","PeriodicalId":74135,"journal":{"name":"MedComm - Future medicine","volume":"2 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/mef2.49","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47689815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}