Accident Analysis & Prevention最新文献

{"title":"Relationship Between ApoE Gene Polymorphism and Cerebrovascular Disease in Qinghai Tibetan Population","authors":"Wei-Zhong Ji, Shizheng Wu, Qian Hou, Junming Luo","doi":"10.11648/J.AAP.20180301.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AAP.20180301.16","url":null,"abstract":"To investigate the correlation between ApoE gene polymorphism and cerebral infarction (CI) and cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in Tibetan patients with cerebrovascular disease, and the distribution of ApoE genotype in Tibetan nationality. We collected 94 patients as the experimental group, which hospitalized in Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital, Guoluozhou People's Hospital and Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, including 48 cases of cerebral infarction (mean age 61.39 ± 10.48 years); 46 cases of cerebral hemorrhage (mean age 63.17 ± 10.92 years), and 96 healthy Tibetan residents from the physical examination center of Qinghai Provincial People's Hospital as control group. The results showed that in In the Tibetan population, the CI group was the most common in the e3 alleles, with 48.0%, followed by e2 (37.5%) alleles, the rarest of which was e4 (14.6%). The most common one in ICH group were e2 (43.5%), e3 (45.7%) alleles, and the rarest one was e4 (10.9%). e3 was the most common allele in patients with Tibetan cerebrovascular disease. In the normal control group, e2 (49.0%) was the most common alleles, followed by e4 (33.3%), and e3 (17.7%). e3 allele may be a predisposing factor for cerebrovascular disease in Tibetan population. In Tibetan population, the majority alleles of ApoE were heterozygous E2/E3 and E2/E4, suggesting that hypoxia environment may be beneficial. The TG values in Tibetan populations varied among different alleles, suggesting that different alleles may influence lipid metabolism.","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"60 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75157019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Using Fish-Market-Fishes to Demonstrate the Methodological Approach to Establish Mathematical Relations Between Body Size and Body Weight","authors":"M. Pagano, A. Viggiano","doi":"10.11648/J.AAP.20180301.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AAP.20180301.15","url":null,"abstract":"Body mass index (BMI) is widely used to evaluate if a person has a normal body weight. This index may appear strange to a student because he could expect a cubic relation between body volume and any linear body dimension. The aim of the present experiment was to show the experimental approach to establish a mathematical relation between linear body dimensions and body weight by using a simple animal model. To this end, twelve sea bass and thirteen sea breams were obtained from a local fish-market. For each fish it was measured the body weight, the linear body dimensions, the body volume, the body surface area, and the visceral fat weight. The mathematical relations between all the experimental variables were evaluated pairwise, by plotting them on X-Y graphs and calculating the best fitting power-model. The results demonstrated that in fishes body weight fitted with any of the linear body dimensions raised to a power smaller than 2. The strongest of such correlations was between body weight and body length raised to a power of 1.5. Moreover, BMI did not correlate with visceral fat content. These results demonstrated that in fishes: 1) a non-linear correlation exists between body weight and linear body dimensions; 2) growth is allometric; 3) BMI is a fictitious index and does not describe a physiological phenomenon; 4) BMI is not predictive of visceral fat content; 5) other variables should be taken into account to obtain a more affordable mathematical model to describe the relation between body weight and linear body dimensions.","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"77 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80526128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid-Base Balance and Arterial Ion Concentrations in Rat Under Three Types of General Anaesthesia: Chronobiological Study","authors":"P. Švorc, D. Petrášová","doi":"10.11648/j.aap.20180301.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20180301.14","url":null,"abstract":"The design and development of experimental, in vivo , chronobiological animal models may help reveal some of the relationships between circadian rhythms and biological functions. In vivo experiments require the use of appropriate anaesthesia, which should be selected according to their particular effect on the organism. The aim of study was to review the status of acid-base balance and ion concentration in arterial blood under common used general anaesthesias in experiments in dependence on the light-dark (LD) cycle in spontaneously breathing rats. The experiments were performed using three- to four-month-old pentobarbital (P)-, ketamine/xylazine (K/X)- and zoletil (Z)-aneasthetized female Wistar rats after a four-week adaptation to an LD cycle (12h light:12h dark). It was concluded that P anaesthesia disturbs LD dependence of acid-base balance compared to K/X and Z anaesthesia, but LD differences in plasma ion concentrations are disturbed under all type of general anaesthesia. P anaesthesia is not the most appropriate type of anaesthesia in rat chronobiological experiments. It eliminated LD differences, and also produces a more acidic environment, more pronounced hypercapnia and hypoxia than K/X and Z anaesthesias. This should be taken into account because the altered internal environment may affect the activity of systems whose functions are primarily dependent on acid-base balance or/and ion concentrations.","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"107 1","pages":"26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89480491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Specific Features of Perception of Semantically Equivalent Stimuli in the Verbal and Visual Form","authors":"V. Kiroy, Yelena Vlasovna Aslanyan, D. Lazurenko, O. Bakhtin","doi":"10.11648/j.aap.20180301.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20180301.13","url":null,"abstract":"Response time and evoked potentials were registered for visual images related to two categories fruit and tableware as well as their verbal representations. The stimuli were presented randomly. The subjects were to attribute them regardless of the form (a word or image) to one of the categories. 11 female and 10 male subjects (average age 21.9±2.9 years) participated in the tests. 6 components of the evoked potentials were singled out: Р1 (Р66), N1 (N124), Р2 (Р180), N2 (N248), Р3 (Р331) and N3 (N456). Analysis showed that both female and male subjects demonstrated reliably longer response time for words as compared to those for corresponding images. For words, evoked potentials were registered in more complex configurations and with a shorter latency period for the early components (P1, N1) and longer latency period for the late ones (P2, N2, P3, N3). The evoked potential amplitude in response to verbal stimuli was smaller than that for visual ones. Evoked potential components in response to target stimuli (both images and words) had, in general, shorter latency. The amplitude of N1, Р2 and N2 components was lower, while that of P3 and N3 was higher for target stimuli rather than a non-target. The obtained results allow us to assume that evaluation of the type of information (verbal or visual) can be performed on early stages of stimulus perception (up to 120-150 ms). Further analysis includes either more detailed description of spatial features of the visual stimuli in parietal and occipital lobes or estimation of the semantics of a word employing the frontal and temporal areas. Decision-making on formulating a response barely depends on the manner of information presentation (visual and verbal).","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"4 1","pages":"14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90570056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Planting Methods on Growth of Onion ( Allium cepa var. Cepa )","authors":"Selamawit Ketema, Lemma Dessalegn, Bezuayehu Tesfaye","doi":"10.11648/J.AAP.20180301.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AAP.20180301.12","url":null,"abstract":"The experiment was conducted at Melkassa center of the Ethiopian Institute of agricultural Research for two season to investigate the effect of different onion planting methods on growth parameters and canopy development of onion cultivars. The experiment consisted of three planting methods of onion, namely direct seeding to the field, transplanting of seedlings and planting sets, and three onion cultivars (Adama Red, Bombay Red and Nasik Red). The experimental design was split plot with three replications; cultivars were assigned to the main plot and planting methods to sub-plot. Data were collected at 55, 70, 85 and 100 days after planting. Leaf area index were significantly (P<0.05%) higher on sets and transplants at all dates of observation. The correlation analysis results show highly significant (P<0.001) association between plant height, leaf area, LAI and shoot fresh and dry weight, with correlation coefficient ranging between 0.89 and 0.99. This indicates that any one of these parameters can be used for yield estimator depending on the condition and the facilities available. Regression analysis of total yield on leaf area index showed stronger dependence at 85 days after planting than the other dates as observed by a higher value of coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.80). This study indicated that planting method has significant effect on the growth and performance of onion cultivars.","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"66 1","pages":"8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75922620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Study of Effect of Amphetamine on Passive Avoidance Learning in Wistar Male Rats","authors":"M. Rezazadeh, M. Ahmadifar, Meysam Ahmadi Manesh","doi":"10.11648/J.AAP.20180301.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AAP.20180301.11","url":null,"abstract":"Methamphetamine is sometimes prescribed by doctors for specific diseases that with the entering the central nervous system caused by a sudden release of categulamine and particularly dopamine in the brain. It stimulates brain cells, enhancing aggressive mood and increased body movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate, has been the effects of methamphetamine on passive avoidance learning and memory in adult male Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats of rats in the weight range (180-220gr) (N=6) was Divided into healthy group - control group (saline received) and dose received groups (1.5, 3, 5 mg/kg). Half an hour before the test, intraperitoneally injection was done and after the test, every day at specific times for long-term memory test for one week Injection was done. Results have shown that the incidence of passive avoidance between healthy and control groups there was no significant difference but there is a significantly decreased between the control group and the group receiving methamphetamine. Increase learning and short-term memory and reduced long term memory and passive avoidance learning mechanism is probably due to the involvement of the hippocampus in learning and memory consolidation and short term memory convert to long-term memory could potential mechanism of methamphetamine-induced damage to hippocampal neurons, particularly CA1 neurons. Meanwhile, short-term memory-enhancing effects of methamphetamine can result in Increase cortisol is also a short-term strengthens to the memory but in long term it will damage and weaken the memory.","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"1 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74948825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunomodulatory Potential of New Classical Herbomineral Formulation in Experimental Animals: Impact of Biofield Energy Healing Treatment","authors":"M. Trivedi, A. Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, G. Nayak, A. Balmer, Dimitrius Anagnos, Janice Patricia Kinney, Joni Marie Holling, J. Balmer, Lauree Ann Duprey-Reed, Vaibhav Rajan Parulkar, M. Gangwar, S. Jana","doi":"10.11648/j.aap.20170201.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aap.20170201.13","url":null,"abstract":"A new proprietary herbomineral formulation was formulated, consisting of essential ingredients viz. herbal root extract ashwagandha and minerals (zinc, magnesium, and selenium). The aim of the study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of Consciousness Energy Healing Treatment on the herbomineral formulation in male Sprague Dawley rats. The test formulation was divided into two parts. One part was denoted as the control without any Biofield Energy Treatment, while the other part was defined as the Biofield Energy Treated sample, which received the Biofield Energy Healing Treatment remotely from seven renowned Biofield Energy Healers. Additionally, one group of animals also received Biofield Energy Treatment per se (day -15) by Biofield Energy Healers under similar conditions. The test formulation was evaluated for immunological parameters viz. humoral immune analysis, paw volume, hematological study, biochemistry, body weight, feed and water intake, and histopathology analysis were performed. The humoral immune response showed a significant increased primary and secondary antibody titre values by 26% and 150.4%, respectively in Biofield Energy Treatment per se group (G6, day -15), while primary and secondary antibody titre values were increased by 100.0% and 110.4%, respectively in the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation (G7, day -15) group compared with the disease control group (G2). The results of delayed type hypersensitivity showed a significant increase in the paw volume by 94.44% in the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation (G4) group with respect to the G2 group. However, a significant increase in paw volume by 61.11% and 44.44% was found in G6 and G7 group, respectively with respect to the G2 group. Hematological parameters showed a significant (p<0.001) increased platelet count by 85.6% in the G4 group, while 39.15% and 35.22% increase in the G6 and G7 groups, respectively compared with the G2 group. In biochemical analysis, a significant increase in calcium and phosphorus level were found in the G4 group compared with the G2 group. Animal weight parameters suggests that there were no treatment-related changes in any group, organ to body weight ratio, feed and water intake. The data described that the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation was found to be safe without any side effect during the course of the experiment. These data suggests that the Biofield Energy Treated test formulation and Biofield Energy Treatment per se can be used for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, enhancing stress management and prevention, and anti-aging by improving overall health.","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"6 1","pages":"18-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82121792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medical Students Academic Performance Assessment in Physiology Courses Using Formative and Summative Quizzes at SMBB Medical College Karachi, Pakistan","authors":"M. Rashid, A. Soomro, A. H. Abro, Syeda Beenish Noman","doi":"10.11648/J.AAP.20170201.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AAP.20170201.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background Formative practice quizzes have become common resources for self-evaluation and focused reviews of course content in the medical curriculum. In the current study two separate studies were conducted to (1) compare the effects of a single or multiple voluntary practice quizzes on subsequent summative examinations and (2) examine when students are most likely to use practice quizzes relative to the summative examinations. Material and Methods In the first study, providing a single online practice quiz followed by instructor feedback had no effect on examination average grades compared to the previous year or student performances on similar questions. However, there were significant correlations between student performance on each practice quiz and each summative examination (r 50.42 and r 50.24). When students were provided multiple practice quizzes with feedback (second study). Results there was a weak correlation between the frequency of use and performance on each summative examination (r 50.17 and r 50.07). The frequency with which students accessed the practice quizzes was greatest the day before each examination. In both studies, there was a decline in the level of student utilization of practice quizzes overtime. Conclusion we concluded that practice quizzes provide some predictive value for performances on summative examinations. Second, making practice quizzes available for longer periods prior to summative examinations does not promote the use of the quizzes as a study strategy because students appear to use them mostly to assess knowledge one to two days prior to examinations.","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"16 1","pages":"10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77050426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mn 2+ - Negatively Charged Pegylated Dendrimer G2-Tryptophan: Novel Nano Magnetic Resonance Imaging Agent","authors":"A. Keshavarz, Soodeh Hajbabaei, Jafar Sojoodi, Mostafa Saffari, M. Afshar, Fatemeh Monnavari, Esmaeil Mohammadi Pargoo, R. Rasouli, Hadi Hejazinia, A. Assadi, Leila Badrzadeh, S. Abbasnezhad, S. S. Shandiz, M. Saffari, Masood Bamedi, M. Ardestani","doi":"10.11648/J.AAP.20170201.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AAP.20170201.11","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the new proclamation of the harmful symptoms of Gd (III) based MRI differentiate operators in the patients with harmed renal capacities, there is a solid consideration on emerging substitute differentiate specialists for MRI. A polymer with core of PEG and citrus extract as a shell was created for double modular imaging. After amalgamation of the polymer, ALGD-Trp C onjugate and after that Mn2+ stacked on the dendrimer. Differentiate upgraded MRI of the focused on double imaging operator was assessed by AFM magnifying lens. Growth is one of driving reason for death in everywhere throughout the world. Early determination of tumor known as a decent solution. Achieving a capable and non-obtrusive contrast agent with high specificity, sensitivity and capacity to target cancer cells are essential. Among of different malignancies distinguishing strategies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging is an important technique, however its burdens including low resolution, In this study, Tryptophan was appended on the Anionic direct globular dendrimer with polyethylene glycol center and citrus extract bunches around it. Tryptophan was utilized to enhance intra-cell take-up and gathering in human bosom malignancy cells lastly differentiate operator (Mn2+) stacked in orchestrated dendrimers. The contrast agent was characterized with different techniques such as FT-IR, FTIR, Zeta sizer, UV-spectroscopy. ICP-AES was used to assess the intra-cell take-up of Mn2+ iones. Cytotoxicity studies and evaluation of cell passing mechanism were performed in bosom tumor MCF-7 cell line. Then, impact of various grouping of new difference specialist on T1 and T2 assessed in-vitro utilizing MR imaging. In light of the outcomes exhibited that Mn2+ - Anionic straight globular dendrimer G2-Tryptophancontrastagentdid not demonstrate any significant toxicity (cancer and ordinary cells), The outcomes demonstrated the new focused on nano differentiate specialist fitting accumulation in the tumor cells and solid T1intense flag on compared to Magnevist as a standard CA. This novel complexity specialist can be presented as a decent CA applicant in early identification of tumor.","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"223 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80005030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Body Weight Gain and Blood Hormonal Levels in Relation to Change in Age of Egyptian Male Buffaloes Calves from Birthing to Puberty","authors":"A. Habeeb, A. Gad, M. Atta","doi":"10.11648/J.AAP.20160104.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AAP.20160104.11","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of the present study was to determine the changes in blood hormonal levels and blood profile in relation to the change in each of age, live body weight and body weight gain of Egyptian male buffaloes calves from birthing to 24 months of age. The present study was carried out on 10 male buffalo calves from birthing until 24 months of age. The animals were weighed at birth, 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months before the morning feed and daily body weight gain (DBWG) was calculated for 0-3, 3-6, 6-12, 12-18, 18-24 and 0-24 months. During weighing the calves, 0ne blood sample from the Jugular vein of each calf was withdrawn to estimate thyroxin (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), cortisol, testosterone and aldosterone hormonal levels as well as glucose and protein fractions. Results showed that live body weight (LBW) of calves was increased gradually from birthing to reach to 592.8 kg after 24 months of age. The lowest DBWG of buffalo calves values were through the first 3 months after birthing and the period from 18-24 months of age while the highest DBWG values were during the period from 6 to 18 months of age. The highest level of T4 and T3 were at birth and decreased significantly at weaning. The lowest cortisol level was at birth while the highest cortisol value was at weaning and after 24 months of age. The highest level of aldoserone was at birth and at weaning. From 6 months of age up to 24 months, T4, T3 and aldosterone level was not affected significantly due to the change in age of calves. Testosterone level increased progressively with increase the age of buffalo calves. T4, T3 and aldosterone hormones have negative significant correlations while testosterone level has a highly positive correlation with each of age, LBW and DBG of buffalo calves. Glucose level decreased significantly with increasing the age of calves. Glucose and globulin levels have a negative significant correlation with each of age, LBW and DBG of buffalo calves. It can be concluded from this study that the changes in blood hormonal levels, especially, testosterone, T4, T3 and aldosterone as well as glucose and globulin concentrations are in relation to the change in each of age, live body weight and body weight gain of Egyptian male buffaloes calves from birth to 24 months of age.","PeriodicalId":7392,"journal":{"name":"Accident Analysis & Prevention","volume":"77 1","pages":"43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74308955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}