Journal of psychiatry and brain science最新文献

{"title":"What We Know and Still Need to Know about Gender Aspects of Delusional Disorder: A Narrative Review of Recent Work","authors":"A. González-Rodríguez, M. Estève, A. Álvarez, A. Guàrdia, J. Monreal, D. Palao, J. Labad","doi":"10.20900/JPBS.20190009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20900/JPBS.20190009","url":null,"abstract":"While gender differences in the psychopathology and clinical course of schizophrenia have been extensively reported, the potential for analogous differences in delusional disorder has been understudied. Our aim in this paper is to focus on the recent literature on delusional disorder and to explore gender aspects. This is a non-systematic, narrative and critical review. The review is divided into the following main sections: gender differences in epidemiology, symptomatology, phenotypic factor analyses, psychiatric comorbidity, response and adherence to medications, and clinical trajectories. Culture-bound delusional syndromes are also addressed, and potential causes for gender differences and their treatment are critically discussed. Although DMS-5 reports no gender differences in the frequency of delusional disorder or in delusional content, several studies have found erotomania to be more frequent in women. There seem also to be gender differences in affective and substance abuse comorbidity, which may prove clinically important. The loss of the neuroprotection conferred by estrogens during the reproductive period in women may trigger depressive symptoms after menopause. The interaction of age and gender has been insufficiently studied as is also the case for selective cultural pressures on men and women and their impact on the content of delusions. Studies designed to focus on gender differences in response to treatment are currently needed in delusional disorder","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43152411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin D Levels Are Not Associated with Hippocampal-Dependent Learning in Young Adult Male C57BL/6J Mice: A Negative Report","authors":"K. Jaeschke, D. Blackmore, Natalie J. Groves, M. Al-Amin, S. Alexander, T. Burne","doi":"10.20900/jpbs.20190008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20900/jpbs.20190008","url":null,"abstract":"It is well established that vitamin D is essential in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism. Recent evidence has exposed further roles of vitamin D in adult brain function, specifically indicating that low vitamin D levels during adulthood may be related to cognitive impairment. We have recently shown that adult vitamin D (AVD) deficiency disrupts hippocampal-dependent learning and structural brain connectivity in BALB/c mice. The BALB/c mouse strain is more vulnerable to social stress compared with other resilient mouse strains, such as C57BL/6J mice. Therefore, the primary aim of this research was to examine C57BL/6J mice exposed to varying levels of vitamin D (0, 1500 and 15,000 IU/vitamin D3/kg referred to as deficient, control and elevated, respectively) for 10 weeks. The mice were assessed for hippocampal-dependent learning using the active place avoidance (APA) task. Mice were tested for behaviours that could alter performance on the APA task, and hippocampal tissue was analysed for catecholamine and protein expression. Vitamin D status did not affect spatial learning and memory, general behavioural domains, or catecholamine or protein expression in C57BL/6J mice. Overall, these results indicate that, in contrast to BALB/c mice, vitamin D status does not impact on hippocampal-dependent behaviour in young and healthy, adult male C57BL/6J mice","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43744111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Cannabidiol on Psychosis-like Behaviour Induced by Methamphetamine and MK-801 in Mice: A Negative Report","authors":"E. Jaehne, M. Buuse","doi":"10.20900/JPBS.20190006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20900/JPBS.20190006","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cannabis is a widely used illicit substance but may also have medicinal properties. Cannabidiol (CBD), one of the main compounds of interest in the cannabis plant, has been suggested to have beneficial effects in various psychiatric disorders including anxiety and psychosis. Drug-induced locomotor hyperactivity is a commonly used animal model of psychosis-like behaviour and to show antipsychotic drug action. Several genetic and developmental animal models of psychosis show differences in locomotor hyperactivity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pretreatment with CBD on psychosis-like behaviour in mice. Methods: The animals underwent 5 sessions of locomotor activity testing each, with 3–4 days between tests to allow washout of acute drug challenge. Groups of mice (n = 8 male mice and n = 8 female mice combined) were pretreated with CBD (10 mg/kg) or its vehicle, followed 1 h later with either saline, the dopamine releaser, methamphetamine (1 or 3 mg/kg), or the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (0.1 or 0.25 mg/kg). Results: There was no significant effect of CBD on its own on locomotor activity. Pretreatment with CBD had no effect on the hyperlocomotion induced by either dose of methamphetamine. There was also no effect of CBD on MK-801 induced hyperlocomotion following the 0.25 mg/kg dose, while 0.1 mg/kg MK-801 did not induce hyperactivity. Conclusions: These results do not support an antipsychotic action of CBD","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48413685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermoregulatory Fear of Harm Mood Disorder: In Depth Exploration of a Unique Juvenile-Onset Phenotype That Provides a Parsimonious Clinical Description of Certain Youths with Highly Comorbid Treatment Refractory Psychiatric Disorders","authors":"D. Papolos, S. Mattis, H. Lachman, Martin H. Teicher","doi":"10.20900/JPBS.20190004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20900/JPBS.20190004","url":null,"abstract":"Among aggressive youths with severe mood lability who frequently fail to benefit from mood stabilizers and antipsychotics there is a discrete subtype called ‘Thermoregulatory Fear of Harm Mood Disorder’ (FOH). This disorder is characterized by an underlying thermoregulatory deficit, a specific prodromal sequence and a unique constellation of symptoms. The underlying problem appears to be a deficit in thermoregulation resulting in excessive heat that manifests as thermal discomfort in neutral ambient temperatures and moderate to extreme cold tolerance, and produces REM sleep-related problems and parasomnias, such as night-terrors and hypnogogic hallucinations. Clinically, FOH is associated with the advent in childhood of frequent, recurrent, vivid nightmares with themes of pursuit and abandonment. The apparent psychological sequelae of exposure to this frightening imagery is fear sensitization and auto-traumatization. A developmental sequence of fear based defensive behaviors arises and includes obsessive bedtime rituals, fear of the dark, separation anxiety, contamination fears, hypervigilance, perfectionism, misperception of neutral stimuli as threatening, as well as reactive aggression in response to limit setting and perceived threat or loss. Ketamine, chosen as a potential treatment because of its effectiveness in reducing fear sensitization and dose-dependent lowering of body temperature in preclinical studies, has been associated with sustained improvement in otherwise refractory youths. We present a detailed description of this heritable disorder, link its clinical features to a potential disturbance in brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and orexin, and indicate how ketamine rapidly affects BDNF through multiple mechanisms, to produce a dramatic beneficial response in youths with this disorder","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43996820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia and Global Assessment of Functioning—A Comparison with In-Silico Data","authors":"S. Yasmeen, S. Papiol, P. Falkai, T. Schulze, H. Bickeböller","doi":"10.20900/JPBS.20190003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20900/JPBS.20190003","url":null,"abstract":"In psychiatry, polygenic risk scores (PRSs) have recently been exploited to uncover the shared genetic components in distinct psychiatric disorders. Summary data of large-scale discovery genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on traits such as schizophrenia (SZ) are available. In addition, clinical deep phenotyping includes several correlated phenotypes for psychosocial functioning such as the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). PANSS evaluates acute symptom severity, thus adjusting for this effect when measuring overall assessment and progression of patients with the GAF. A far-reaching understanding of the properties of PRS in such phenotypes is critical to interpreting such analyses, especially when the intermediate phenotype limits sample size. We conducted a simulation study to investigate the performance of PRS in the correlated target phenotypes using sample sizes n = 200, 500, and 1000 (100 replicates) in terms of explained variance in the simulated target phenotypes. We investigated performance of SZ-PRS in the PsyCourse study involving 653 patients (psychotic n = 387, affective \u0000n = 266), in which SZ-PRS was derived from the results of a large GWAS of schizophrenia by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Our simulation results reveal that decreasing correlation between target phenotypes indicates a definable decrease in shared genetic burden with the discovery phenotype. However, with a small sample size, there is already a loss in retrieved R2 with an identical generation model. Our PsyCourse results portrayed that for all patients and for psychotic subgroup, SZ-PRS explained 1% R2 for GAF","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48193154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Methylphenidate Treatment of an Adolescent ADHD Rat Model Does Not Alter Cocaine-Conditioned Place Preference during Adulthood: A Negative Report.","authors":"Yanli Zhang-James, David R Lloyd, Michael L James, Lina Yang, Jerry B Richards, Stephen V Faraone","doi":"10.20900/jpbs.20190021","DOIUrl":"10.20900/jpbs.20190021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The stimulant, methylphenidate (MPH), is commonly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and has been increasingly prescribed for school age children and adolescents. Concerns regarding its long-term effects on later substance use disorders (SUDs) have been raised. Previous animal studies have produced contradictory results regarding whether early exposure to MPH increases or protects against SUD in adulthood. The goal of our study was to determine if clinically relevant doses of MPH during adolescence alter cocaine responsiveness in adulthood in a rat model of ADHD, the spontaneous hypertensive rat (SHR). We pretreated SHRs with saline or MPH (2.5 mg/kg once or twice day) via oral gavage during their dark cycle from postnatal day 35 (p35) to p44. Adult rats (p80) were assessed in an eight-session cocaine-conditioned place preference test (CPP). Four doses of cocaine were administered via intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) during the conditioning sessions: 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg. Once per day MPH treatment had a small sensitizing effect on baseline general locomotor activity in a novel environment at p80 as well as a limited suppressive effect on reward-specific locomotor activity as measured by the decreased preference to enter the cocaine-paired chamber. This treatment did not have any effect on the amount of time that rats chose to spend in the cocaine-paired chamber. Twice per day MPH treatment had no effect on locomotion or drug-preference. Our results suggest that MPH treatment of ADHD rats during adolescence does not alter preference for cocaine in adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6953993/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37535234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Schizophrenia Genetics to Disease Biology: Harnessing New Concepts and Technologies.","authors":"Jubao Duan, Alan R Sanders, Pablo V Gejman","doi":"10.20900/jpbs.20190014","DOIUrl":"10.20900/jpbs.20190014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Schizophrenia (SZ) is a severe mental disorder afflicting around 1% of the population. It is highly heritable but with complex genetics. Recent research has unraveled a plethora of risk loci for SZ. Accordingly, our conceptual understanding of SZ genetics has been rapidly evolving, from oligogenic models towards polygenic or even omnigenic models. A pressing challenge to the field, however, is the translation of the many genetic findings of SZ into disease biology insights leading to more effective treatments. Bridging this gap requires the integration of genetic findings and functional genomics using appropriate cellular models. Harnessing new technologies, such as the development of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and the CRISPR/Cas-based genome/epigenome editing approach are expected to change our understanding of SZ disease biology to a fundamentally higher level. Here, we discuss some new developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6760308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41222319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving Cognition via Exercise (ICE): Study Protocol for a Multi-Site, Parallel-Group, Single-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial Examining the Efficacy of Aerobic Exercise to Improve Neurocognition, Daily Functioning, and Biomarkers of Cognitive Change in Individuals with Schizophrenia.","authors":"Luz H Ospina,&nbsp;Melanie Wall,&nbsp;Lars F Jarskog,&nbsp;Jacob S Ballon,&nbsp;Joseph McEvoy,&nbsp;Matthew N Bartels,&nbsp;Richard Buchsbaum,&nbsp;Richard P Sloan,&nbsp;T Scott Stroup,&nbsp;David Kimhy","doi":"10.20900/jpbs.20190020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20900/jpbs.20190020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with schizophrenia (SZ) display cognitive deficits that have been identified as major determinants of poor functioning and disability, representing a serious public health concern and an important target for interventions. At present, available treatments offer only minimal to moderate benefits to ameliorate cognitive deficits. Thus, there remains an urgent need to identify novel interventions to improve cognition in people with SZ. Emerging evidence from animal and basic human research suggests aerobic exercise training (AE) has beneficial effects on cognition. Preliminary findings suggest that AE is efficacious in improving cognitive functioning in SZ, however the extant studies have been limited by small samples, a dearth of information on biologically-relevant covariates, and limited information on impact on daily functioning. Additionally, while AE-related cognitive benefits have been linked to Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) upregulation, this putative mechanism needs confirmation. The present report describes a study protocol designed to address these limitations-we review and summarize the current literature on treatment of cognitive deficits in SZ, state the rationale for employing AE to target these deficits, and describe the current protocol-a multi-site, single-blind, randomized clinical trial aiming to recruit 200 community-dwelling individuals with SZ. Participants are randomized to one of two 12-week interventions: AE using active-play video games (<i>i.e.</i>, Xbox Kinect) and traditional cardiovascular exercise equipment or a stretching-and-toning (ST) control intervention. Participants undergo assessments of aerobic fitness, cognition, and daily functioning, as well as BDNF and other biomarkers of cognitive change, at baseline and after 6-and 12-weeks.</p>","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":"4 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6958554/pdf/nihms-1065836.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37543782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"GAD mRNA in Orbital Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Alcoholics Compared with Nonpsychiatric Controls: A Negative Postmortem Study.","authors":"Mark D Underwood,&nbsp;Mihran J Bakalian,&nbsp;Andrew J Dwork,&nbsp;Eli Min,&nbsp;J John Mann,&nbsp;Victoria Arango","doi":"10.20900/jpbs.20190007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20900/jpbs.20190007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Alcohol increases inhibitory neurotransmission, an effect mediated through GABA receptors. With chronic alcohol exposure, the inhibitory effects diminish. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) catalyzes glutamate in the synthesis of GABA. We sought to determine the amount of GAD_65/67 mRNA in anterior cingulate cortex (BA24) and orbital prefrontal cortex (BA45) of medication-free alcoholics and nonpsychiatric controls postmortem. Studies were performed in 16 pairs of nonpsychiatric controls and alcoholics, matched for age, sex and PMI. DSM-IV diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (AUD) was made by the SCID I in a psychological autopsy. Frozen blocks of BA24 or BA45 were sectioned (10 µm) for <i>in situ</i> hybridization of ³⁵S-labelled riboprobe for GAD_65/67 mRNA and autoradiograms were analyzed by quantitative densitometry. Three isodensity bands of labeling were evident, with different relative amounts of GAD₆₅ and GAD₆₇ (outer and inner, predominantly GAD₆₅, intermediate predominantly GAD₆₇), and the isodensity bands were analyzed separately. GAD_65/67 mRNA levels were not different between alcoholics and controls in the gray matter of BA24 (<i>p</i> = 0.53) or BA45 (<i>p</i> = 0.84) or in any of the three isodensity bands in which the GAD_65/67 mRNA was distributed. GAD_65/67 mRNA in white matter underlying either region was also not different in alcoholics (<i>p</i> > 0.05). GAD_65/67 mRNA levels did not correlate with age, sex or duration of alcoholism in either BA24 or BA45. Effects on inhibitory neurotransmission in alcoholics do not appear to be associated with change in the levels of GAD₆₅ or GAD₆₇ mRNA.</p>","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":"4 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/66/b1/nihms-1022802.PMC6594560.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37372510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction: Kanduc D, et al. From Viral Infections to Autistic Neurodevelopmental Disorders via Cross-Reactivity. J Psychiatry Brain Sci. 2018; 3(6): 14","authors":"","doi":"10.20900/jpbs.20190002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20900/jpbs.20190002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73912,"journal":{"name":"Journal of psychiatry and brain science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67610402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}