Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity最新文献

{"title":"Associations of chronic disease and multimorbidity with healthcare utilization, mortality and adverse events in Estonia.","authors":"Angela Kannukene, Kaja Põlluste, Margus Lember, Carola Orrego, Jaak Vilo, Raivo Kolde, Sven Laur, Sulev Reisberg","doi":"10.1177/26335565261471615","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261471615","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Multimorbidity is widespread, influencing disease progression and patient outcomes. Understanding the impact on the use of healthcare resources and healthcare associated harm is crucial for population-level interventions to reduce disease burden and improve quality of life.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study used administrative and clinical registry data from a 30% sample of the adult Estonian population. Multimorbidity was defined as ≥2 chronic diseases. Prevalence of chronic disease and multimorbidity was estimated among adults on January 1, 2024 (n = 324,942). Healthcare utilization included inpatient, outpatient, emergency visits, and prescription counts. Survival was assessed over five years following entry into multimorbidity strata (0-1, 2-4, 5-9, ≥10 conditions) in 2012-2024. We estimated 5-year risk of healthcare-associated harm diagnoses comparing patients with and without multimorbidity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Chronic disease affected 60.3% of adults and multimorbidity 42.0%, increasing steeply with age. Multimorbidity was strongly associated with mortality, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.61 (95% CI 1.57-1.66) for 2-4 conditions, 2.43 (2.36-2.51) for 5-9, and 3.35 (3.22-3.48) for ≥10 conditions compared with ≤1 condition. Healthcare utilization increased approximately linearly with each additional chronic disease, with 0.025 more inpatient visits, 0.034 emergency visits, 1.49 outpatient visits, and 4.04 prescriptions per person-year. Multimorbidity was also associated with higher risk of healthcare-associated adverse events, with up to sevenfold higher hazards for several complications, particularly related to procedural/surgical and prosthesis-related complications, including infections.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multimorbidity is prevalent in the Estonian population, increases mortality and healthcare use, and may increase healthcare-associated harm.</p>","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261471615"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13392346/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimorbidity after USAID.","authors":"Justin Dixon, Efison Dhodho","doi":"10.1177/26335565261460403","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261460403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multimorbidity-the coexistence of multiple chronic conditions within a single individual-has emerged as a powerful lens through which to understand the growing mismatch between population health needs and health systems historically organised around single diseases. In many lower-income countries, multimorbidity has reinvigorated calls for more integrated and person-centred models of care. Yet responses have often been fragmented and incremental, remaining tethered to the vertical programmes and disease-specific architectures they seek to overcome. The recent disruption of USAID funding represents a critical juncture for health systems that have long relied on externally funded programmes. While the immediate consequences for service delivery are substantial, this moment also presents an opportunity to move beyond piecemeal integration towards more fundamental health system transformation. Realising this opportunity will require greater emphasis on locally led adaptation, recognising that multimorbidity is experienced and managed within highly contextual social, organisational and epidemiological realities. Learning health systems offer a promising conceptual horizon for this transition by providing a framework through which health systems can continuously generate, interpret and act upon knowledge in response to changing needs. The challenge ahead is not simply sustaining services, but building more integrated, adaptive and person-centred systems capable of responding to shifting realities of multimorbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261460403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13376497/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148581453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors associated with care transition experiences among individuals with complex needs: A prospective study.","authors":"Catherine Hudon, Emilie Angrignon-Girouard, Shelley Doucet, Marie-France Dubois, Nathalie Carrier, Olivier Dumont-Samson, Charlotte Schwarz, Mireille Lambert, Grégory Moullec, Benoît Thierry, Yohann Moanahere Chiu, Alison Luke, Marlène Karam, Kris Aubrey-Bassler, Maud-Christine Chouinard, Marie-Dominique Poirier, Betty Maloney","doi":"10.1177/26335565261450752","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261450752","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Individuals with multimorbidity often have complex health and social care needs and experience frequent transitions across various settings and providers, including home, community services, primary care, and hospitals. These transitions represent pivotal moments within their care trajectories, where the risk of care fragmentation is significantly increased. Although these transitions play an important role in shaping patient experiences and outcomes, the factors associated with them remain insufficiently documented.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to identify individual and environmental factors associated with either positive or negative experiences of care transition among individuals with complex needs.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Using a prospective correlational design, participants were recruited from emergency departments at three sites in two Canadian provinces. Eligible individuals had ≥3 ED visits in the past year, screened positive on the COmplex NEeds Case-finding Tool-6 (CONECT-6), and had complex needs confirmed by an INTERMED Self-Assessment (IMSA) score of 19 or higher. Baseline data included sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables; environmental variables were derived from geocoded postal codes. At six months, participants completed a 12-item scale on care transitions adapted from the Patient Experience of Integrated Care Scale (PEICS). Multivariable linear regression identified factors associated with transition experiences.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of 292 participants recruited, 167 completed the follow-up. Biopsychosocial complexity, self-management capacity, and recruitment site were significantly associated with transition experiences. Higher complexity was associated with less favorable experiences, while stronger self-management was linked to more positive transitions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Care transition experiences are associated with biopsychosocial complexity and self-management abilities, with site-level differences point to organizational and systemic influences. Further research is needed to examine how organizational and system-level factors shape transition experiences for individuals with complex needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261450752"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13365695/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148451118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the relationship between psoriatic arthritis, multiple long-term conditions, treatment burden and adverse clinical outcomes: A systematic review protocol.","authors":"George A Opoku-Pare, Bhautesh D Jani, Stefan Siebert, Frances S Mair, Ilana Booth, Jordan Canning, Barbara I Nicholl","doi":"10.1177/26335565261459513","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261459513","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory musculoskeletal disease associated with psoriasis, affecting an estimated 0.13% of adults worldwide. People living with PsA often experience multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs) or multimorbidity (the presence of two or more long-term health conditions), such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Multimorbidity and treatment burden which is the workload of healthcare experienced by individuals and its impact on wellbeing may exacerbate poor health outcomes and complicate disease management in PsA. However, the influence of MLTCs and/or treatment burden on adverse health-related outcomes in this population remains poorly understood.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This systematic review protocol will outline the methods to evaluate the current evidence regarding the impact, if any, of MLTCs and/or treatment burden on mortality and other adverse health-related outcomes in individuals with PsA.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Systematic review of the literature. The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Longitudinal quantitative studies will be eligible for inclusion. Study selection will follow predefined eligibility criteria, and methodological quality and risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. A narrative synthesis will be undertaken, and meta-analysis will be considered where appropriate. This protocol follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 guidelines.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Understanding the impact of MLTCs and/or treatment burden on health-related outcomes in PsA is essential for improving future clinical management. This review will help identify existing knowledge gaps and advance precision medicine strategies to improve health-related outcomes for individuals living with PsA.</p>","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261459513"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13332292/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148392680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring theoretical policy options for reducing socioeconomic inequalities in multimorbidity: A microsimulation study in England from 2019-2049.","authors":"Anna Head, Max Birkett, Kate Fleming, Chris Kypridemos, Martin O'Flaherty","doi":"10.1177/26335565261441403","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261441403","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Projections suggest that the number of adults living with multimorbidity will continue growing in the coming decades. Little is known, however, about the potential impact of prevention policies on multimorbidity.</p><p><strong>Methods & findings: </strong>We applied a validated microsimulation model of multimorbidity accumulation to simulate theoretical scenarios of health improvement and inequality reduction in England over 30 years (2019-2049), compared to a baseline scenario of continuing patterns in accumulation. Four theoretical scenarios were based on Benach et al.'s typology of health policies: 1) targeted intervention on the worst-off; 2) universal policy + additional focus on the gap; 3) redistributive policy; 4) proportionate universalism; plus an idealistic fifth scenario completely removing socioeconomic inequality in transition times between states. We selected a target of 3% reduction in mortality for scenarios 1-4, based on reductions seen from tobacco control policies. Outputs compared were: difference in 2049 projected prevalence and numbers compared to baseline, total cases prevented/postponed compared to baseline, and expected years lived without multimorbidity at age 30. Our results suggest that gains in levelling socioeconomic inequalities in health would prevent/postpone multimorbidity cases and reduce relative health inequalities among those aged <65. However, this would also likely lead to increased absolute numbers living with multimorbidity overall.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our theoretical modelling suggests effective and equitable policies have potential to reduce the population-level burden of multimorbidity, postponing a substantial number of multimorbidity cases, particularly before age 65. This is, however, likely to lead to greater absolute numbers of multimorbidity cases as individuals live for longer.</p>","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261441403"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13305289/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148347470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of reporting guidelines for multiple long-term condition research.","authors":"Hajira Dambha-Miller, Lucy Smith, Clare Macrae, Heather Walker, Glenn Simpson, James Finney, Salwa S Zghebi, Victoria L Keevil, Sarah E Hughes, Rebecca Ross, Kamlesh Khunti, Colin McCowan","doi":"10.1177/26335565261447691","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261447691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Incomplete and inconsistent reporting amongst research studies in people with Multiple Long-Term Conditions (MLTC) hinders the comprehensive evaluation, synthesis, and interpretation of study findings for application by clinicians, researchers, patients and policymakers. This limitation leads to heterogeneous findings, duplication of work and restricts the practical application of research outcomes in clinical settings, public health strategies, and policymaking. Given the high prevalence and complexity of MLTC, there is a pressing need for standardised guidelines to promote clarity, consistency, and comprehensiveness in study reporting. Such guidelines can enhance transparency and reproducibility, thereby increasing the impact of research on healthcare decisions and policy development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We followed a four-stage process of guidelines development: a review of MLTC reporting practices; a workshop with diverse stakeholders to identify and refine items for inclusion; a prioritisation consensus exercise to agree on key items; and pilot-testing to refine interpretation and usability of the guidelines.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This work has produced the first set of reporting guidelines addressing the need for standardised reporting in MLTC research. Application of these guidelines has the potential to improve research clarity and reproducibility, enabling better comparisons across studies and shared learning. Improved reporting standards will also facilitate the translation of research findings into effective healthcare strategies and policies, contributing to better health outcomes for MLTC patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These initial guidelines offer a structured approach to improving the reporting quality of MLTC research. Future evaluations will assess its impact on research transparency and real-world application.</p>","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261447691"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13263596/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148254892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recommendations for conducting qualitative research on multiple long-term conditions (MLTC) from a qualitative methods community of practice.","authors":"Sue Bellass, Alison Ellwood, Stella Arakelyan, Sarah Pauline Bowers, Felicity Dewhurst, Stephanie J Hanley, Brenda Hayanga, Sarah A Hopkins, Nicola Howe, Emily Hunt, Grace Lewis, Kate Lippiett, Erin McCloskey, Sara Pretorius, Domna Salonen, Elizabeth Z Shoemark-Sells, Alexandra Thompson, Freya Thompson, Zoë Vowles, Heather Walker, Hannah Wheat","doi":"10.1177/26335565261459508","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261459508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The growing prevalence of multiple long-term conditions (MLTC) - two or more long-term health conditions - has been recognised as one of the most significant health challenges facing contemporary societies. People living with MLTC experience poorer outcomes than people with one long-term condition and may be disadvantaged by health care systems configured for single conditions. Recognition of the significance of these inequities has led to increased investments in MLTC research, and a body of qualitative literature on lived experience is developing. However, conducting qualitative MLTC research presents challenges to researchers. Encompassing an extensive range of condition combinations, the MLTC population is incredibly diverse, and constructing a sampling strategy for the small numbers of participants typical in qualitative inquiry requires careful thought. Additionally, MLTC is a construct not embedded in public consciousness, which may affect participant self-identification and research engagement. Furthermore, the risk of issues commonly experienced in qualitative health research, such as participant distress and low recruitment rates, can be exacerbated due to the ill-health experienced by some people living with MLTC. In this article, we share reflections from a cross-institution Qualitative Methods Community of Practice in MLTC Research, describing the challenges experienced and practical steps taken to address difficulties and mitigate risks. We aim to provide tips and guidance to qualitative health researchers new to MLTC inquiry to support planning and delivery of their research in this rapidly growing field.</p>","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261459508"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13254441/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148254882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prioritising and ranking methodological uncertainties in the design, conduct, and analysis of trials aiming to improve health outcomes for those living with multiple long-term conditions: A protocol for a modified Delphi study.","authors":"Ayat Ahmadi, Lisong Zhang, Natasha Bryant, Natalie Darko, Kamlesh Khunti, Sally J Singh, Sharon A Simpson, Susan M Smith, Rod S Taylor, Miles D Witham, Hannah Young, Laura J Gray","doi":"10.1177/26335565261459136","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261459136","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Multiple long-term conditions (MLTCs), defined as the co-existence of two or more chronic health conditions, are increasingly prevalent across all age groups and disproportionately affect socioeconomically disadvantaged and ethnic minority populations. Trials targeting MLTCs face methodological challenges due to patient heterogeneity, variation in selection of conditions and limitations in design and analysis. These challenges may contribute to the lack of evidence to inform effective interventions for people with MLTCs. This study aims to systematically identify and prioritise key methodological uncertainties in the design, conduct and analysis of future trials aiming to improve health outcomes for people with MLTCs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We will conduct a four-round modified Delphi study involving key interest groups including methodologists, trialists, MLTC researchers, research funders, commissioners, regulators, people with MLTC lived experience and MLTC carers. The process will include two rounds of online questionnaires, one lived-experience meeting (in-person or virtual) and a final virtual consensus meeting. To promote inclusivity and diversity of input, participants may join at any stage. Responses from each round will be analysed and summarised to inform the next stage, with final priorities agreed through structured consensus voting.</p><p><strong>Expected outcomes: </strong>This consensus study will produce a ranked list of methodological research uncertainties to guide future research and clinical trial design, conduct and analysis in MLTCs. Findings will be disseminated through a facilitated online dissemination workshop, academic channels and targeted public engagement activities to support inclusive and relevant MLTC research.</p>","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261459136"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13247373/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148221167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Focusing on burden and capacity to support self-management of chronic health conditions: A pilot trial of care coordination in rural Australia: Implications for multimorbidity care in the Philippines.","authors":"Darin Jan Tindowen, Don Eliseo Lucero-Prisno, Macwayne Maniwang","doi":"10.1177/26335565261459509","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261459509","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261459509"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13241604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148201216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimorbidity and AI-enabled health and social care: A methodological illustration of integrating large language models into qualitative analytic workflows.","authors":"Callum Hill, Jacob Keast, Arun Dahil, Hajira Dambha-Miller","doi":"10.1177/26335565261444423","DOIUrl":"10.1177/26335565261444423","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>People living with multimorbidity often experience unmet social care needs, which can negatively affect wellbeing and increase pressure on health and social care systems. Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled tools may support more timely and tailored responses to these needs. Large language models (LLMs) are emerging as tools to support qualitative research, although research detailing their integration into qualitative analytic workflows remains limited.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a secondary thematic analysis of 75 qualitative interview transcripts involving people with multimorbidity and their carers. The dataset was coded according to an analytic framework of exploratory, interpretive, and integrative layers of meaning. The dataset was analysed according to two parallel analytic streams: human reflexive thematic analysis, and qualitative analysis using Claude Sonnet 4. Model outputs were iteratively reviewed and compared against manual thematic analysis for convergence and divergence.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Across the analytic workflow, twelve themes from the original human-led analysis were used as a reference framework for examining areas of alignment, extension, or divergence in LLM-generated interpretations. The LLM-assisted analysis highlighted shifts in analytic emphasis and candidate interpretive nuances, including emotive tone and latent cross-cutting concerns, while requiring human oversight to determine evidential grounding.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>We present a structured methodological illustration for integrating LLM-assisted outputs within qualitative analysis. Using convergence-divergence mapping, we examine how LLM-generated interpretations may function as an additional analytic lens that can support reflexivity, transparency, and analytic auditability in qualitative research applied within the context of multimorbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":73843,"journal":{"name":"Journal of multimorbidity and comorbidity","volume":"16 ","pages":"26335565261444423"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13219934/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148140087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}