Alicia L Best, Anastasia Wynn, Chukwuemeka Emmanuel Ogbu, Stefani Nixon
{"title":"Improve the Quality of Life Related to HIV and the Black Community: HIV and AIDS Inequity in the Black Community: Proximal Solutions to Distal Determinants.","authors":"Alicia L Best, Anastasia Wynn, Chukwuemeka Emmanuel Ogbu, Stefani Nixon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This literature review describes the historical impact of HIV and AIDS among Black populations in United States (US), as well as the misalignment between root causes of HIV-related inequities and HIV prevention efforts. Specifically, we describe how distal factors (including structural racism) contribute to the disproportionate rates of HIV infection within Black communities. Further, we highlight consequences of focusing primarily on proximal determinants of acquiring HIV. Finally, we share some brief conclusions and recommendations to help move towards eliminating HIV and AIDS inequities among Black populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"11 1","pages":"25-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930518/pdf/jhsh-11-25.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10756244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jaleah D Rutledge, Kaston Anderson-Carpenter, Jae Puckett
{"title":"HIV Testing and Associated Characteristics Among Black Cisgender and Transgender Women in the United States.","authors":"Jaleah D Rutledge, Kaston Anderson-Carpenter, Jae Puckett","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Black women in the United States continue to be disproportionately affected by HIV. HIV testing is an important preventative step in the HIV continuum of care, however there is little known about HIV testing among these groups. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the HIV testing behaviors of Black transgender women and explore differences in predictors of HIV testing among Black cisgender and transgender women. This study uses secondary data from the 2014-2017 modules of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Analyses included multiple hierarchical regression. There are no major differences in HIV testing between Black cisgender and transgender women. A number of sociodemographic characteristics have been shown to predict HIV testing among Black cisgender women, but only employment status and age were significant predictors of HIV testing among Black transgender women. A moderation analysis suggested that gender identity significantly moderates the association between employment status and HIV testing such that the relationship between employment status and receiving an HIV test differs by gender identity. The findings of this study highlight nuances in HIV testing among Black cisgender and transgender women that are useful for improving HIV testing as a mode of HIV prevention. Overall, the findings contribute to our understanding of HIV testing practices among Black cisgender and transgender women.</p>","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"11 1","pages":"149-162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930511/pdf/jhsh-11-149.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10756249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Message from the Editor.","authors":"Rueben C Warren","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"11 1","pages":"7-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930503/pdf/jhsh-11-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10471871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Health Communication, HIV/AIDS, and Black Women.","authors":"Gwendolyn West","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Communications is a vital component of everyday life. Without it, many people may find it hard to survive in today's society. There is a multiplicity of ways to communicate, be it verbal or non-verbal. However, if the constructs of communication are misconstrued, it is worthless. Especially, when there is an urgency to save lives using communications. Health communications is one aspect that is critical for population health. If used properly, it can reduce the risk of epidemics and pandemics. Globally, HIV/AIDS became a pandemic in the early 1980s. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported by 2020, there were more than 55.9 million confirmed cases of HIV/AIDS and 36.3 million died from the dread disease worldwide. Out of these grave statistics, Black women are affected more than any other group by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. This article aims to shed light on this growing issue and set in motion an understanding how adequate health communications can eradicate Black women from the growing demise of HIV/AIDS.</p>","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"11 1","pages":"251-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930509/pdf/jhsh-11-251.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10763424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Karen Johnson, Angela Pretz, Winne Chu, Catherine Isabel West, Mingway P Chang, Akansha Anand, Benjamin P Chapman, Dawn Goddard-Eckrich, Timothy Hunt, Elwin Wu, Louisa Gilbert, Nabila El-Bassel
{"title":"The Increased Risk for HIV and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Substance-Using and Depressed Women in the Legal System.","authors":"Karen Johnson, Angela Pretz, Winne Chu, Catherine Isabel West, Mingway P Chang, Akansha Anand, Benjamin P Chapman, Dawn Goddard-Eckrich, Timothy Hunt, Elwin Wu, Louisa Gilbert, Nabila El-Bassel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study was conducted in Alabama's Black Belt Counties to examine the association between household food insecurity and self-reported health status. Data were collected from 400 households to measure household food insecurity and self-reported general health status using the U.S. Food Security Module. In bivariate analyses, household food insecurity was Policy changes to increase economic resources and access to federal food programs are needed to reduce household food insecurity in this region. Gendered experiences in the context of consequences of poverty should not be ignored.</p>","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"11 1","pages":"225-250"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930520/pdf/jhsh-11-225.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10756243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"African American Women's Current Knowledge, Perceptions, and Willingness of PrEP Use for HIV Prevention in the South.","authors":"Jamie Troutman, Lucy Annang Ingram, Bambi Gaddist, Alyssa Robillard, Shan Qiao","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>African American women accounted for approximately 60% of new HIV diagnoses among women in the United States, with the greatest burden occurring in the South. Past efforts to prevent HIV focused on behavioral interventions aimed at reducing sexual risk behavior. More recent HIV prevention methods have included oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with antiretroviral drugs. Although PrEP has been designated as an effective HIV prevention method since 2012, awareness and uptake of PrEP remains low among African American women. Our study explored African American women's knowledge, perceptions, and willingness of PrEP use. Four focus groups were held in April 2019, consisting of 27 women, who identified as African American and resided in South Carolina. Focus group topics focused on participants' awareness, perceptions, and potential use of PrEP. The majority of women had heard of PrEP; however, over half of the participants were in the HIV or health field. Overall, participants believed that the \"lay woman\" would be unaware of PrEP. Participants' perceptions of PrEP included stigma of PrEP use, benefits to non-monogamous couples, and experiences with PrEP clients. The majority of women were willing to use PrEP, but major concerns around short and long-term side effects were expressed. Participants provided recommendations to improve PrEP uptake among African American women that included targeted campaigns and spokespersons. African American women are interested and supportive of PrEP use for HIV prevention in the South, where HIV rates remain highest. Past PrEP implementation efforts have not been relatable to African American women; therefore, awareness and uptake rates remain low. Future efforts to increase PrEP awareness and uptake among African American women should be relevant, and should provide comprehensive information on potential side effects, purpose of use, and eligibility criteria.</p>","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"11 1","pages":"51-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930508/pdf/jhsh-11-51.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10756248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Let's Get Serious: Reducing Health Disparities in HIV.","authors":"Vivian L Carter","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"11 1","pages":"17-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930507/pdf/jhsh-11-17.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10768299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Relation of Age on HIV-Positive Women's Cluster of Differentiation 4, Antiretroviral Therapy, Papanicolaou Test, Human Papillomavirus Test and Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid.","authors":"Atiya Shahid, Ehsan Abdalla","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite increased life expectancy, mortality rates among women infected with HIV are 3-15 times higher than those in the overall population, HIV-infected women are also excessively affected by HPV and have increased risks of HPV-associated developments. This study's objective is to examine the relation between the ART treatment, CD4 levels, Pap, HPV and VIA tests with p16 detection among HIV-infected women. The data used in this study was collected by survey questionnaire instruments in 2009 in Kenya. Descriptive and explanatory statistics using frequency and chi-square/fisher's exact tests were performed for analysis using SAS-software. The data was stratified by age groups (30-39, 40-49, and 50 years and older). 75.28% of single HIV-positive women between the ages 30-39 participated significantly in the study, with a <i>p-value</i> of <0.0001. 52.24% of HIV-positive women 30-39 years old were most likely to receive ART treatment for less than two years by a margin of 11.2% compared to those who received the treatment for more than two years and those who were off treatment by a margin of 2.24% (<i>p-value</i> of 0.03). The HIV-positive women 30-39 years old had lower CD4 counts of less than 350 cells/μl (44%) and higher CD4 counts of 500 cells/μl or higher (46.64%). 45.3% of the HIV-positive women 30-39 years old were more likely to have positive VIA tests with a <i>p-value</i> of 0.05. 65.87% of HIV-positive women 30-39 years old were most likely to have positive VIA tests with a <i>p-value</i> of <0.05. HIV-positive women 30-39 years old were most likely to have high-risk HPV compared to their older counterparts. This study shows that incorporating screening strategies (Pap tests, VIA tests and HPV genotyping) in conjunction with ART treatment were more effective in preventing cervical cancer in HIV-positive young women 30-39 years old.</p>","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"11 1","pages":"37-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930512/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10768301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rueben C Warren, Michele G Shedlin, Ernest Alema-Mensah, Coleman Obasaju, David Augustin Hodge
{"title":"Clinical Trials Participation Among African Americans and the Ethics of Trust: Leadership Perspectives.","authors":"Rueben C Warren, Michele G Shedlin, Ernest Alema-Mensah, Coleman Obasaju, David Augustin Hodge","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Assuring health equity throughout the U.S. continues to challenge the public and private research enterprise. Even with some progress, racial and ethnic health disparities continue, particularly among African Americans. Health equity for African Americans is improbable unless participation in clinical trials is measurably increased.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>To inform efforts to enhance participation, interviews were conducted with three African American leadership groups from across the country to document their perceptions of why the research community is unable to engage African Americans effectively in clinical trials. The results of thirty-five interviews, conducted from three leadership groups, were analyzed and are reported in this article. The leadership groups include health/education, faith, and civic society.</p><p><strong>Ethical considerations: </strong>This research was conducted based upon the ethical protocols of the National Center for Bioethics in Research and Health Care, research ethics, and confidentiality.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings indicate that trustworthiness must precede trust; both are essential in enhancing African American participation in research, especially in less understood clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Respondents agreed that the research community must demonstrate trustworthiness before trust can be established. They also indicated the importance of increasing the number of African American researchers in leadership roles. Also, suggestions were made regarding the need to develop short and long-term positive relationships between the research community and the African American population, at various levels, if increases in participation in clinical trials are expected. With the likely development of new clinical research and the attention to increasing excess deaths among African Americans, there must be representative numbers of African Americans and other underserved populations in leadership roles if health disparities are to be eliminated and health equity is to be achieved.</p>","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"10 1","pages":"104-123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930497/pdf/jhsh-10-104.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10763917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Unsilenced and Redeemed.","authors":"Gwendolyn West","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article revisits several challenges that some Black and African American women have faced exasperating to be included in the dominant society and to be deemed relevant in the world in which they live. Since there are few Black women in high places, there are limited spaces to access and have their voices and opinions on what they feel and who they really are. Overtime, white women and men have often told the stories of Black women from his or her point of view. They have gone as far as to even express to them how they feel or think about ethical issues. Plus, many white women and men have decided for Black women how they should live out their lives and what is best for them. \"Unsilenced and Redeemed\" sets out to bring light to this growing problem for Black women and focus on the prognosis to set the record straight in order to enhance their quality of life, to be taken serious in their plight to bring back their God given purpose, and to know what is ethical and unethical for them.</p>","PeriodicalId":73773,"journal":{"name":"Journal of healthcare, science and the humanities","volume":"10 1","pages":"127-133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9930492/pdf/jhsh-10-127.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10763916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}