Journal of hazardous materials advances最新文献

{"title":"Applications of molecularly imprinted titania-based photocatalysis for degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants in the aqueous environment","authors":"Asenathi Sibali ,&nbsp;Thabang Hendrica Mokhothu ,&nbsp;Samson Masulubanye Mohomane ,&nbsp;Vusumzi Emmanuel Pakade ,&nbsp;Ramakwala Christinah Chokwe ,&nbsp;Somandla Ncube","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical residues and their ecotoxicological impact on aquatic organisms are well documented which has forced researchers to shift focus towards finding sustainable pollution control technologies that can effectively control their levels in the environment. Photocatalytic degradation has offered a viable alternative with the ability to eliminate pharmaceutical residues through degradation and eventual mineralization to less-toxic products. Despite its documented successes, photocatalysis still has its challenges that relate to the presence of scavengers of photogenerated radicals and decomposed matrices accumulating on the surface of the photocatalyst. This has led to the incorporation of molecularly imprinted polymers on the surface of the photocatalyst to allow only selected targets to reach the photocatalyst. This review provides a concise yet comprehensive look at the integration of photocatalysis with molecular imprinting technology focussing on titania-based photocatalysts combined with molecularly imprinted polymers for selective degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants in the aqueous environment. The principles, applications, challenges and future directions of molecularly imprinted photocatalytic degradation as a technology for the remediation of pharmaceuticals in aqueous environments are highlighted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental risks of plastic losses from landfills: A comparative study of divisional cities in Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Tushar Ali ,&nbsp;Islam M. Rafizul","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Bangladesh, where nearly 95% of landfills are unsanitary or open dumps, these sites are significant contributors to environmental plastic pollution, making it a critical issue for the country. This study presents a framework to quantify the risk index of plastic losses from landfills across the eight major divisional cities of Bangladesh. The assessment focuses on three key components: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The hazard index is derived from local weather and climate data, exposure is evaluated based on the proximity of water bodies and urban areas, and vulnerability is measured using population, landfill, and waste production data. The study employs a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach to quantify and compare the levels of exposure, vulnerability, and overall risk among the cities. The results reveal that Sylhet is located in a severe hazard zone, Dhaka faces severe exposure and vulnerability, and Chittagong experiences very high levels of exposure and vulnerability. Overall, Dhaka is categorized as severe in risk, while Chittagong and Sylhet are classified as very high risk, with other cities at comparatively safer risk levels. Cities identified with severe to high-risk levels must urgently address plastic losses. This city-wise assessment provides valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers, enabling them to identify and prioritize cities in urgent need of interventions to mitigate environmental plastic losses, and to focus on the reduction, substitution, and management of plastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100507"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational exposure assessment of heavy metals in human scalp hair among tannery workers in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: Indication of pollution","authors":"Molla Tefera ,&nbsp;Melaku Alemu ,&nbsp;Bikes Destaw ,&nbsp;Walelign Wubet ,&nbsp;Yohanes Abebe ,&nbsp;Seada Mohammed ,&nbsp;Atnafu Guadie ,&nbsp;Mengistu Mulu ,&nbsp;Amogne Wendu ,&nbsp;Menilek Ayalew ,&nbsp;Mulat Tiruneh","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ethiopia, is one of the African countries, has immense potential for skins and hides for the leather industries, which will play a crucial role in converting nations into manufacturing-driven economies through industrialization. The chemicals applied in the tanning process are a serious concern for employees and the community if proper safety measures are not taken. The pollution status of employees working in Anbessa and Bahir Dar tannery factories was evaluated by collecting hair samples. After the hair samples washed with acetone, and deionized water, the hair samples were digested with 4 mL of HNO₃ and 2 mL of HClO₄ for 1:30 h at 250 °C. The levels of metals (Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd) were subsequently analyzed using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). The mean concentrations of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cr in the Anbessa tannery factory workers were 17.34–22.75, 16.38–35.03, 235.4–369.2, 30.46–67.31, and 97.56–189.18, respectively, in the various working departments of the factory. Similarly, the concentrations of Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr in the hair of Bahir Dar tannery workers were 30.1–105.9, 17.88–62.20, 216.9–762.1, 0.35–5.21, 33.42–91.42, and 118.5–305.7, respectively. Chromium was found to be the most accumulated metal next to Zn with in both tannery workers that highlighted significant occupational health risks. The principal component analysis (PCA) analysis provide an insights into the interactions between occupational factors and metal exposure. In conclusion, the results of hair analysis from the employees of tannery factories indicates alarming levels of metal exposure, especially for zinc and chromium, which might pose health problems in long time exposure. Thus, it's critical to monitor occupational activities that can harm human health and the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100505"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on microalgae-driven heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater using living and nonliving microalgae","authors":"Mohammed Omar Faruque ,&nbsp;Shihab Uddin ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mozahar Hossain ,&nbsp;S.M. Zakir Hossain ,&nbsp;Md. Shafiquzzaman ,&nbsp;Shaikh Abdur Razzak","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growth of industry has caused heavy metals (HMs) to become one of the most important water pollutants because they are toxic and hurt the environment. As a consequence of HMs contamination and its effects on the environment and public health, there is a growing desire to develop a sustainable strategy for removing HMs from industrial wastewater. HMs have been sequestered using a number of traditional eradication methods. Unfortunately, for large-scale projects, the majority of these methods are expensive, require rigorous control and continuous monitoring, and are inefficient for the removal of hazardous materials. As a sustainable technique for removing HMs from industrial effluent, the use of both living and nonliving microalgal cells in microalgae-based bioremediation is investigated in this context. Additionally, it has many advantages over conventional remediation techniques, including being easily accessible, inexpensive, effective at removing hazardous metals, and environmentally friendly. This review seeks to provide exhaustive information to support the development of microalgal-based HMs bioremediation. It includes the selection of suitable microalgae strains for HM removal, the mechanisms involved (biosorption and bioaccumulation), and the factors influencing the removal of HMs from industrial effluent, among other topics. In addition, different types of biosorption models have been addressed to predict the efficiency and effectiveness of HM removal by microalgal biomass. To conclude, this study emphasizes the critical role of microalgae in advancing wastewater treatment technologies and promoting environmental protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100492"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar for wastewater treatment: Addressing contaminants and enhancing sustainability: Challenges and solutions","authors":"Mohammed Ali Alshehri ,&nbsp;Arivalagan Pugazhendhi","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, biochar has gained interest for its potential use in treating and removing contaminants from domestic, municipal, and industrial wastewater. When applied in fixed filter columns (BFCs), biochar can effectively immobilize, filter, and recover contaminants with high treatment efficiency. On average, COD removal is 80 %, nutrient removal is 71 % for nitrogen-ammonium and 57 % for phosphorus-phosphate, and pathogen reduction averages 2.4 log10 units. These results vary depending on factors such as the biochar's surface area, the conditions under which it was pyrolyzed, and operational parameters like hydraulic loading and retention time. Biochar addresses limitations in traditional wastewater treatment by leveraging adsorption, ion exchange, and biological degradation mechanisms. The larger surface area and functionalized surface of engineered biochar make it particularly effective in treating diverse pollutants, including heavy metals, nutrients, and emerging contaminants, such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As the global population and industrial activities increase, there is a pressing need for sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. Biochar addresses this need and serves as a waste valorization tool, contributing to bioenergy production, soil improvement, and other applications. The present review focuses on improving biochar's performance and durability in real-world applications by addressing challenges like physical degradation. It also proposes strategies to enhance biochar's properties and reuse potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous sequestration of cadmium and lead in brackish aquaculture water by biochars: A mechanistic insight","authors":"Sohail Rafiq ,&nbsp;Suchanya Wongrod ,&nbsp;Stéphane Simon ,&nbsp;Gilles Guibaud ,&nbsp;Soydoa Vinitnantharat","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal aquaculture faces metal pollution challenges, particularly from lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). This study examined the synergistic effects of salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) on Pb and Cd interactions with biochars from bamboo (BB), mangrove (MB) and palm shell (PSB) in batch experiments. The performance of biochars was compared to activated carbon (AC) in single (Pb or Cd) and bi-solute (Pb + Cd) lab-scale brackish water systems. Adsorption studies showed that Pb and Cd adsorptions onto biochars and AC followed the Freundlich adsorption model, except for BB, which followed the Langmuir model at 15 ppt salinity. The increase in DO slightly facilitated the adsorption of Pb and Cd by influencing biochar surface charge, whereas increases in salinity negatively affected adsorption. Among the biochars, BB exhibited the highest Pb and Cd adsorption capacity. BB and AC were selected for column experiments with synthetic brackish water and canal water. The adsorption data fitted the Clark model, emphasizing the role of ion exchange and the multilayer pattern of adsorption. Increased salinity decreased the exchangeable fraction while increasing carbonate-bound, reducible, and oxidizable fractions, suggesting ion exchange and oxide interactions. SEM-EDS and XRF analyses confirmed the presence of adsorbed Pb and Cd on both BB and AC. BB demonstrated to be more effective than AC in removing Pb and Cd from canal water with no desorption observed and it can be a cost-effective alternative to sequester Pb and Cd from shrimp nursery ponds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100501"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and pollution analysis of water environment of state-controlled river in Zaozhuang City from 2016 to 2022","authors":"Xu Zhang ,&nbsp;Huanhuan Yang ,&nbsp;Dayong Cui ,&nbsp;Hong Kuan Zu ,&nbsp;Yanhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Ma ,&nbsp;Zhibin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quality of water environment is closely linked to the survival and development of human beings. Thanks to the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, the quality of the water environment has improved significantly. However, challenges remain in the surface water environment due to human activities in the basin. We analyze the surface water quality of the six state-controlled rivers in Zaozhuang City, which are key tributaries to the Nansi Lake and the water storage and distribution area of the South-to-North Water Diversion East Project. Physical-chemical parameters and metal pollutants were detected from 2016 to 2022. The Various indices were used for evaluating the surface water environmental quality and pollution issue. Although there were significant inter-year differences in each river, the results of Water quality index and Nemerow composite index analysis indicated that the water quality of the six rivers has continuously improved over the years. Nevertheless, as this research reports, such as considerable annual fluctuations in pollution factors, obvious pollution characteristics in river basins, and difficulty in controlling non-point source pollution, which still restrict the further improvement of the water environment. Each river presents various water environment problems due to differences in industrial structures within its basin. Through the analysis of production and lifestyle in each basin, the main pollution sources of each river were evaluated and determined. Based on the type and characteristics of pollution sources, control measures and optimization strategies are proposed for the improvement of the water environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100503"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adsorptive potential of apricot (Prunus Armeniaca) stone in the removal of Cr (VI) and Fe (II) ions from Aquatic Systems: Kinetic and isothermal investigations","authors":"Mohamed Elsheref ,&nbsp;Abdelmonaem Ahmed ,&nbsp;Essam Elmelegy ,&nbsp;Matthew A. Tarr ,&nbsp;Wafaa Hammad ,&nbsp;M.A. Darweesh","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100498","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100498","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biogenic adsorbents have emerged as a promising alternative to the traditional remediation techniques of heavy-metals contaminated water treatment. Using apricot (<em>Prunus Armeniaca</em>) stone as a naturally derived adsorbent, the current study provides a comprehensive analysis of the kinetic and isothermal characteristics associated with Cr (VI) and Fe (II) ion adsorption. The results show that 0.5 mg of the adsorbent removed approximately 90 % of Cr (VI) and Fe (II) ions from 100 ppm solutions within 120 min at 298 K at 300 rpm stirring speed. Equilibrium was attained within 90 to 120 min, with a significant increase in the removal percentage observed in the first 30–40 min for both metals compared to the subsequent 80–90 min. The optimal pH conditions for adsorption were determined to be acidic (pH = 1.5) for Cr (VI) and neutral (pH = 7) for Fe (II). The adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second order model, while the isothermal equilibrium data best fit the Freundlich model over the Langmuir model. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters, including ΔG°, ΔH°, and ΔS°, indicated that the sorption process is spontaneous, feasible, and endothermic. The response surface methodology (RSM) analysis showed a high level of accuracy in predicting the percent removal. These findings illustrate the effectiveness of apricot stone as a low-cost and environmentally conscious adsorbent, contributing to the development of sustainable water treatment technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100498"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The characterisation of mercury pollution in the faeces of Baltic region breeding black storks","authors":"Antonija Rimsa ,&nbsp;Anda Abola ,&nbsp;Rita Veilande ,&nbsp;Zanda Brike ,&nbsp;Gita Revalde ,&nbsp;Atis Skudra ,&nbsp;Maris Strazds","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100499","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100499","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mercury is a pollutant that negatively impacts wildlife's physical fitness, reproduction success, as well as foraging and migrating abilities; especially high risk is posed to the animals that consume fish as their main food source, such as black storks <em>Ciconia nigra</em>. The black stork is a sensitive and solitary bird species, whose populations in north-eastern Europe have declined in recent years for various reasons. In this study, we present the first-ever multi-year assessment of mercury pollution in black stork faeces, analysing samples collected over a six-year period (2018–2023) from 121 nests across Latvia. We found a temporal and spatial total mercury pollution pattern and a distinction between total mercury pollution in juvenile (range: 4.75–521.78 ng/g) and adult (range: 7.32–365.60 ng/g) black stork faeces. Total mercury concentrations also differed based on faeces colour – light faeces had a statistically significant lower mercury concentration than dark faeces. In addition, we tested juvenile black stork food samples gathered from the nests and found up to five times higher total mercury concentrations than the government-permitted limit. Causes for the variability of mercury pollution across different nest sites as well as between adult and juvenile black storks are still open for future studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100499"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pervasiveness and classification of microplastics in Landfill Leachate: Impacts, risks, and treatment efficiency","authors":"Fouzia Zaman ,&nbsp;Md Ashikur Rahman ,&nbsp;Md. Morshedul Haque ,&nbsp;Md. Ahedul Akbor ,&nbsp;Shafi M. Tareq","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100502","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics (MPs) in surface and groundwater in Bangladesh are a significant issue. The purpose of this research was to assess the possibility of landfill leachate acting as a potential origin of MPs and to determine if the surrounding surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) act as recipients. Furthermore, this research assessed the leachate treatment plant MP removal efficacy and MP risk assessment. The findings show that discharge leachate from the Matuail landfill contributes 3.5 × 10⁸ particles per hour to the surrounding aquatic environment, with an average of 350 ± 10 MPs/L. MPs were found highly in SW and then in GW with an average of 1683 ± 70 and 614 ± 40 MPs/L, respectively, with 48.9% of MPs ranging from 0.1 mm to 0 .5mm. The dominant shapes were fibers and fragments. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed low density polyethylene (LDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), and Polypropylene (PP) were the most common, and Polyurethane (PUR), Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), and <span><span>Polyacrylonitrile</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> (PAN) posed the greatest threat to the environment. The inefficient treatment method resulted in the release of 83.33% of MPs, indicating a low removal efficiency in the leachate. The inefficient removal rate leads to the highest pollutant load index for SW (2.18). Ultimately, the analysis of the nemerow pollution index (NPI), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), polymer hazard index (PHI), and potential ecological risk (Ei), revealed a minimal to extremely high range of contaminations. A clear link was obsevered between the particles shape and size throught the principal component analysis (PCA). Moreover, it highlights the need for ongoing national surveillance of MPs considering the gravity of this contamination and indicates the importance of proactive management of landfill sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100502"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}