Journal of hazardous materials advances最新文献

{"title":"Bioleaching of heavy metals from soils contaminated by military activities using Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans","authors":"Natálie Hanáková ,&nbsp;Štěpán Vinter ,&nbsp;Pavel Jeřábek ,&nbsp;Marek Koutný ,&nbsp;Martin Sedláček","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study compares the bioleaching efficiency of <em>Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans</em> in real soils contaminated by military activities. Samples came from three sites with distinct histories: (i) debris from a 2014 munition storage explosion (MS), (ii) an infantry shooting range impact area (SR), and (iii) a grenade range throwing zone (GR). Bioleaching performance was benchmarked against nitric-acid extraction (HNO₃), and the total metal content was determined after soil mineralization. Copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) predominated. Cu and Pb mobilization were highest in SR, while Ni was most effectively mobilized in MS, reflecting site-specific contamination. Although MS is a Gleyic Luvisol and SR/GR are Modal Mesobasic Cambisols, soil type was not the primary driver. Soil acidity impacted outcomes: more acidic soils (SR) yielded higher solubilization, whereas the more alkaline GR showed limited leaching. Nickel exhibited a distinct temporal trend: while its dissolved concentration declined during extended bioleaching due to sequestration within secondary jarosite phases, the process nonetheless achieved an approximately fivefold higher solubilization efficiency compared to HNO₃ extraction. This suggests that bioleaching effectively circumvents the mineral passivation that limits HNO₃ efficacy in this specific soil matrix, even though late-stage Ni solubility is constrained by jarosite precipitation. Overall, bioleaching efficiency followed Cu <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> Ni <span><math><mo>≫</mo></math></span> Pb. <em>A. ferrooxidans</em>-mediated bioleaching is a promising, environmentally friendly <em>in-situ</em> approach for removing Cu and Ni from acidic soils, including explosion sites and shooting ranges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101180"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects and mechanisms of the Bt Cry1Ab protein on the adsorption of Cu(II) in red and fluvo-aquic soils: insights from adsorption kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and functional group characterization","authors":"Xin Yu ,&nbsp;Xueyong Zhou ,&nbsp;Depei Kong ,&nbsp;Yongji Wang ,&nbsp;Lihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Liyan Yang ,&nbsp;Anhong Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101189","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101189","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, copper contamination in agricultural soils has exhibited a consistent upward trend. With the widespread cultivation of Bt crops, the influence of Bt insecticidal proteins on Cu(II) adsorption behavior has emerged as a potentially significant factor. However, this issue has received limited attention. This study investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of Bt protein on Cu(II) adsorption in red and fluvo-aquic soils, employing kinetic, thermodynamic, and isothermal analyses. The adsorption of Cu(II) in both soil types conformed to the pseudo-second-order and Elovich models. The Langmuir, <span>d</span>-R, Freundlich, and Temkin models fit the adsorption data well. Bt protein enhanced Cu(II) adsorption within the soil. In terms of the magnitude of adsorption energy, red and fluvo-aquic soils exhibit different Cu(II) adsorption mechanisms: red soil mainly adopts ion exchange adsorption, while fluvo-aquic soil mainly adopts chemical adsorption. As suggested by our thermodynamic analysis, Cu(II) adsorption in soils represented a spontaneous (Δ<em>G</em>⁰&lt;0), endothermic (Δ<em>H</em>⁰&gt;0) process, and the spontaneity improved as the Bt protein concentration increased. Positive values of Δ<em>S</em>° for Cu(II) adsorption in soils indicated that entropy was the driving force for adsorption. FTIR and XPS analyses indicated that Bt protein enhanced the chemisorption of Cu(II), primarily through bridging interactions and complexation between Cu(II) and the adsorbed Bt protein. These findings suggest that Bt proteins released by Bt crops may influence the environmental behavior of Cu(II).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101189"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green fabrication of reduced graphene oxide-coated stainless steel wire for the determination of amphetamine-type stimulants in urine","authors":"Aiying Song, Xiaoyu Guo, Wenjun Song, Guanying Qin, Rong Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101199","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101199","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 1","pages":"101199-101199"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147967024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid sulfate radical-driven inactivation of Pseudocohnilembus persalinus by an ozone/potassium peroxymonosulfate advanced oxidation process","authors":"Yuwei Cui ,&nbsp;Jingfeng Jia ,&nbsp;Yi Lu ,&nbsp;Lizhao Qin ,&nbsp;Xiaojuan Shao ,&nbsp;Wulong Jiang ,&nbsp;Yilong Liu ,&nbsp;Zhongming Huo ,&nbsp;Hua Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pseudocohnilembus persalinus, an opportunistic scuticociliate, poses a significant biological hazard in intensive marine aquaculture, causing scuticociliatosis, rapid transmission, and substantial economic losses under high-density farming conditions. Developing rapid and efficient control strategies is therefore critical. Here, the inactivation performance and mechanisms of an ozone/potassium peroxymonosulfate (O₃/PMS) advanced oxidation process were investigated. Complete inactivation was achieved within 60 s using 2 mmol·L⁻¹ PMS with O₃ aeration (10 g·h⁻¹), compared to 140 s for O₃ alone. Under mildly acidic conditions (pH 5.0–6.0), complete inactivation occurred within 20 s. Mechanistic analyses showed that O₃/PMS induced severe structural damage, including ciliary detachment, membrane disruption, and intracellular leakage. Electron paramagnetic resonance confirmed sulfate radicals (SO₄•⁻) as the dominant reactive species. Cell viability decreased by &gt;80% within 60 s, accompanied by DNA fragmentation. Transcriptomic results revealed significant perturbations in oxidative stress response, cytoskeletal repair, and metabolic pathways. These findings demonstrate that SO₄•⁻-dominated oxidation enables rapid and effective control of protozoan hazards in aquaculture systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101192"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficient Schweizer’s reagent-based protocol for microplastic extraction from fecal samples: Toward standardized human biomonitoring","authors":"Miloš Ilić ,&nbsp;Tamara Mutić ,&nbsp;Dragana Stanić-Vučinić ,&nbsp;Ivana Banić ,&nbsp;Mirjana Turkalj ,&nbsp;Jelena Mutić ,&nbsp;Tanja Cirkovic Velickovic","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reliable methods for the isolation of microplastics (MPs) from human feces are essential for advancing exposure and health risk assessment. However, the cellulose-rich fecal matrix is analytically very challenging. This study evaluated two different pre-treatments in protocols for MPs isolation from fecal samples. Protocol A, involved pre-treatment with a urea/thiourea/KOH (UTS) solution, followed by a comprehensive four-step digestion process (acidic, enzymatic, alkaline, and oxidative digestion) and Protocol B, involved Schweizer’s reagent (copper(II) hydroxide in ammonium hydroxide, SR) for pre-treatment, followed by the same four digestion steps. The protocol based on SR pre-treatment was further optimized. The developed protocol achieved &gt;99.8% removal of biological matrix and a 98 ± 3% recovery rate across five polymer standards, without interfering with polymer identification by µ-FTIR. The method was successfully applied to children’s stool samples, detecting MPs in 7 of 14 cases with concentrations ranging from 1.18 to 7.25 items g⁻¹ feces. The size of the detected MPs ranged from 40 to 300 μm. Polyethylene was the dominant polymer (56%), and fragments represented the main morphology (69%). Compared to conventional digestion workflows, the SR-based approach offers clear advantages in efficiency, reproducibility, and cost, making it well-suited for routine application in clinical and environmental health laboratories. By facilitating standardization in fecal MP analysis, this method may provide a practical tool for large-scale biomonitoring studies. Building on its established use in ASTM <span><span>D8333</span><svg><path></path></svg></span> for water and wastewater, this is the first application of SR to cellulose-rich biological matrices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101184"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental toxicity of selected aminoglycoside antibiotics to Lemna minor","authors":"Tilen Vake,&nbsp;Lina Krulec,&nbsp;Petra Kubelj,&nbsp;Tomaž Snoj","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101186","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101186","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aminoglycoside antibiotics (AGs) are widely used in human and veterinary medicine. After administration, AGs undergo minimal metabolism and are excreted in their active form, contributing to their presence in the environment. The aim of our study was to determine the ecotoxicological characteristics of five AGs commonly used in human and veterinary medicine: gentamicin, neomycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin. Their effects on growth and chlorophyll synthesis were investigated under laboratory conditions using the model plant organism <em>Lemna minor</em>. For each AG, logarithmic dilution was performed to yield test solutions with concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 100 mg/L. In the growth inhibition test, low concentrations of spectinomycin and streptomycin stimulated the growth of <em>Lemna minor</em>. The lowest EC₅₀ values, indicating the greatest toxicity, were detected for gentamicin and dihydrostreptomycin, at 0.397 and 0.625 mg/L, respectively. The results of the chlorophyll synthesis test revealed that neomycin and gentamicin had the lowest EC₅₀ values, at 45.33 and 56.01 mg/L, respectively. The other AGs tested did not notably affect chlorophyll synthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101186"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147797685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of atmospheric microplastic in a montane Fagus sylvatica forest in central Italy using handheld active aerosol samplers","authors":"Malin Klein ,&nbsp;Jocelyn Meyer ,&nbsp;Ettore D’Andrea ,&nbsp;Negar Rezaie ,&nbsp;Giorgio Matteucci ,&nbsp;Elke K. Fischer","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101198","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101198","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The atmospheric transport of microplastics plays a critical role in understanding input rates and distribution patterns across ecosystems. Forest ecosystems remain understudied with regard to microplastic contamination. Within this study we aim to evaluate microplastic concentrations in the air of a montane <em>Fagus sylvatica</em> forest and to identify influencing factors on sampling sites of different altitudes during the vegetation and dormant seasons, using a vertical and horizontal spatial approach. The methodology integrated simultaneous, parallel sampling with portable active aerosol samplers at multiple heights beneath the canopy. Sampling was conducted along a transect from outside towards the margins to the interior of three forests of different altitudes. Laboratory analyses featured minimal chemical application, with microplastics identified via fluorescence microscopy and µRaman spectroscopy. We observed average microplastic concentrations of 11.9 ± 7.1 MP/m³, with fragments dominating and a median size of 12 µm. Results indicated significantly higher microplastic transport into the area during summer (14.9 MP/m³) compared to autumn (8.7 MP/m³), with altitudinal differences influenced by proximity to potential sources related to human activities. Particle concentrations varied by up to 39.8 % between sampling heights, with the lowest mean abundances observed at medium height compared to under canopy and crown height. However, no significant differences were detected in the vertical or horizontal distribution. The variability among parallel samples and across sampling heights highlights the importance of this sampling approach for enhancing statistical robustness.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101198"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sorbent Intervention to Reduce Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Maternal Reproductive Tissues and Transgenerational Translocation in Sprague-Dawley Rats.","authors":"Johnson O Oladele, Kelly J Rivenbark, Damilare A Adekomi, Timothy D Phillips, Meichen Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101232","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental contaminants, posing significant health risks, particularly during critical exposure windows such as gestation and lactation. In this study, following prenatal and postnatal exposure to 0.95 mg PFAS/kg-bw/day in F₀ Sprague-Dawley rats, their toxicity to maternal reproductive tissues and translocation to offspring were measured. On postnatal day (PND) 21, PFAS (especially PFOS) were detected in F₀ ovaries and testes with histopathological ovarian damage. PFAS time-dependently accumulated in maternal milk and transferred approximately 1% to F₁ serum and 3.7-6.0% to F₁ livers, except for PFBS. PFAS exposure reduced offspring birth weight and growth by 20.8% (p≤0.01), and induced systemic inflammation and hepatotoxicity, as shown by the imbalanced liver function parameters, antioxidants, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These findings suggest that long-term health implications may result from early-life PFAS exposure. To mitigate PFAS toxicity, generally recognized as safe (GRAS) sorbents were orally administered during PFAS exposure. Activated carbon (AC) and acid-processed montmorillonite (APM) treatments most significantly reduced total PFAS in maternal ovaries by 47-49%, testes by 40-43%, and milk by 40-74% (p≤0.01), and restored ovarian histoarchitecture. Although sorbents only slightly reduced PFAS concentrations in the offspring liver and serum by 5%, they prevented PFAS-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver damage. These findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted short-term interventions to reduce PFAS exposure and toxicity, especially during vulnerable periods. Enterosorbent treatments offer a promising preventive approach by reducing the systemic bioavailability of PFAS and interrupting toxic effects in two generations.</p>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.1,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13290281/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148321044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residential water hardness and incident chronic kidney disease: A causal inference analysis in a prospective cohort study","authors":"Xiaoyu Sun ,&nbsp;Jinwei Wang ,&nbsp;Chao Yang ,&nbsp;Xueyan Bian ,&nbsp;Jianwei Ma ,&nbsp;Feifei Zhang ,&nbsp;Luxia Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101187","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101187","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a global health burden, yet the impact of drinking water mineral content—especially hardness—on CKD development is poorly understood and causal evidence is limited. This study investigated the association between long-term exposure to water hardness and incident CKD risk using causal-inference approaches.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>We followed 488,663 UK Biobank participants enrolled 2006–2010 without CKD for ≥1 year, tracking health outcomes to 2022 via linked records. Residential water hardness (CaCO₃ equivalents, Ca, Mg) was quantified by postcode and analyzed as USGS/WHO categories, quartiles, and continuous variables. Incident CKD (ICD-10 N18) associations were assessed using multivariable Cox models adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, clinical factors, and PRS tertiles. Nonlinear trends were evaluated with penalized splines. To probe causality, we implemented causal-inference approaches including generalized propensity score-adjusted and inverse-probability weighting-weighted modeling.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Over a median follow-up of 13.7 years, 21,091 of 488,663 participants (4.3%) developed CKD. Compared with the lowest CaCO₃ quartile, the highest quartile had a HR of 1.05 (95% CI 1.01–1.10). CaCO₃, Ca, and Mg per IQR were associated with HRs of 1.03 (1.00–1.06), 1.12 (1.08–1.16), and 1.08 (1.07–1.09), respectively. USGS moderate (60–120 mg/L) and very hard (&gt;180 mg/L) categories, and WHO-defined hardness (≥200 mg/L), showed elevated CKD hazards. Nonlinear splines indicated plateauing at high concentrations. Causal analyses produced broadly concordant mineral-specific signals, although composite CaCO₃ patterns were sensitive to model specification. Stronger associations were observed among older adults, smokers, unemployed participants, non-diabetics, and participants with hypertension, with no modification by sex or genetic risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Elevated domestic water hardness—particularly Ca and Mg concentrations—was modestly associated with increased CKD risk, suggesting the potential inclusion of water mineral content in renal disease prevention strategies. While causal-inference methods largely corroborated mineral-specific associations, definitive causal claims remain limited by exposure misclassification, potential unmeasured co-contaminants, and the assumptions underlying the causal approaches used in the study. Further studies with individual-level water measurements and broader contaminant panels are needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101187"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioassay-informed machine learning framework for detecting salinity interference in freshwater toxicity assessments","authors":"Hojun Lee ,&nbsp;Duc-Viet Nguyen ,&nbsp;Hyunju Cho ,&nbsp;Kisik Shin ,&nbsp;Taejun Han ,&nbsp;Jihae Park","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101204","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2026.101204","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salinity-induced interference remains a persistent challenge in freshwater ecotoxicity assessment because elevated ionic strength can trigger organism-level stress responses that confound the interpretation of chemically mediated toxicity. Such effects may inflate toxicity units (TUs), complicating the separation of intrinsic contaminant toxicity from salinity-driven physiological stress. Here, we present a bioassay-informed machine-learning framework that translates multi-species TU signatures into an interpretable binary classification model based on responses of the salinity-sensitive crustacean <em>Daphnia magna</em>, freshwater macrophyte <em>Lemna minor,</em> and euryhaline macroalga <em>Ulva australis</em>. TU profiling supported the use of <em>U. australis</em> as a salinity-tolerant reference and enabled the construction of biologically grounded interference labels for supervised learning. Among logistic regression, random forest (RF), and gradient boosting models, RF showed balanced performance under repeated stratified five-fold cross-validation (100 repeats). A reduced five-variable RF model (dissolved oxygen, copper, selenium, chromium, and zinc) achieved an AUROC of 0.781 under the same cross-validation protocol (100 repeats); given the limited sample size, this result should be interpreted as evidence that dominant signals can be retained under dimensionality reduction rather than as improved generalization. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) indicated that dissolved oxygen and selected trace metals contributed most strongly to model predictions within this dataset, consistent with known redox- and metal-associated stress pathways. Overall, this study provides a proof-of-concept explainable framework for flagging salinity-associated interference patterns in ecotoxicity testing, while emphasizing that external validation using larger geographically independent datasets is required before broader operational or regulatory use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"22 ","pages":"Article 101204"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147849876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}