Journal of hazardous materials advances最新文献

{"title":"Mitigating pollutants in textile dye wastewater with Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. and Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench: A study on treatment efficacy","authors":"C. Thamaraiselvi ,&nbsp;Athira S．T． ,&nbsp;M. Nandhini ,&nbsp;K. Kala ,&nbsp;M. Vasanthy ,&nbsp;V. Rajakannan ,&nbsp;Fatimah S. Al-Khattaf ,&nbsp;Ashraf Atef Hatamleh ,&nbsp;Murugesan Chandrasekaran ,&nbsp;Karthikeyan Ravi ,&nbsp;Soon Woong Chang ,&nbsp;Balasubramani Ravindran","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100517","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100517","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Textile wastewater, particularly those containing dyes, presents significant threats to environmental quality and human health. This study assessed the efficacy of <em>Aloe vera</em> (L.) Burm. f. and <em>Abelmoschus esculentus</em> (L.) Moench (Okra) in removing pollutants from textile dye effluent collected in Dindigul, Tamil Nadu. The effluent samples were treated with varying doses of phyto-coagulants (0.02 g, 0.04 g, 0.06 g, 0.08 g, 0.10 g, and 0.12 g), as well as isolated polysaccharides from <em>Aloe vera</em> and Okra, to identify optimal strategies for reducing color, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). The findings revealed that the phyto-coagulants, particularly Okra polysaccharides, significantly reduced pollution levels, achieving a 90 % reduction in color, 96 % reduction in TDS, and 82 % reduction in COD. To further understand the mechanism of pollutant removal, GC–MS, FTIR, and Zeta potential analyses were conducted. This study highlights the effectiveness of natural coagulants in mitigating environmental pollution and preventing the entry of harmful chemical contaminants into the food chain. The study supports the potential of <em>Aloe vera</em> and Okra as sustainable and eco-friendly solutions for addressing the environmental challenges posed by textile wastewater pollution.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100517"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142658776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics in water via TiO2-x: Research needs for technological advancements","authors":"Felipe de J. Silerio-Vázquez ,&nbsp;Luis A. González-Burciaga ,&nbsp;Christian Antileo ,&nbsp;Cynthia M. Núñez-Núñez ,&nbsp;José B. Proal-Nájera","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Antibiotic contamination in water systems poses significant risks to public health and ecosystems by contributing to antibiotic-resistant bacteria proliferation. Conventional water treatment methods often fail to remove these pollutants effectively, necessitating more efficient technologies. Recent advancements in TiO_2-x photocatalysts for antibiotic degradation in water have shown promise. Strategies to optimize TiO_2-x photocatalysts include doping, heterojunction formation, and hierarchical nanostructure design. Studies demonstrate significant improvements in antibiotic degradation under both ultraviolet and visible light, with some achieving complete mineralization. However, challenges remain in scaling up to real-world applications, including maintaining efficiency in complex water matrices, developing efficient recovery methods, ensuring long-term stability, and addressing environmental risks of nanoparticle release. Key research directions for technological advancement include rigorous testing under actual solar conditions and exploring nontraditional light sources like LEDs for 24-h operation. Developing multifunctional photocatalysts capable of simultaneous antibiotic degradation and bacterial inactivation is crucial. Increasing selectivity towards specific antibiotics through molecular imprinting techniques and integrating TiO_2-x with other advanced oxidation processes and biological treatments for synergistic effects are important areas of focus. Designing scalable synthesis methods and innovative reactor designs for large-scale implementation is essential. Establishing standardized evaluation metrics for meaningful performance comparisons and conducting comprehensive environmental impact assessments of nanoparticle release are necessary. Leveraging artificial intelligence for rapid material optimization and predictive modeling of photocatalytic processes shows great potential. Synthesizing current knowledge and highlighting these research priorities, this review aims to guide the development of effective and sustainable water treatment solutions for antibiotic contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100506"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142553963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human health risk assessment of metal contamination in cereals and pulses in the mica mining areas of Jharkhand, India","authors":"Soma Giri ,&nbsp;Mukesh Kumar Mahato ,&nbsp;Nighat Parveen ,&nbsp;Abhay Kumar Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100511","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100511","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was carried to investigate the contamination levels of heavy in food crops (rice, wheat, maize, and pulses) grown in the vicinity of the mica mine in Jharkhand, India. Except for Pb and Zn in select places, the metal concentrations in the food crops were below the maximum allowed levels for food in India. The principal component analysis identified three components that accounted for 71.3 % of the variability in the data. The components that were retrieved indicated that soil, irrigation water, and air dust deposition could be the sources of metals in the food crops. The estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ) of food crop consumption were used to highlight the potential health concerns associated with metal exposure. In several samples, local individuals' daily intakes of Pb was greater than the WHO's recommended daily intakes of these heavy metals. Taking into account the geometric mean of metal concentrations in food crops samples from the, the hazard index (HI) for the consumers was 10.28 which is far above unity. Pb, Co, and As were the primary contributors to the potential non-carcinogenic risk. The HI ranged from 7.22 to 18.29 across different locations, indicating a significant health risk to the consumers of locally grown food crops in the vicinity of the mica mining areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100511"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142572387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of molecularly imprinted titania-based photocatalysis for degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants in the aqueous environment","authors":"Asenathi Sibali ,&nbsp;Thabang Hendrica Mokhothu ,&nbsp;Samson Masulubanye Mohomane ,&nbsp;Vusumzi Emmanuel Pakade ,&nbsp;Ramakwala Christinah Chokwe ,&nbsp;Somandla Ncube","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100513","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100513","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pharmaceutical residues and their ecotoxicological impact on aquatic organisms are well documented which has forced researchers to shift focus towards finding sustainable pollution control technologies that can effectively control their levels in the environment. Photocatalytic degradation has offered a viable alternative with the ability to eliminate pharmaceutical residues through degradation and eventual mineralization to less-toxic products. Despite its documented successes, photocatalysis still has its challenges that relate to the presence of scavengers of photogenerated radicals and decomposed matrices accumulating on the surface of the photocatalyst. This has led to the incorporation of molecularly imprinted polymers on the surface of the photocatalyst to allow only selected targets to reach the photocatalyst. This review provides a concise yet comprehensive look at the integration of photocatalysis with molecular imprinting technology focussing on titania-based photocatalysts combined with molecularly imprinted polymers for selective degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants in the aqueous environment. The principles, applications, challenges and future directions of molecularly imprinted photocatalytic degradation as a technology for the remediation of pharmaceuticals in aqueous environments are highlighted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100513"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental risks of plastic losses from landfills: A comparative study of divisional cities in Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Tushar Ali ,&nbsp;Islam M. Rafizul","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100507","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100507","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In Bangladesh, where nearly 95% of landfills are unsanitary or open dumps, these sites are significant contributors to environmental plastic pollution, making it a critical issue for the country. This study presents a framework to quantify the risk index of plastic losses from landfills across the eight major divisional cities of Bangladesh. The assessment focuses on three key components: hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The hazard index is derived from local weather and climate data, exposure is evaluated based on the proximity of water bodies and urban areas, and vulnerability is measured using population, landfill, and waste production data. The study employs a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach to quantify and compare the levels of exposure, vulnerability, and overall risk among the cities. The results reveal that Sylhet is located in a severe hazard zone, Dhaka faces severe exposure and vulnerability, and Chittagong experiences very high levels of exposure and vulnerability. Overall, Dhaka is categorized as severe in risk, while Chittagong and Sylhet are classified as very high risk, with other cities at comparatively safer risk levels. Cities identified with severe to high-risk levels must urgently address plastic losses. This city-wise assessment provides valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers, enabling them to identify and prioritize cities in urgent need of interventions to mitigate environmental plastic losses, and to focus on the reduction, substitution, and management of plastics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100507"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142539646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Occupational exposure assessment of heavy metals in human scalp hair among tannery workers in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia: Indication of pollution","authors":"Molla Tefera ,&nbsp;Melaku Alemu ,&nbsp;Bikes Destaw ,&nbsp;Walelign Wubet ,&nbsp;Yohanes Abebe ,&nbsp;Seada Mohammed ,&nbsp;Atnafu Guadie ,&nbsp;Mengistu Mulu ,&nbsp;Amogne Wendu ,&nbsp;Menilek Ayalew ,&nbsp;Mulat Tiruneh","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100505","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100505","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ethiopia, is one of the African countries, has immense potential for skins and hides for the leather industries, which will play a crucial role in converting nations into manufacturing-driven economies through industrialization. The chemicals applied in the tanning process are a serious concern for employees and the community if proper safety measures are not taken. The pollution status of employees working in Anbessa and Bahir Dar tannery factories was evaluated by collecting hair samples. After the hair samples washed with acetone, and deionized water, the hair samples were digested with 4 mL of HNO₃ and 2 mL of HClO₄ for 1:30 h at 250 °C. The levels of metals (Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Cd) were subsequently analyzed using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). The mean concentrations of Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cr in the Anbessa tannery factory workers were 17.34–22.75, 16.38–35.03, 235.4–369.2, 30.46–67.31, and 97.56–189.18, respectively, in the various working departments of the factory. Similarly, the concentrations of Cu, Ni, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cr in the hair of Bahir Dar tannery workers were 30.1–105.9, 17.88–62.20, 216.9–762.1, 0.35–5.21, 33.42–91.42, and 118.5–305.7, respectively. Chromium was found to be the most accumulated metal next to Zn with in both tannery workers that highlighted significant occupational health risks. The principal component analysis (PCA) analysis provide an insights into the interactions between occupational factors and metal exposure. In conclusion, the results of hair analysis from the employees of tannery factories indicates alarming levels of metal exposure, especially for zinc and chromium, which might pose health problems in long time exposure. Thus, it's critical to monitor occupational activities that can harm human health and the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100505"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on microalgae-driven heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater using living and nonliving microalgae","authors":"Mohammed Omar Faruque ,&nbsp;Shihab Uddin ,&nbsp;Mohammad Mozahar Hossain ,&nbsp;S.M. Zakir Hossain ,&nbsp;Md. Shafiquzzaman ,&nbsp;Shaikh Abdur Razzak","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100492","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100492","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growth of industry has caused heavy metals (HMs) to become one of the most important water pollutants because they are toxic and hurt the environment. As a consequence of HMs contamination and its effects on the environment and public health, there is a growing desire to develop a sustainable strategy for removing HMs from industrial wastewater. HMs have been sequestered using a number of traditional eradication methods. Unfortunately, for large-scale projects, the majority of these methods are expensive, require rigorous control and continuous monitoring, and are inefficient for the removal of hazardous materials. As a sustainable technique for removing HMs from industrial effluent, the use of both living and nonliving microalgal cells in microalgae-based bioremediation is investigated in this context. Additionally, it has many advantages over conventional remediation techniques, including being easily accessible, inexpensive, effective at removing hazardous metals, and environmentally friendly. This review seeks to provide exhaustive information to support the development of microalgal-based HMs bioremediation. It includes the selection of suitable microalgae strains for HM removal, the mechanisms involved (biosorption and bioaccumulation), and the factors influencing the removal of HMs from industrial effluent, among other topics. In addition, different types of biosorption models have been addressed to predict the efficiency and effectiveness of HM removal by microalgal biomass. To conclude, this study emphasizes the critical role of microalgae in advancing wastewater treatment technologies and promoting environmental protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100492"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biochar for wastewater treatment: Addressing contaminants and enhancing sustainability: Challenges and solutions","authors":"Mohammed Ali Alshehri ,&nbsp;Arivalagan Pugazhendhi","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100504","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100504","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In recent years, biochar has gained interest for its potential use in treating and removing contaminants from domestic, municipal, and industrial wastewater. When applied in fixed filter columns (BFCs), biochar can effectively immobilize, filter, and recover contaminants with high treatment efficiency. On average, COD removal is 80 %, nutrient removal is 71 % for nitrogen-ammonium and 57 % for phosphorus-phosphate, and pathogen reduction averages 2.4 log10 units. These results vary depending on factors such as the biochar's surface area, the conditions under which it was pyrolyzed, and operational parameters like hydraulic loading and retention time. Biochar addresses limitations in traditional wastewater treatment by leveraging adsorption, ion exchange, and biological degradation mechanisms. The larger surface area and functionalized surface of engineered biochar make it particularly effective in treating diverse pollutants, including heavy metals, nutrients, and emerging contaminants, such as antibiotic-resistant bacteria. As the global population and industrial activities increase, there is a pressing need for sustainable wastewater treatment technologies. Biochar addresses this need and serves as a waste valorization tool, contributing to bioenergy production, soil improvement, and other applications. The present review focuses on improving biochar's performance and durability in real-world applications by addressing challenges like physical degradation. It also proposes strategies to enhance biochar's properties and reuse potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100504"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneous sequestration of cadmium and lead in brackish aquaculture water by biochars: A mechanistic insight","authors":"Sohail Rafiq ,&nbsp;Suchanya Wongrod ,&nbsp;Stéphane Simon ,&nbsp;Gilles Guibaud ,&nbsp;Soydoa Vinitnantharat","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100501","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100501","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal aquaculture faces metal pollution challenges, particularly from lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). This study examined the synergistic effects of salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) on Pb and Cd interactions with biochars from bamboo (BB), mangrove (MB) and palm shell (PSB) in batch experiments. The performance of biochars was compared to activated carbon (AC) in single (Pb or Cd) and bi-solute (Pb + Cd) lab-scale brackish water systems. Adsorption studies showed that Pb and Cd adsorptions onto biochars and AC followed the Freundlich adsorption model, except for BB, which followed the Langmuir model at 15 ppt salinity. The increase in DO slightly facilitated the adsorption of Pb and Cd by influencing biochar surface charge, whereas increases in salinity negatively affected adsorption. Among the biochars, BB exhibited the highest Pb and Cd adsorption capacity. BB and AC were selected for column experiments with synthetic brackish water and canal water. The adsorption data fitted the Clark model, emphasizing the role of ion exchange and the multilayer pattern of adsorption. Increased salinity decreased the exchangeable fraction while increasing carbonate-bound, reducible, and oxidizable fractions, suggesting ion exchange and oxide interactions. SEM-EDS and XRF analyses confirmed the presence of adsorbed Pb and Cd on both BB and AC. BB demonstrated to be more effective than AC in removing Pb and Cd from canal water with no desorption observed and it can be a cost-effective alternative to sequester Pb and Cd from shrimp nursery ponds.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100501"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation and pollution analysis of water environment of state-controlled river in Zaozhuang City from 2016 to 2022","authors":"Xu Zhang ,&nbsp;Huanhuan Yang ,&nbsp;Dayong Cui ,&nbsp;Hong Kuan Zu ,&nbsp;Yanhao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jun Ma ,&nbsp;Zhibin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100503","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100503","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The quality of water environment is closely linked to the survival and development of human beings. Thanks to the Water Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, the quality of the water environment has improved significantly. However, challenges remain in the surface water environment due to human activities in the basin. We analyze the surface water quality of the six state-controlled rivers in Zaozhuang City, which are key tributaries to the Nansi Lake and the water storage and distribution area of the South-to-North Water Diversion East Project. Physical-chemical parameters and metal pollutants were detected from 2016 to 2022. The Various indices were used for evaluating the surface water environmental quality and pollution issue. Although there were significant inter-year differences in each river, the results of Water quality index and Nemerow composite index analysis indicated that the water quality of the six rivers has continuously improved over the years. Nevertheless, as this research reports, such as considerable annual fluctuations in pollution factors, obvious pollution characteristics in river basins, and difficulty in controlling non-point source pollution, which still restrict the further improvement of the water environment. Each river presents various water environment problems due to differences in industrial structures within its basin. Through the analysis of production and lifestyle in each basin, the main pollution sources of each river were evaluated and determined. Based on the type and characteristics of pollution sources, control measures and optimization strategies are proposed for the improvement of the water environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":73763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of hazardous materials advances","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100503"},"PeriodicalIF":5.4,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}