Journal of extracellular biology最新文献

{"title":"Purification of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles using ultrafiltration","authors":"Rui Lei,&nbsp;Shuai Ren,&nbsp;Hua Ye,&nbsp;Zhanfeng Cui","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70030","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jex2.70030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mesenchymal stromal cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (MSC-sEVs) are pivotal for the curative effects of mesenchymal stromal cells, but their translation into clinical products is hindered by the technical challenges of scaled production and purification. Ultrafiltration, a pressure-driven membrane separation method, is well known as an efficient, scalable, and cost-effective approach for bioseparation. However, there has been little study so far that comprehensively evaluates the potential application of ultrafiltration for scaled sEV isolation and purification. In this study, the feasibility and effectiveness of ultrafiltration for MSC-sEV isolation and purification are studied, and the effects of key process design and operational parameters, including the membrane pore size, transmembrane pressure (TMP), stirring speed (shear rate), feed concentration, are quantified using a stirred cell setup. Results revealed that 500 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) polyethersulfone membrane demonstrated superior suitability for MSC-sEV separation, yielding higher purity and productivity compared to 100 and 300 kDa MWCO membranes of the same material. The MSC-sEV productivity and purity could also be improved by applying a moderate stirring speed and lower operational pressure, respectively. Isovolumetric diafiltration was incorporated to enhance the purity of MSC-sEVs, successfully removing about 99% of protein contaminants by six diafiltration volumes (DVs). Subsequently, a fed-batch ultra-diafiltration (UF/DF) process with optimised filtration parameters was developed and compared with the currently most used ultracentrifugation (UC) method, showing exceptional effectiveness and performance in the isolation of MSC-sEVs: it increased the recovery of MSC-sEV from 20.59% to 60.88% (about three folds increase) and nearly doubled the purity, while also reducing processing time from over 4 h to 3.5 h, with a potential further reduction to less than 2.5 h through automation. The study concludes that ultrafiltration could be a promising method for both lab-scale preparation and industrial-scale manufacture of MSC-sEVs, offering advantages of high recovery, scalability, fast, and cost-effectiveness.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11739894/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143017722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain penetration of peripheral extracellular vesicles from Alzheimer's patients and induction of microglia activation","authors":"Hermine Counil,&nbsp;Rummenigge Oliveira Silva,&nbsp;Jean-Michel Rabanel,&nbsp;Charlotte Zaouter,&nbsp;Mohamed Haddad,&nbsp;Mohamed Raâfet Ben Khedher,&nbsp;Davide Brambilla,&nbsp;Tamas Fülöp,&nbsp;Shunmoogum A. Patten,&nbsp;Charles Ramassamy","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70027","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jex2.70027","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative pathology. Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been demonstrated to be implicated in AD pathogenesis by facilitating the propagation of Tau, amyloid-β and inflammatory cytokines. However, the impact of peripheral EVs (pEVs) in AD pathogenesis remains poorly investigated. The objective of our study was to compare the passage of pEVs from adults, cognitively healthy elderly, and AD patients through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), to evaluate their uptake in the brain and to assess their impact on the microglia activity using in vitro and in vivo models. To this end, pEVs were enriched, characterized, and fluorescently labelled. The passage of pEVs through the endothelial bEnd.3 cells was studied in a Transwell device with either neuronal or microglia cells seeded at the bottom of the well. Following the internalization of pEVs from AD patients, microglia adopted an amoeboid morphology and released a heightened level of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. To further assess their in vivo transport across the BBB, pEVs were injected into the blood circulation of 2-days post-fertilization Tg(<i>flk1:EGFP</i>) zebrafish. The biodistribution of pEVs was monitored at 1 and 24 h post-injection using confocal microscopy. We demonstrated that pEVs traverse the BBB by transcytosis and subsequently diffuse progressively into the brain. pEVs were then internalized by neuronal and radial glial cells as seen in <i>Tg(huc:EGFP)</i> and <i>Tg(gfap:EGFP)</i> zebrafish, respectively. Additional experiments were performed with the intrahippocampal injection of pEVs in the mouse, indicating their spreading throughout the brain and their uptake by neuronal and glial cells. These findings contribute to novel insights into the fate of pEVs following their passage through the BBB in vitro and in vivo, and demonstrate for the first time that pEVs from AD patients affect microglia activity. This suggests a potential mechanism through which peripheral tissue cues may contribute to AD pathogenesis.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11740088/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143017715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an easy non-destructive particle isolation protocol for quality control of red blood cell concentrates","authors":"Marine Ghodsi,&nbsp;Anne-Sophie Cloos,&nbsp;Anaïs Lotens,&nbsp;Marine De Bueger,&nbsp;Patrick Van Der Smissen,&nbsp;Patrick Henriet,&nbsp;Nicolas Cellier,&nbsp;Christophe E. Pierreux,&nbsp;Tomé Najdovski,&nbsp;Donatienne Tyteca","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70028","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jex2.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The extracellular vesicle release in red blood cell concentrates reflects progressive accumulation of storage lesions and could represent a new measure to be implemented routinely in blood centres in addition to haemolysis. Nevertheless, there is currently no standardized isolation protocol. In a previous publication, we developed a reproducible ultracentrifugation-based protocol (20,000 × <i>g</i> protocol) that allows to classify red blood cell concentrates into three cohorts according to their vesiculation level. Since this protocol was not adapted to meet routine requirements, the goal of this study was to develop an easier method based on low-speed centrifugation (2,000 × <i>g</i> protocol) and limited red blood cell concentrate volumes to match with a non-destructive sampling from the quality control sampling tubing. Despite the presence of contaminants, mainly in the form of albumin and lipoproteins, the material isolated with the 2,000 × <i>g</i> protocol contained red blood cell-derived vesicular structures. It was reproducible, could predict the number of extracellular vesicles obtained with the 20,000 × <i>g</i> protocol and better discriminated between the three vesiculation cohorts than haemolysis at the legal expiry date of 6 weeks. However, by decreasing red blood cell concentrate volumes to fit with the volume in the quality control tubing, particle yield was highly reduced. Therefore, centrifugation time and relative centrifugal force were adapted (1,000 × <i>g</i> protocol), allowing for the recovery of a similar particle number and composition between small and large volumes sampled from the main unit, in different vesiculation cohorts over time. A similar observation was made with the 1,000 × <i>g</i> protocol between small volumes sampled from the quality control tubing and the mother-bag. In conclusion, our study paves the way for the use of the 2,000 × <i>g</i> protocol (adapted to a 1,000 × <i>g</i> protocol with the quality control sampling tubing) for particle measurement in blood centres.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11739896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143017719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanistic insight into human milk extracellular vesicle-intestinal barrier interactions","authors":"Xiang Luo,&nbsp;Yunyue Zhang,&nbsp;Ning Ding,&nbsp;Jana Javorovic,&nbsp;Bahijja Tolulope Raimi-Abraham,&nbsp;Steven Lynham,&nbsp;Xiaoping Yang,&nbsp;Natalie Shenker,&nbsp;Driton Vllasaliu","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70032","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jex2.70032","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human milk extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mother-to-baby messengers that transfer biological signals. These EVs are reported to survive digestion and transport across the intestine. The mechanisms of interaction between human milk EVs and the intestinal mucosa, including epithelial uptake remain unclear. Here, we studied the interaction of human milk EVs with the gut barrier components, including intestinal biofluids, enzymes, mucus and epithelium. Additionally, we probed the endocytic mechanisms mediating the EV intestinal uptake. Finally, using proteomic analysis, we determined the existence and identification of proteins enriched in the EV fraction transported across the intestinal epithelium. We show that human milk EVs are largely stable in the biochemical gut barriers and demonstrate high mucus diffusivity. EVs show a high level of epithelial cell uptake (∼70%) and efficient transport across Caco-2 monolayers. Whilst cell uptake of EVs was mediated by multiple routes, none of the pathway-specific inhibitors inhibited their epithelial translocation. Proteomic analysis of EVs transported across Caco-2 monolayers identified 14 enriched EV proteins that may facilitate intestinal transport. These findings significantly expand our understanding of the interactions between human milk EVs and the gut barriers, including their intestinal uptake.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11714171/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142959768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantitative fluorescent nanoparticle tracking analysis and nano-flow cytometry enable advanced characterization of single extracellular vesicles","authors":"Danilo Mladenović,&nbsp;Joseph Brealey,&nbsp;Ben Peacock,&nbsp;Kairi Koort,&nbsp;Nataša Zarovni","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70031","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jex2.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Current state-of-the-art tools for analysing extracellular vesicles (EVs) offer either highly sensitive but unidimensional bulk measurements of EV components, or high-resolution multiparametric single-particle analyses which lack standardization and appropriate reference materials. This limits the accuracy of the assessment of marker abundance and overall marker distribution amongst individual EVs, and finally, the understanding of true EV heterogeneity. In this study, we aimed to define the standardized operating procedures and reference material for fluorescent characterization of EVs with two commonly used EV analytical platforms—nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and nano-flow cytometry (nFCM). We achieved quantitative fluorescence analyses on ZetaView NTA and NanoAnalyzer nFCM instruments, by utilizing yellow-green FluoSpheres (FS) with assigned ERF (equivalent reference fluorophore) values. This standardization technique allowed for fluorescent EV signal to be expressed in ERF units (indicative of bound fluorescent antibodies per EV), thus enabling measurement of target protein marker abundance on individual EVs, and in the whole EV population. The NTA's and nFCM's limits of detection (LoD) were evaluated at 21 and 9 Alexa Fluor 488 (AF488) molecules, respectively. To complement the limited quantification of markers expressed in a few copies per single EV, in-line bulk fluorescence measurements with a plate reader were performed. This provided absolute marker quantification and more insightful analyses of EV heterogeneity and marker stoichiometry. The standardization method outlined in this work unlocks the full analytical potential of NTA and nFCM, enabling cross-platform data comparison. At the same time, it highlights some of the technical challenges and considerations and thus contributes to the ongoing efforts towards the development of EV analytical tools.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11707551/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142959770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to Size matters: Biomolecular compositions of small and large extracellular vesicles in the urine of glioblastoma patients","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70026","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jex2.70026","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hallal, S. M., Sida, L. A, Tűzesi, Á., Shivalingam, B., Sim, H.-W., Buckland, M. E, Satgunaseelan, L., &amp; Alexander, K. L (2024). Size matters: Biomolecular compositions of small and large extracellular vesicles in the urine of glioblastoma patients. <i>Journal of Extracellular Biology</i>, 3, e70021. https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.70021</p><p>In the originally-published article, author Ágota Tűzesi's name was incorrectly given as Csilla Ágota Tűzesi. This has been corrected in the online version of the article.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11653085/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142856985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring concentration and lipid signature of plasma extracellular vesicles from HR+ metastatic breast cancer patients under CDK4/6 inhibitors treatment","authors":"Mathilde Richard,&nbsp;Rosalie Moreau,&nbsp;Mikaël Croyal,&nbsp;Laurent Mathiot,&nbsp;Jean-Sébastien Frénel,&nbsp;Mario Campone,&nbsp;Aurélien Dupont,&nbsp;Julie Gavard,&nbsp;Gwennan André-Grégoire,&nbsp;Laëtitia Guével","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70013","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jex2.70013","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived small membrane structures that transport various molecules. They have emerged as potential circulating biomarkers for monitoring responses to cancer therapies. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize plasma-carried EVs in hormone receptor-positive (HR⁺) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients treated with first-line CDK4/6 inhibitors (iCDK4/6) combined with endocrine therapy. MBC patients were classified into three groups based on their response to therapy: resistant, intermediate or sensitive. In a prospective cohort, we monitored the concentration of circulating EVs, analyzed their lipid signature and correlated these factors with treatment response. To facilitate the translation of EV research to clinical practice, we established a three-step procedure: (1) EVs were isolated from plasma using semi-automatized size exclusion chromatography (SEC); (2) EV concentration, termed vesiclemia, was determined by drop counting via interferometric light microscopy (ILM); and (3) EV lipid composition was analyzed by mass spectrometry. ILM-based vesiclemia values were highly fluctuating upon iCDK4/6 treatment, while early increase associated with accelerated progression. Of note, vesiclemia remained a steady parameter over a 1-year period in age-matched healthy women. Additionally, analysis of the EV cargo unveiled a distinct sphingolipid profile, characterized by increased levels of ceramides and sphingomyelins in resistant patients within the first 2 months of treatment. Based on 16 sphingolipid species, sensitive and resistant patients were correctly classified with an overall accuracy of 82%. This specific sphingolipid pattern was exclusively discernible within EVs, and not in plasma, highlighting the significance of EVs in the early prediction of individual responses to iCDK4/6 and disease progression. Overall, this study provides insights of the longitudinal characterization of plasma-borne EVs in both a healthy group and HR⁺ MBC patients under iCDK4/6 therapies. Combined vesiclemia and EV sphingolipid profile emphasize the promising potential of EVs as non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring early treatment response.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11650302/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142848623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Spirulina-derived extracellular vesicles and their potential as a vaccine adjuvant","authors":"Mohammad Farouq Sharifpour,&nbsp;Suchandan Sikder,&nbsp;Yide Wong,&nbsp;Na'ama Koifman,&nbsp;Tamara Thomas,&nbsp;Robert Courtney,&nbsp;Jamie Seymour,&nbsp;Alex Loukas","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70025","DOIUrl":"10.1002/jex2.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Spirulina is an edible cyanobacterium that increasingly gaining recognition for it untapped potential in the biomanufacturing of pharmaceuticals. Despite the rapidly accumulating information on extracellular vesicles (EVs) from most other bacteria, nothing is known about Spirulina extracellular vesicles (SPEVs). This study reports the successful isolation, characterization and visualization of SPEVs for the first time and it further investigates the potential therapeutic benefits of SPEVs using a mouse model. SPEVs were isolated using ultracentrifugation and size-exclusion-chromatography. Cryo-Transmission Electron Microscopy revealed pleomorphic outer-membrane-vesicles and outer-inner-membrane-vesicles displaying diverse shapes, sizes and corona densities. To assess short- and long-term immune responses, mice were injected intraperitoneally with SPEVs, which demonstrated a significant increase in neutrophils and M1 macrophages at the injection site, indicating a pro-inflammatory effect induced by SPEVs without clinical signs of toxicity or hypersensitivity. Furthermore, SPEVs demonstrated potent adjuvanticity by enhancing antigen-specific IgG responses in mice by over 100-fold compared to an unadjuvanted model vaccine antigen. Mass-spectrometry identified 54 proteins within SPEVs, including three protein superfamily members linked to the observed pro-inflammatory effects. Our findings highlight the potential of SPEVs as a new class of vaccine adjuvant and warrant additional studies to further characterize the nature of the immune response.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11635480/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142831123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of electric fields on the release and content of extracellular vesicles","authors":"Yihua Wang,&nbsp;Gregory A. Worrell,&nbsp;Hai-Long Wang","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound structures that originate from various cell types and carry molecular cargos to influence the behaviour of recipient cells. The use of EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis and as delivery vehicles for treatment in a wide range of human disease is a rapidly growing field in research and clinical practice. We hypothesized that electric fields (EFs) could influence the release and content of EVs. To examine this hypothesis, we developed a specialized bioreactor enabling cells to thrive in a three-dimensional setting, replicating in-vivo conditions amidst programmable EF environments. We established a three-step EV purification protocol to achieve high-density production of EVs. We also performed mass spectrometry-based proteomics analysis on EV-carrying proteins and used high-resolution nanoparticle flowcytometry for single-vesicle analysis. Findings from this report suggest that electrical stimulation, employing physiologically relevant amplitudes typical in therapeutic deep brain stimulation, influences the release of EVs and their cargo content in a frequency-dependent fashion. This conclusion could carry significant implications for both fundamental biological understanding and medical advancements. First, it raises an intriguing question about how the endogenous electrical activity of neuronal and other cellular assemblies influence the production and composition of EVs. Second, it reveals a novel underlying mechanism of how therapeutic electrical stimulations can modulate EVs and treat human brain disorders. Third, it provides a novel approach to utilize electrical stimulation for generating desired EV cargos in a programmable setting.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of localization and release of multivesicular bodies and secretory granules in islet cells: Dysregulation during type-2 diabetes","authors":"Priyadarshini Veerabhadraswamy,&nbsp;Kiran Lata,&nbsp;Sristi Dey,&nbsp;Prajakta Belekar,&nbsp;Lakshmi Kothegala,&nbsp;Vidya Mangala Prasad,&nbsp;Nikhil R. Gandasi","doi":"10.1002/jex2.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jex2.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are vesicles of endosomal origin containing intraluminal vesicles, which upon fusion with plasma membrane, secrete exosomes. They play a significant role in the physiology and pathology of type-2 diabetes (T2D) due to disrupted intercellular communication. The role of MVBs and their influence on insulin secretory granules (ISGs) of β-cells or their characterization is yet to be uncovered. In our study, we compared MVBs to largely well-characterized ISGs in β-cells. This study compares the density, localization, and exocytosis of CD63+ compartments (CD63+c) with NPY labelled ISGs (NISGs) in β-cells. For this, tetraspanin CD63 was exploited to majorly label MVBs in β-cells. These labels preserve the structural integrity of labelled compartments and mostly do not localize with other endo-lysosomal compartments. This study showed that the β-cells have a significantly higher density of NISGs than CD63+c. CD63+c and NISGs are spatially localized apart within β-cells. The proteins that localize with CD63+c are different from the ones that localize with NISGs. Exocytosis of NISGs occurs at the periphery of the β-cells and takes significantly less time when compared to the release of CD63+c, which is non-peripheral and takes a longer duration. Mechanistically, the availability of CD63+c for exocytosis was assessed and found that an equilibrium is maintained between docking and undocking states at the plasma membrane. Although there are a high number of short-term residing, visiting CD63+c at the plasma membrane, the availability of CD63+c for exocytosis is maintained due to docking and undocking states. Further, a significant reduction in the density of NISGs and CD63+c was observed in β-cells isolated from T2D donors compared to healthy counterparts. Studying the effect of MVBs on insulin secretion in physiological and T2D conditions has huge potential. This study provides a strong basis to open new avenues for such future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":73747,"journal":{"name":"Journal of extracellular biology","volume":"3 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jex2.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}