Advances in Physics最新文献

{"title":"Diamond Anniversary of Advances in Physics","authors":"D. Sherrington","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2011.534868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2011.534868","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2011.534868","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Memory effects in complex materials and nanoscale systems","authors":"Y. Pershin, M. Di Ventra","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2010.544961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2010.544961","url":null,"abstract":"Memory effects are ubiquitous in nature and are particularly relevant at the nanoscale where the dynamical properties of electrons and ions strongly depend on the history of the system, at least within certain time scales. We review here the memory properties of various materials and systems which appear most strikingly in their non-trivial, time-dependent resistive, capacitative and inductive characteristics. We describe these characteristics within the framework of memristors, memcapacitors and meminductors, namely memory-circuit elements with properties that depend on the history and state of the system. We examine basic issues related to such systems and critically report on both theoretical and experimental progress in understanding their functionalities. We also discuss possible applications of memory effects in various areas of science and technology ranging from digital to analog electronics, biologically inspired circuits and learning. We finally discuss future research opportunities in the field.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2010.544961","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lord Flowers: 1924–2010","authors":"D. Sherrington","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2010.527715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2010.527715","url":null,"abstract":"On 25 June 2010 the world lost a great man, Brian Hilton Flowers, who throughout his very productive and influential life had enormous impact on the organization of science and technology, as well as other aspects of society, especially university education. Many facets of his work have been reported in earlier obituaries in the mainstream press and in the physics community’s newspaper ‘‘Interactions’’. Here we remember particularly another of his achievements, not reported in those mainstream media. Brian Flowers was the second Editor of Advances in Physics for Volumes 8–11 (1959–1961). The journal prospered under his direction. In the same year that he assumed the Editorship Flowers instigated another important advance in physics, in this case in education, the complete revamping of the undergraduate curriculum at the University of Manchester, which he kick-started with an exciting new lecture course on ‘‘Properties of Matter’’. Among the first cohort to take and appreciate this course was the present Editor of Advances in Physics, for whom it was a defining experience, sparking his interest and enthusiasm for condensed matter physics, which led, in turn, to his own assumption of the stewardship. As noted briefly above and detailed in other obituaries and tributes, Flowers was extremely influential as Chairman of many governmental, national and international committees. Of particular note for the whole UK science community are his direction of the Science Research Council during 1967–73 and his membership of the House of Lords Select Committee for Science and Technology between 1982 and 2002, for Europe his pressing for the establishment of the European Science Foundation and serving as its first President 1974–79, and for the physics community his Presidency of the Institute of Physics during 1972–74. We mourn his passage and express much gratitude for all he has done.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2010.527715","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dissipative solitons","authors":"H. Purwins, H. U. Bödeker, S. Amiranashvili","doi":"10.1007/b11728","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/b11728","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"51140901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantum computing by optical control of electron spins","authors":"Renbao Liu, W. Yao, L. Sham","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2010.505452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2010.505452","url":null,"abstract":"We review the progress and main challenges in implementing large-scale quantum computing by optical control of electron spins in quantum dots (QDs). Relevant systems include self-assembled QDs of III–V or II–VI compound semiconductors (such as InGaAs and CdSe), monolayer fluctuation QDs in compound semiconductor quantum wells, and impurity centres in solids, such as P-donors in silicon and nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. The decoherence of the electron spin qubits is discussed and various schemes for countering the decoherence problem are reviewed. We put forward designs of local nodes consisting of a few qubits which can be individually addressed and controlled. Remotely separated local nodes are connected by photonic structures (microcavities and waveguides) to form a large-scale distributed quantum system or a quantum network. The operation of the quantum network consists of optical control of a single electron spin, coupling of two spins in a local nodes, optically controlled quantum interfacing between stationary spin qubits in QDs and flying photon qubits in waveguides, rapid initialization of spin qubits and qubit-specific single-shot non-demolition quantum measurement. The rapid qubit initialization may be realized by selectively enhancing certain entropy dumping channels via phonon or photon baths. The single-shot quantum measurement may be in situ implemented through the integrated photonic network. The relevance of quantum non-demolition measurement to large-scale quantum computation is discussed. To illustrate the feasibility and demand, the resources are estimated for the benchmark problem of factorizing 15 with Shor's algorithm.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2010.505452","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The puzzle of high temperature superconductivity in layered iron pnictides and chalcogenides","authors":"D. Johnston","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2010.513480","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2010.513480","url":null,"abstract":"The response of the worldwide scientific community to the discovery in 2008 of superconductivity at T c = 26 K in the Fe-based compound LaFeAsO1−x F x has been very enthusiastic. In short order, other Fe-based superconductors with the same or related crystal structures were discovered with T c up to 56 K. Many experiments were carried out and theories formulated to try to understand the basic properties of these new materials and the mechanism for T c. In this selective critical review of the experimental literature, we distill some of this extensive body of work, and discuss relationships between different types of experiments on these materials with reference to theoretical concepts and models. The experimental normal-state properties are emphasized, and within these the electronic and magnetic properties because of the likelihood of an electronic/magnetic mechanism for superconductivity in these materials.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2010.513480","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Physics Corrigendum","authors":"H. Emmerich","doi":"10.1080/00018731003747359","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018731003747359","url":null,"abstract":"In January 2008, Advances in Physics published a review article by Professor Heike Emmerich of the Centre for Computational Engineering Science and Institute of Minerals Engineering, Aachen, entitled, ‘Advances of and by phase-field modelling in condensed-matter physics’, Advances in Physics, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2008, pp. 1–87. It has recently come to the attention of the author, the Editor of Advances in Physics and Taylor & Francis (Publishers) that a section of the review, contains text that previously appeared in the Ulrike Hecht et al.’s paper ‘Multiphase solidification in multi-component alloys’, Mat. Sci. Eng. Rep. Vol. 46, 2004, 1–49, and that this text has been uncited. The omission of the citation was the result of authorial oversight in the drafting process. Professor Emmerich is pleased now to be able to rectify the omission, and to apologise to the Authors, Editors and Publishers of the original article. Professor Emmerich, the Editor of Advances in Physics, and Taylor & Francis (Publishers) propose to re-establish the comprehensive nature of the references and overview of the literature presented in the review, by publishing Section 4.3 as was originally intended, by the use of quotation marks to cite the text sourced from U. Hecht, L. Gránásy, T. Pusztai, B. Böttger, M. Apel, V. Witusiewicz, L. Ratke, J. De Wilde, L. Froyen, D. Camel, B. Drevet, G. Faivre, S.G. Fries, B. Legendre and S. Rex (2004), Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys, ‘Multiphase solidification in multicomponent alloys’, Mat. Sci. Eng. Rep. 46, 1–49.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018731003747359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Properties of graphene: a theoretical perspective","authors":"D. Abergel, V. Apalkov, J. Berashevich, K. Ziegler, T. Chakraborty","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2010.487978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2010.487978","url":null,"abstract":"The electronic properties of graphene, a two-dimensional crystal of carbon atoms, are exceptionally novel. For instance, the low-energy quasiparticles in graphene behave as massless chiral Dirac fermions which has led to the experimental observation of many interesting effects similar to those predicted in the relativistic regime. Graphene also has immense potential to be a key ingredient of new devices, such as single molecule gas sensors, ballistic transistors and spintronic devices. Bilayer graphene, which consists of two stacked monolayers and where the quasiparticles are massive chiral fermions, has a quadratic low-energy band structure which generates very different scattering properties from those of the monolayer. It also presents the unique property that a tunable band gap can be opened and controlled easily by a top gate. These properties have made bilayer graphene a subject of intense interest. In this review, we provide an in-depth description of the physics of monolayer and bilayer graphene from a theorist's perspective. We discuss the physical properties of graphene in an external magnetic field, reflecting the chiral nature of the quasiparticles near the Dirac point with a Landau level at zero energy. We address the unique integer quantum Hall effects, the role of electron correlations, and the recent observation of the fractional quantum Hall effect in the monolayer graphene. The quantum Hall effect in bilayer graphene is fundamentally different from that of a monolayer, reflecting the unique band structure of this system. The theory of transport in the absence of an external magnetic field is discussed in detail, along with the role of disorder studied in various theoretical models. Recent experminental observations of a metal–insulator transition in hydrogenated graphene is discussed in terms of a self-consistent theory and compared with related numerical simulations. We highlight the differences and similarities between monolayer and bilayer graphene, and focus on thermodynamic properties such as the compressibility, the plasmon spectra, the weak localization correction, quantum Hall effect and optical properties. Confinement of electrons in graphene is non-trivial due to Klein tunnelling. We review various theoretical and experimental studies of quantum confined structures made from graphene. The band structure of graphene nanoribbons and the role of the sublattice symmetry, edge geometry and the size of the nanoribbon on the electronic and magnetic properties are very active areas of research, and a detailed review of these topics is presented. Also, the effects of substrate interactions, adsorbed atoms, lattice defects and doping on the band structure of finite-sized graphene systems are discussed. We also include a brief description of graphane–gapped material obtained from graphene by attaching hydrogen atoms to each carbon atom in the lattice.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2010.487978","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boron-nitride and boron-carbonitride nanotubes: synthesis, characterization and theory","authors":"R. Arenal, X. Blase, Annick Loiseau","doi":"10.1080/00018730903562033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018730903562033","url":null,"abstract":"We present in this review a joint experimental and theoretical overview of the synthesis techniques and properties of boron-nitride (BN) and boron-carbonitride (BCN) nanotubes. While their tubular structure is similar to that of their carbon analogues, we show that their electronic properties are significantly different. BN tubes are wide band gap insulators while BCN systems can be semiconductors with a band gap in the visible range.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018730903562033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58772581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of a quantum phase transition and relaxation to a steady state","authors":"J. Dziarmaga","doi":"10.1080/00018732.2010.514702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00018732.2010.514702","url":null,"abstract":"We review recent theoretical work on two closely related issues: excitation of an isolated quantum condensed matter system driven adiabatically across a continuous quantum phase transition or a gapless phase, and apparent relaxation of an excited system after a sudden quench of a parameter in its Hamiltonian. Accordingly, the review is divided into two parts. The first part revolves around a quantum version of the Kibble–Zurek mechanism including also phenomena that go beyond this simple paradigm. What they have in common is that excitation of a gapless many-body system scales with a power of the driving rate. The second part attempts a systematic presentation of recent results and conjectures on apparent relaxation of a pure state of an isolated quantum many-body system after its excitation by a sudden quench. This research is motivated in part by recent experimental developments in the physics of ultracold atoms with potential applications in the adiabatic quantum state preparation and quantum computation.","PeriodicalId":7373,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00018732.2010.514702","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58773042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}