Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Study of Ex Vivo and In Vivo Effect of Topical Ionic Solution of Diclofenac Sodium in Male Albino Rats Using Iontophoretic Technique.","authors":"Hasnan Ali, Sadia Ahmed Zuberi, Noreen Tariq","doi":"10.1155/adpp/7708719","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/adpp/7708719","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This study is designed to overcome the limitations of transdermal drug delivery by developing a customized iontophoretic device to rapidly increase the delivery of NSAIDs (diclofenac sodium [DS]).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three concentrations of DS topical solution were prepared. A customized iontophoretic device has been designed to study the effect of the device in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo on the release of DS topical solution.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Release of DS using an iontophoretic device was found proportional to the drug concentration with respect to time and current applied, i.e., 2.0% solution showed more promising drug release than 1.5% and 1.0%. Likewise, the release rate of DS is much higher at 5 mA than at 1 mA current. The most prominent in vitro concentration of DS (2%) showed a significant reduction in the rat's paw size compared with the in vivo control and passive control groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The consistency of these results across both ex vivo and in vivo studies underscores the efficacy and preclinical proof-of-concept for this iontophoretic technique. While these results are promising, further studies on long-term skin tolerability and irritation are required to establish its safety profile for human use in enhancing drug delivery. This work provides a solid foundation for further development of noninvasive drug delivery systems for topical applications, offering a promising approach for improving therapeutic outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2026 ","pages":"7708719"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13131320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147809564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UHPLC/MS Profile and Antimalarial Potency of <i>Enantia chlorantha</i> Oliv. (Annonaceae) Stem Bark Aqueous Extract.","authors":"Abel Narcisse Messi Betene, Raceline Gounoue Kamkumo, Patrick Valère Tsouh Fokou, Florence Ngueguim Tsofack, Michel Arnaud Mbock, Eugenie Aimée Madiesse Kemgne, Albertine Ngako, Loic Steve Ngwem Tenlep, Marius Jaures Tsakem Nangap, Roberto Fokou, Darline Dize, Pascal Owona, Mariscal Brice Tchatat Tali, Fabrice Fekam Boyom, Théophile Dimo","doi":"10.1155/adpp/5068693","DOIUrl":"10.1155/adpp/5068693","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The escalating challenge of malaria management, primarily driven by antimalarial drug resistance, necessitates the urgent exploration of novel therapeutic agents. This investigation focused on characterizing the therapeutic efficacy of an aqueous stem bark extract derived from <i>Enantia chlorantha</i> Oliv (Annonaceae) against the parasitic burden of <i>Plasmodium berghei</i> in a rodent model. Comprehensive assessment revealed noteworthy <i>in vitro</i> antiplasmodial efficacy against both the <i>PfDd2</i> and <i>Pf3D7</i> strains of <i>P. falciparum</i>, evidenced by median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1.002 and 19.040 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the extract demonstrated a statistically significant, dose-responsive suppression of parasitemia in the <i>in vivo</i> model (<i>p</i> < 0.001), achieving suppression rates between 79.00% and 96.91%. Critically, the administration of the extract mitigated malaria-associated pathophysiology, including the prevention of cachexia, anemia, and elevated leukocyte counts. It concurrently facilitated the functional recovery of hepatic and renal biomarkers (e.g., transaminases, bilirubin, and creatinine), reversed indicators of cellular oxidative stress, and potentially lessened multiorgan structural damage. Collectively, these preclinical findings robustly support the substantial antimalarial capacity of <i>E. chlorantha</i> stem bark extract, providing scientific validation for its ethnobotanical application. Future pharmacological research is now imperative to isolate and chemically identify the specific phytochemical constituents responsible for these observed bioactivities.</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2025 ","pages":"5068693"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12723194/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145825645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Pharmacological Approaches for Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Review.","authors":"Kassahun Dires Ayenew, Habtemariam Alekaw Habteweld, Abate Wondesen Tsige, Yihenew Sewale Bizu","doi":"10.1155/adpp/8849786","DOIUrl":"10.1155/adpp/8849786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Due to its resistance to common anti-TB drugs, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) presents substantial treatment problems. Optimizing therapeutic outcomes requires individualized treatment plans that take into account patient comorbidities, medication susceptibility profiles, and past treatment history. The significance of individualized medication in the treatment of MDR-TB is emphasized in this study.</p><p><strong>Methods of review: </strong>Current research on tailored treatment plans for MDR-TB is summarized in this review. It highlights how pharmacogenomics, medication sensitivity testing, and patient-centered care can be used to customize treatment plans. The utilization of combination therapies, monitoring and adaptation techniques, and novel treatment options-such as adjuvant therapy and newer agents-are also covered in the review.</p><p><strong>Findings: </strong>Important findings show that thorough medication susceptibility testing is essential for directing wise treatment decisions. Dosage modifications based on individual metabolic responses can be informed by pharmacogenomic data. Treatment regimen adherence is improved when patients participate in decision-making. Combination therapy involving new drugs has demonstrated potential for increasing therapeutic effectiveness while reducing the emergence of resistance. Frequent monitoring makes it possible to promptly modify therapy in response to the patient response.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Treatment for MDR-TB must be individualized and comprehensive due to its complexity. For individuals with MDR-TB, therapy outcomes can be greatly enhanced while lowering the risk of further resistance by combining host-directed therapies, pharmacological breakthroughs, and continuous patient monitoring. Enhancing customized care solutions in this difficult field of infectious illness management requires ongoing research and innovation.</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8849786"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12664762/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145653171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antileishmanial Activities of Methanol Extract and Solvent Fraction of <i>Clematis simensis</i> Fresen Roots.","authors":"Amare Megersa, Aschalew Nardos, Tasisa Ketema, Serawit Deyno","doi":"10.1155/adpp/9671079","DOIUrl":"10.1155/adpp/9671079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting 12 million people and risks the lives of 350 million people globally. However, it has limited therapeutic options. <i>Clematis simensis</i> Fresen roots are used for the treatment of leishmaniasis in Ethiopian traditional medicine.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to evaluate <i>C. simensis</i> Fresen roots' antileishmanial activities and cytotoxic effects.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In vitro antileishmanial activity of crude extract of <i>C. simensis</i> root and its solvent fractions was evaluated against axenic amastigotes and promastigotes of <i>Leishmania aethiopica</i> and <i>Leishmania donovani</i>. Their cytotoxicity against macrophage cells and red blood cells (RBCs) was evaluated. Median cytotoxic concentration (CC₅₀) and median inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) were calculated using computer software GraphPad Prism 9.5.0. Data were expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>The crude extract and its hexane, chloroform, and aqueous fractions exhibited antileishmanial activities, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 4.43 ± 0.69 to 24.94 ± 4.12 μg/mL against promastigotes and 4.52 ± 1.25 to 34.97 ± 1.77 μg/mL against axenic amastigotes of <i>Leishmania</i> parasites. The cytotoxic effects (CC₅₀) of the extracts were 63.62 ± 4.06 ≤ CC50 ≤ 246.05 ± 32.84 μg/mL against macrophages, but > 1200 μg/mL against RBC. A selectivity index value greater than 1 indicates selective toxicity against <i>Leishmania</i> parasites, whereas a value less than 1 suggests selective toxicity against mammalian cells. In this study, the selectivity indices for the plant extracts ranged from 3.26 to 54.44.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The roots of the plant showed a promising antileishmanial activity that may provide a scientific justification for its use in traditional medicine. Further isolation, identification of active compounds, and establishment of the mechanism of action are warranted.</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9671079"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12657135/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145646971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Evaluation of Wound-Healing Activity of Hydrogel Extract of <i>Sansevieria trifasciata</i> Leaves (Asparagaceae).","authors":"Advances In Pharmacological And Pharmaceutical Sciences","doi":"10.1155/adpp/9783217","DOIUrl":"10.1155/adpp/9783217","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2023/7680518.].</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2025 ","pages":"9783217"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12638215/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145585807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Drug Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases of Elderly People to Develop Effective Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Analysis.","authors":"Partha Biswas, Md Hasanur Rahman, Afrida Tabassum, Tanvir Zaman Shoyshob, Maroua Jalouli, Md Mohaimenul Islam Tareq, Md Imtiaz, Humayra Afroz Dona, Abdel Halim Harrath, Md Ataur Rahman","doi":"10.1155/adpp/8847508","DOIUrl":"10.1155/adpp/8847508","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent an increasingly important burden of disease, particularly in the aging population. The etiology of NDs like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD) is associated with progressive neuronal degeneration and a paucity of effective therapies. Accumulating evidence suggests that common and intersecting genetic and pathological pathways play a critical role in disease onset and progression, revealing new opportunities for target discovery. Here, we review promising therapeutic targets based on the convergence of genetics, molecular pathology, and cellular signaling in neurodegeneration. This narrative will focus on key proteins (amyloid-beta [Aβ], tau, and α-synuclein) and enzymes (acetylcholinesterase and asparagine endopeptidase [AEP]), including their pathological significance and therapeutic implications. N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and cholinergic receptor subtypes are highlighted as important regulators of neurotoxicity, synaptic transmission, and inflammation. Emerging advances in genomics, neuroimaging, and drug delivery are poised to advance precision medicine strategies for early diagnosis and intervention. Important challenges remain, including the complexity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), pathology heterogeneity, and the need for new biomarkers. We propose that a shift from phenotype-driven diagnoses to mechanistic, genetically informed approaches may improve treatment efficacy. Target identification, validation, and targeted delivery are critical considerations for the success of future therapeutic development. This integrated view will help to inform and improve drug discovery and personalized medicine approaches in the field of neurodegeneration.</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8847508"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12620431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145547694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Prescription Practices Using WHO/INRUD Indicators and Determinants of Polypharmacy at a Kenyan County Referral Hospital.","authors":"Jeremiah Kayioni, Eric Guantai, Margaret Oluka, Faith Okalebo","doi":"10.1155/adpp/8031546","DOIUrl":"10.1155/adpp/8031546","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Improving treatment standards by auditing care quality using WHO and INRUD drug-use indicators is essential in low- and middle-income countries. This study aims to assess prescription practices at KCRH General Outpatient Clinics and identify risk factors for polypharmacy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study analyzed prescriptions dispensed in 2022 at the KCRH outpatient pharmacy. Using a stratified random sampling, prescriptions were reviewed using a WHO/INRUD-based data abstraction form. Core drug-use indicators were determined, and logistic regression analyses were performed using STATA Version 14.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the 920 prescriptions, 69.2% were for adults and 57.0% for females. Analgesics (32.3%) and antibiotics (29.0%) were most frequently prescribed. Overall, 84.1% of the prescriptions contained antibiotics, 8.7% injectables, 97.6% generics, and 95.6% were from the KEML. The mean number of drugs per prescription was 2.7. Antibiotic prescribing was associated with lower odds of polypharmacy (aOR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.10-0.42).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Interventions to promote rational antibiotic use are necessary, including educating healthcare providers and patients about the risks of antibiotic overuse.</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2025 ","pages":"8031546"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12576024/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145429973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential Anticancer Activities of the Thai Traditional Medicinal Recipe Santakatpuakaln Against Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines.","authors":"Worrakanya Narakornwit, Roongtiwa Srisuphan, Uthai Sotanaphun, Pawaris Wongprayoon, Purin Charoensuksai","doi":"10.1155/adpp/6682780","DOIUrl":"10.1155/adpp/6682780","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional Thai herbal medicine has been used for centuries to treat various diseases, including cancer. One notable formulation, Santakatpuakaln (STK), has been employed to manage cancers, particularly of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as liver and colorectal cancers (CRCs). Despite its historical use, scientific validation of its efficacy and safety remains vastly limited. In this study, we prepared an ethanol extract of STK and evaluated its anticancer properties in vitro. STK demonstrated significant cytotoxic activity against CRC cell lines (HCT15, NCI-H508, HT29, and HCT116) and the liver cancer cell line HepG2 while sparing noncancerous colonic epithelial cells (FHC), suggesting a potential therapeutic window. The cytotoxic activity of STK was accompanied by apoptosis. Additionally, STK inhibited tumor spheroid growth and suppressed HCT116 cell migration in transwell assays, indicating both cytotoxic and antimigratory effects. These findings support the traditional use of STK in cancer management and warrant further investigation into its active compounds, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2025 ","pages":"6682780"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12562599/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145399760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Lab to Clinic: Success Stories of Repurposed Drugs in Treating Major Diseases.","authors":"Md Sadique Hussain, Prince Ahad Mir, Nishant Kumar, Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din, Adil Farooq Wali, Reyaz Hassan Mir, Sirajunisa Talath, Sathvik B Sridhar, Javedh Shareef, Manjunatha Goud, Imran Rangraze, Mohamed El-Tanani, Der Jiun Ooi","doi":"10.1155/adpp/1070716","DOIUrl":"10.1155/adpp/1070716","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug repurposing, the process of identifying new therapeutic uses for existing drugs, has emerged as a cost-effective and time-saving alternative to traditional drug development. This strategy leverages the known pharmacological and safety profiles of approved or investigational drugs to accelerate their clinical application for other diseases. In recent years, repurposed drugs have played a crucial role in addressing treatment gaps in complex and multifactorial diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and infectious diseases. This review highlights prominent examples where repurposed drugs have successfully transitioned from laboratory findings to clinical application. We discuss key molecular mechanisms, including polypharmacology and target pathway modulation that enable repositioning. Emphasis is also placed on advances in computational approaches, network pharmacology and data-driven tools that enhance repurposing efforts. Additionally, we outline the challenges related to regulatory hurdles, intellectual property and clinical validation. By analysing these success stories, we aim to provide a strategic framework to guide future drug repurposing initiatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1070716"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12535746/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145335967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Buspirone Hydrochloride Polymorphism: Stability, Solubility, Flow Properties, and Manufacturing Implications.","authors":"Jéssika Adriane Janning, Victória Guimarães Santiago, Ederlan de Souza Ferreira, Carolina Oliveira de Souza, Márcia Nunes da Silva, Filipa Sofia Reis, Nelson Barros Colauto, Renato Eising","doi":"10.1155/adpp/1941957","DOIUrl":"10.1155/adpp/1941957","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Buspirone hydrochloride, an anxiolytic agent, has two interconvertible polymorphic forms that may affect its physicochemical properties and therapeutic efficacy. Despite this relevance, polymorphism is often neglected in pharmaceutical analyses, potentially leading to inconsistent results and compromised drug performance. This study investigates the polymorphism, stability, solubility, and flow properties of commercial samples of buspirone hydrochloride, focusing on how polymorphic transformations affect pharmaceutical performance. Samples from two international suppliers were stored under controlled and stress conditions (humidity and temperature) in open and closed vials. Structural characterization used Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffraction, while flow and density properties were determined by Carr index and Hausner ratio. Solubility of pure polymorphic Forms 1 and 2 was evaluated in physiologically relevant pH media using high-performance liquid chromatography. The Indian sample contained a mixture of Forms 1 and 2, whereas the Finnish sample consisted exclusively of Form 2. Under stress, Form 2 converted to Form 1, completely in open vials and partially in closed ones, confirming the greater thermodynamic stability of Form 1. Among the analytical methods, differential scanning calorimetry proved to be the most effective in distinguishing polymorphic forms and identifying mixtures. Both forms showed pH-dependent solubility, with peak dissolution at pH 1.2, and very poor flow properties, requiring formulation adjustments. Solubility data supported a preliminary classification of both polymorphs as Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class I or Class III, although permeability differences remain unexplored. These findings advance the understanding of buspirone hydrochloride's polymorphic properties, supporting the development of more effective formulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":7369,"journal":{"name":"Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"2025 ","pages":"1941957"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12531592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145327956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}