{"title":"Features of Pathogens, Epidemiology, and Diagnosis of COVID-19 and Reliable Suggestion: Aiming to Solve the Confusion in Clinical Practice","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jcei.05.05.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jcei.05.05.03","url":null,"abstract":"In past several months, the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 infection is unstoppable, which results in millions of people infected and thousands of people dead. However, there are still something controversial in the virus mechanism, the epidemiological feature and the diagnose criterion of COVID-19, while we also have some consensus. The structure of SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen of COVID-19, is roughly similar with other coronavirus such as SARS-CoV and bat-CoV, but by sequencing the amino acid, recombination of virus particles, and observation in Electron microscope, it is obvious to find the some slight difference between the protein of SARS-CoV-2 and others’. The spike protein of SARSCoV-2 has a stronger ability to binding ACE2 than SARS-CoV. The carrier of SARS-CoV-2 is just as other respiratory viruses, like droplet, aerosol and surface, and the fecal-oral transmission is proved to be an efficient pathway. In clinical practice, the elder and the patients with comorbidity are more susceptible to infection and have poorer prognosis, while pediatric patients is the very opposite of it. Nucleic acid test represented by RT-PCR is a helpful method for diagnose, yet it has weaknesses of false negative in suspicious patient and resurgence in discharge patient. Serological and immunological test, reported not suitable for diagnose alone in early period, can be another reliable method that benefit the accuracy of diagnosis criterion when combined with RT-PCR.","PeriodicalId":73657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical & experimental immunology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85655996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"What is on a mouth’s mind?","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jcei.05.05.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jcei.05.05.06","url":null,"abstract":"In time, the wrong choice of words, along with faulty behavioural settings (errors), can influence one’s emotional and physical responses negatively. Lifestyle errors can act like bad sectors or clusters. The terms “bad sector” and “bad cluster” refer to a specific section of a digital storage device that has been rendered unusable for reading and writing data. When a computer says it has found bad sectors or clusters, it means that it has identified part of a connected storage medium that it can’t access. The computer can attempt to recover data that is stored on bad sectors and clusters, but there is a chance the data is lost forever.","PeriodicalId":73657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical & experimental immunology","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86289475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"HDFx and Methylated DNA; With Histones Upregulated in Macrophages/\u0000Monocytes Derived From Animal Survivors Subjected to Traumatic, Endotoxin,\u0000and Hemorrhagic Shock: Importance of Epigenesis and Potential Reasons for\u0000Resistance to Bacterial, Fungal and Viral Infections","authors":"","doi":"10.33140/jcei.05.04.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33140/jcei.05.04.07","url":null,"abstract":"Each year approximately 60,000 people die from hemorrhagic\u0000shock in the U.S.A. with about two million deaths worldwide [1].\u0000Deaths from traumatic shock, worldwide, has been difficult to\u0000estimate, due to battles/wars in many countries, but is thought to\u0000be more than two million victims/year [1]. Many reasons for these\u0000large numbers of deaths are known [for review, see1], for example,\u0000inadequate therapeutic measures, unavailability of adequate blood/\u0000plasma/fluid replacement, seeing the patient too late, and\u0000unavailability of trained ER personnel, among the major reasons\u0000[for recent review, see1]. Another predominant reason for large\u0000numbers of hemorrhagic and traumatic shock deaths is the risk of\u0000sepsis in many of these victims, resulting in septic shock having\u0000mortalities in excess of 40- 75%, depending upon locality, with the\u0000lower numbers in the U.S.A. Lastly, and most important is “natural\u0000resistance of the body to infectious microorganisms” (i.e, bacteria,\u0000funguses, viruses, parasitic organisms, etc.). What is responsible\u0000for “natural resistance” has been studied for more than 150 years.\u0000We know that the “innate” and “adaptive” immune systems are\u0000key elements in defense against infectious microorganisms [2, 3].\u0000But, which elements of these systems make-up major aspects of\u0000“resistance” and “host defense” still remains to be worked out.\u0000Using starfish, more than 140 years ago, the pioneer/father of\u0000immunology, and Nobel Laureate, Elie Metchnikoff, believed that\u0000white blood cells and macrophages were key to host-defense [4].\u0000He also believed the body develops molecules/substances, which\u0000are key to resistance to infectious microorganisms [4].","PeriodicalId":73657,"journal":{"name":"Journal of clinical & experimental immunology","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91392936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}