Journal of chemical health & safety最新文献

{"title":"Spark Detection for Hot Work Based on HSV Color Features and Optical Flow Variations","authors":"Haifan Liao,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yisheng Liu,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Weile Chen,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Aihua Liu*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.5c00228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00228","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Splashing sparks generated during hot work are a major cause of industrial and construction fires. Characterized by small scales, intense brightness mutations, and random motion trajectories, they pose significant challenges for real-time visual detection. To address the issues of high false detection and missed detection rates of traditional methods under complex lighting and background conditions, this paper proposes a spark detection method that fuses HSV color features with optical flow motion features. First, a YOLO-based adaptive threshold parameter optimization mechanism is introduced to dynamically optimize HSV color intervals and improve the stability of color segmentation. Second, a temporal motion analysis module is constructed by combining corner detection, pyramidal Lucas–Kanade optical flow tracking, and RANSAC-based global motion compensation, which is used to extract spark trajectories and suppress the impact of camera jitter. Finally, a fusion strategy based on Intersection over Union is adopted to integrate color and motion detection results, enabling spatial consistency judgment of spark regions. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an average Precision of 86.69%, a Recall of 75.90%, and an F1-score of 0.8156 on 8 groups of hot work videos, significantly outperforming baseline models such as the HSV fixed-threshold model, HSV autothreshold model, and pure optical flow model. Ablation experiments verified the effectiveness of each module. Overall, the proposed method exhibits excellent detection accuracy and robustness and can provide reliable technical support for intelligent fire hazard monitoring in hot work scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"466–478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Hybrid Fine-Kinney and Entropy-Weighted TOPSIS Approach for Risk Prioritization in Chemistry Laboratories","authors":"Mehmet Tunç*,&nbsp; and ,&nbsp;Ramazan Solmaz*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.6c00017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00017","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The Fine-Kinney method, commonly used in Occupational Health and Safety (OHS), is prone to subjective and inconsistent prioritization since it weights the three parameters of probability (<i>P</i>), exposure (<i>E</i>), and consequence (<i>C</i>) equally and based on expert judgment. In this study, by integrating the Entropy Weighting Method (EWM) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) into the Fine-Kinney method, a systematic analysis framework is presented in which the relative importance of the parameters is determined statistically and produces more balanced results. The study consisted of nine stages: laboratory selection and scope definition, hazard classification and identification with a checklist, selection of relevant hazards for chemistry laboratories, risk scoring with Fine-Kinney, criteria weighting with EWM, risk prioritization with TOPSIS, statistical validation and correlation analysis, sensitivity analysis with seven weighting scenarios, and interpretation of results. The findings of EWM showed that the “<i>C</i>” parameter was the most effective criterion (<i>C</i>, <i>w</i>_j = 0.4214). Sensitivity analysis revealed that rankings remained largely consistent and the method’s susceptibility to subjectivity decreased. The top priority hazards were grouped under the “Fire-Explosion-Emergencies (FIREX)” category; hazards coded H30 and H31 were among the top-10 hazards in all scenarios (100%), while H29 was among the top-10 in 86% of scenarios. This study demonstrates that the Fine-Kinney approach, built on subjective data, can be made more reliable and repeatable with EWM-based TOPSIS, and adds methodological depth to the decision support process in laboratory safety.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"503–515"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological Investigation of a Corrosive Chemical Leak from a Container Depot Affecting Students at Tughlakabad, Southeast District of Delhi, India","authors":"Sushma Choudhary*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Jayanti Singh,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Anurag Sharma,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Meera Dhuria,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.6c00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00030","url":null,"abstract":"<p ><b>Introduction:</b> A chemical leak of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine occurred at Tughlakabad Inland Container Depot (ICD) in the Southeast District of Delhi on May 6, 2017, affecting over 600 individuals. The National Centre for Disease Control of India investigated the incident. <b>Methods:</b> The study defined “a case” as “eye irritation or breathlessness in a resident or student of the Tughlakabad ward on May 6”. The investigation team reviewed hospital records and surveyed schools and neighborhoods adjacent to the ICD. Key informants were interviewed, followed by a 1:2 unmatched case-control study. <b>Results:</b> There were 619 cases (92% female) with no deaths; the median age was 13 years. The most common symptom experienced was eye irritation (99%). Univariate analysis of the case-control study showed that walking through the ICD exit track was the single main factor associated with the illness (OR = 5.4 [95% CI = 2.1–14.1], <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). The spill was reportedly covered with sand, but the removal of the mixture from the site was not carried out. No one, whether directly affected or not, had received any communication about the spill in the area. <b>Conclusions:</b> This chemical spill caused illnesses among individuals who had trespassed on the ICD exit road. Inappropriate chemical spill management and poor risk communication likely exacerbated the illnesses. The study recommends proper implementation of chemical neutralization and risk communication protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"539–544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epidemiological Investigation of a Corrosive Chemical Leak from a Container Depot Affecting Students at Tughlakabad, Southeast District of Delhi, India","authors":"Sushma Choudhary*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Jayanti Singh,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Anurag Sharma,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Meera Dhuria,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.6c00030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00030","url":null,"abstract":"<p ><b>Introduction:</b> A chemical leak of 2-chloro-5-chloromethylpyridine occurred at Tughlakabad Inland Container Depot (ICD) in the Southeast District of Delhi on May 6, 2017, affecting over 600 individuals. The National Centre for Disease Control of India investigated the incident. <b>Methods:</b> The study defined “a case” as “eye irritation or breathlessness in a resident or student of the Tughlakabad ward on May 6”. The investigation team reviewed hospital records and surveyed schools and neighborhoods adjacent to the ICD. Key informants were interviewed, followed by a 1:2 unmatched case-control study. <b>Results:</b> There were 619 cases (92% female) with no deaths; the median age was 13 years. The most common symptom experienced was eye irritation (99%). Univariate analysis of the case-control study showed that walking through the ICD exit track was the single main factor associated with the illness (OR = 5.4 [95% CI = 2.1–14.1], <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). The spill was reportedly covered with sand, but the removal of the mixture from the site was not carried out. No one, whether directly affected or not, had received any communication about the spill in the area. <b>Conclusions:</b> This chemical spill caused illnesses among individuals who had trespassed on the ICD exit road. Inappropriate chemical spill management and poor risk communication likely exacerbated the illnesses. The study recommends proper implementation of chemical neutralization and risk communication protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"539–544"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing NDSRIs in Pharmaceuticals: Integrating Structural Risk Assessment and Mitigation Strategies","authors":"Wisut Wichitnithad,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Pornpoom Angsuwattana,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Binbin Yu,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Worathat Thitikornpong,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Pornchai Rojsitthisak*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.6c00012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00012","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The emergence of nitrosamine drug-substance-related impurities (NDSRIs) has presented a complex and evolving challenge to pharmaceutical manufacturing and regulatory oversight. Unlike traditional nitrosamines, NDSRIs may form through multiple pathways involving active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), synthetic intermediates, excipients, packaging components, and degradation processes. This review integrates the current understanding of NDSRI formation with implications for pharmaceutical process development, impurity control, and lifecycle risk mitigation. Key structural alerts, including secondary and tertiary amines, piperazines, and hydrazines, are discussed in relation to nitrosating agents, oxidative stressors, and solid-state properties. Special attention is given to precursor-derived and degradation-induced nitrosation, polymorphic variability, and moisture sensitivity, all of which influence NDSRI formation during both the synthesis and formulation stages. Case examples in high-risk therapeutic classes (e.g., antihypertensive drugs, antimicrobial agents, and antidiabetic agents) illustrate diverse routes of NDSRI formation and control opportunities. Mitigation strategies are outlined, including synthetic route design, excipient selection and precursor control, crystallization optimization, and storage conditions, all framed within a tiered, life-cycle-based risk management model aligned with ICH Q9(R1), ICH Q10, and the Carcinogenic Potency Categorization Approach (CPCA). The role of in silico tools, including structure–activity relationships (SAR), quantitative SAR (QSAR), and machine learning (ML), is emphasized in supporting nitrosation risk prediction and acceptable intake (AI) estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"350–370"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Suppression Mechanisms of Ferrocene on Methane–Hydrogen Explosion Propagation in Pipe: An Integrated Study of Experiments and Chemical Reaction Kinetics","authors":"Shuo Wang*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Qin He,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Hongfu Mi*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yulong Duan,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Sen He,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yanling Yang,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Peng Shao,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Guoqing Xiao,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Jinjun Yang,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.6c00023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00023","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study investigates the performance and mechanism of ferrocene in suppressing the propagation of methane–hydrogen explosions through experiments and chemical kinetic simulations. The experimental results demonstrate that ferrocene can decrease the flame speed and attenuate the explosion pressure by inhibiting the mutual excitation between the flame and the premixed zone. Specifically, the addition of ferrocene at concentrations of 0.1 g·L^–1, 0.2 g·L^–1, and 0.3 g·L^–1 increased the flame propagation time by 93.02%, 323.26%, and 597.67%, respectively, and decreased the maximum explosion pressure by 68.03%, 81.56%, and 95.49%. Kinetic modeling reveals that the decomposition products of ferrocene, FeC₅H₅, Fe, and FeO can consume key radicals, such as H, O, and OH in the explosion chain reactions, leading to a significant reduction in the concentrations of the active component and the effective combination. Moreover, the catalytic cyclic reactions of Fe-containing species continuously consume H and O, which diminish the promotional effect of various radical reactions on the temperature and flame speed of the explosion system. The findings provide theoretical support for protecting and suppressing methane–hydrogen explosions at the microscopic level.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"528–538"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.6c00023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spark Detection for Hot Work Based on HSV Color Features and Optical Flow Variations","authors":"Haifan Liao,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Yisheng Liu,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Weile Chen,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Aihua Liu*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.5c00228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00228","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Splashing sparks generated during hot work are a major cause of industrial and construction fires. Characterized by small scales, intense brightness mutations, and random motion trajectories, they pose significant challenges for real-time visual detection. To address the issues of high false detection and missed detection rates of traditional methods under complex lighting and background conditions, this paper proposes a spark detection method that fuses HSV color features with optical flow motion features. First, a YOLO-based adaptive threshold parameter optimization mechanism is introduced to dynamically optimize HSV color intervals and improve the stability of color segmentation. Second, a temporal motion analysis module is constructed by combining corner detection, pyramidal Lucas–Kanade optical flow tracking, and RANSAC-based global motion compensation, which is used to extract spark trajectories and suppress the impact of camera jitter. Finally, a fusion strategy based on Intersection over Union is adopted to integrate color and motion detection results, enabling spatial consistency judgment of spark regions. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves an average Precision of 86.69%, a Recall of 75.90%, and an F1-score of 0.8156 on 8 groups of hot work videos, significantly outperforming baseline models such as the HSV fixed-threshold model, HSV autothreshold model, and pure optical flow model. Ablation experiments verified the effectiveness of each module. Overall, the proposed method exhibits excellent detection accuracy and robustness and can provide reliable technical support for intelligent fire hazard monitoring in hot work scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"466–478"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Probabilistic Security Vulnerability Assessment Framework for Drone Attacks: A Case Study of a Petroleum Storage Terminal","authors":"Surendar Varadharajan,&nbsp; and ,&nbsp;Shailendra Bajpai*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.5c00210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00210","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The risk assessment of intentional threats is credible given the significant increase in security incidents at chemical facilities over the past few years. The increasing accessibility of advanced drone systems to potential adversaries has worsened the security of chemical plants, with 78 security incidents reported at critical facilities since 2018. In this work, a probabilistic-based Bayesian network framework (PBBNF) is developed to assess the vulnerability of hazardous chemical facilities to drone attacks. The graphical-based BN framework incorporated various factors, such as drone and antidrone system capabilities, weather conditions, location, human factors, time, and other influencing factors, to assess intrusion risk and attack success. A case study of a petroleum distribution terminal is used to test the proposed framework, and further analysis is performed by developing 27 scenarios that vary the probability of different factors to examine the best- and worst-case scenarios. A sensitivity analysis of the model is also performed for the given case study, indicating that the performance of the autonomous missile system has a highly influential impact on drone intrusion, while the training of drone warriors has the least influence on the system’s intrusion risk. While the findings highlight that the use of highly efficient drones has a higher likelihood of successful intrusion, the level of vulnerability is varied due to adverse weather conditions, strategic location, and proper human vigilance, accompanied by the deployment of high-potential antidrone systems, all of which could lower the likelihood of intrusion attempts and attack success. This PBBNF benefits chemical and other critical facilities that handle hazardous materials, enabling effective decision-making to develop resilient infrastructure against aerial threats.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"416–434"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00210","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Safety Culture in Academic Laboratories: Insights and Challenges from Brazilian HEI","authors":"Patricia B. Di Vitta,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Helena C. Junqueira,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Alessandra A. A. de Sousa,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Artur M. Correia,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;David B. de Oliveira,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Daniel R. Oliveira,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.5c00217","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00217","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Chemical laboratory activities pose inherent risks, yet safety awareness in academic settings remains limited. This study reports a long-term initiative at the University of São Paulo’s Institute of Chemistry (IQUSP) to foster chemical safety through training and dissemination activities. From 2020 to 2024, over 3,000 participants received training in risk assessment, chemical management, and protective measures. Results showed improved laboratory practices, while institutional engagement proved essential for sustaining safety culture and replicating the program at other universities.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"382–388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00217","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical Safety and Security: An Introductory Course for Graduate Students","authors":"Imee S. Martinez*,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Roland Goertz,&nbsp;, ,&nbsp;Rohan Perera,&nbsp;, and ,&nbsp;Emily V. Castriciones*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acs.chas.5c00187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chas.5c00187","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A course on Chemical Safety and Security (CSS) was developed in the Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines-Diliman, for graduate students. In this course, chemical ethics was emphasized in the context of chemical safety and security. By cultivating a chemical conscience in young chemical practitioners, the aim was to develop a strong chemical safety and security culture not only in the university but also in the country at large. The course provided a short background of various guidelines on the ethical practice of chemistry, which is part and parcel of the Hague Ethical Guidelines. In the introduction of the course, the history of the use of chemical weaponry was discussed, and the dual-use of chemicals and technologies. The bulk of the course was on laboratory safety practices, while a small part was spent on CSS risk assessment. Current laws and regulations in the Philippines, as well as international laws and agreements pertaining to chemicals, were also discussed for the students’ awareness. A special segment was given to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) to introduce chemical weapons nonproliferation and disarmament. This is particularly important to the Philippines, where there is increasing instability in the southern part of the country and the West Philippine Sea. Subsequent offerings of the CSS course evolved to focus on enhancing technical capacity and to highlight the role of chemists in nation-building and fulfilling international agreements. More advanced topics, such as sampling, sample preparation, and instrumental methods of analysis of scheduled substances in the CWC, as well as quality documentation, evidence management, and chain-of-custody, were included. The latest version is a Master Course on CSS focused on the control of hazardous goods-related incidents, specifically Natech, chemical fires, and explosions. Case studies and scenario-based exercises, including laboratory demonstrations and laboratory-based simulations, comprised most of the class activities. The explicit goal was to teach students the ability to link the chemical theory to practical aspects of chemical safety and security. The CSS courses offered were well-received by students, garnering high marks in the Student Evaluation Tests.</p>","PeriodicalId":73648,"journal":{"name":"Journal of chemical health & safety","volume":"33 3","pages":"407–415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2026-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148010204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}