Advances in neurobiology最新文献

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_3

Elena Guffart, Marco Prinz

引用次数: 0

General Pathophysiology of Microglia. 小胶质细胞的一般病理生理学

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_1

Marie-Ève Tremblay, Alexei Verkhratsky

{"title":"General Pathophysiology of Microglia.","authors":"Marie-Ève Tremblay, Alexei Verkhratsky","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_1","url":null,"abstract":"Microglia, which are the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), have emerged as critical for maintaining health by not only ensuring proper development, activity, and plasticity of neurones and glial cells but also maintaining and restoring homeostasis when faced with various challenges across the lifespan. This chapter is dedicated to the current understanding of microglia, including their beneficial versus detrimental roles, which are highly complex, rely on various microglial states, and intimately depend on their spatiotemporal context. Microglia are first contextualized within the perspective of finding therapeutic strategies to cure diseases in the twenty-first century-the overall functions of neuroglia with relation one to another and to neurones, and their shared CNS environment. A historical framework is provided, and the main principles of glial neuropathology are enunciated. The current view of microglial nomenclature is then covered, notably by discussing the rejected concepts of microglial activation, their polarisation into M1 and M2 phenotypes, and neuroinflammation. The transformation of the microglial population through the addition, migration, and elimination of individual members, as well as their dynamic metamorphosis between a wide variety of structural and functional states, based on the experienced physiological and pathological stimuli, is subsequently discussed. Lastly, the perspective of microglia as a cell type endowed with a health status determining their outcomes on adaptive CNS plasticity as well as disease pathology is proposed for twenty-first-century approaches to disease prevention and treatment.","PeriodicalId":7360,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurobiology","volume":"37 ","pages":"3-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142103368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synapse Regulation. 突触调节

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_11

Haley A Vecchiarelli, Luana Tenorio Lopes, Rosa C Paolicelli, Beth Stevens, Hiroaki Wake, Marie-Ève Tremblay

{"title":"Synapse Regulation.","authors":"Haley A Vecchiarelli, Luana Tenorio Lopes, Rosa C Paolicelli, Beth Stevens, Hiroaki Wake, Marie-Ève Tremblay","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_11","url":null,"abstract":"Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain. As such, they rapidly detect changes in normal brain homeostasis and accurately respond by fine-tuning in a tightly regulated manner their morphology, gene expression, and functional behavior. Depending on the nature of these changes, microglia can thicken and retract their processes, proliferate and migrate, release numerous signaling factors and compounds influencing neuronal physiology (e.g., cytokines and trophic factors), in addition to secreting proteases able to transform the extracellular matrix, and phagocytosing various types of cellular debris, etc. Because microglia also transform rapidly (on a time scale of minutes) during experimental procedures, studying these very special cells requires methods that are specifically non-invasive. The development of such methods has provided unprecedented insights into the roles of microglia during normal physiological conditions. In particular, transcranial two-photon in vivo imaging revealed that presumably \"resting\" microglia continuously survey the brain parenchyma with their highly motile processes, in addition to modulating their structural and functional interactions with neuronal circuits along the changes in neuronal activity and behavioral experience occurring throughout the lifespan. In this chapter, we will describe how surveillant microglia interact with synaptic elements and modulate the number, maturation, function, and plasticity of synapses in the healthy developing, mature, and aging brain, with consequences on neuronal activity, learning and memory, and the behavioral outcome.","PeriodicalId":7360,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurobiology","volume":"37 ","pages":"179-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142103394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Aging Microglia and Their Impact in the Nervous System. 老化的小胶质细胞及其对神经系统的影响

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-55529-9_21

Rommy von Bernhardi, Jaime Eugenín

引用次数: 0

Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions Contributing to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Progression. 有助于肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症进展的星形胶质细胞-神经元相互作用

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_12

Brigid K Jensen

{"title":"Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions Contributing to Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Progression.","authors":"Brigid K Jensen","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_12","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_12","url":null,"abstract":"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a complex disease impacting motor neurons of the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord. Disease etiology is quite heterogeneous with over 40 genes causing the disease and a vast ~90% of patients having no prior family history. Astrocytes are major contributors to ALS, particularly through involvement in accelerating disease progression. Through study of genetic forms of disease including SOD1, TDP43, FUS, C9orf72, VCP, TBK1, and more recently patient-derived cells from sporadic individuals, many biological mechanisms have been identified to cause intrinsic or glial-mediated neurotoxicity to motor neurons. Overall, many of the normally supportive and beneficial roles that astrocytes contribute to neuronal health and survival instead switch to become deleterious and neurotoxic. While the exact pathways may differ based on disease-origin, altered astrocyte-neuron communication is a common feature of ALS. Within this chapter, distinct genetic forms are examined in detail, along with what is known from sporadic patient-derived cells. Overall, this chapter highlights the interplay between astrocytes and neurons in this complex disease and describes the key features underlying: astrocyte-mediated motor neuron toxicity, excitotoxicity, oxidative/nitrosative stress, protein dyshomeostasis, metabolic imbalance, inflammation, trophic factor withdrawal, blood-brain/blood-spinal cord barrier involvement, disease spreading, and the extracellular matrix/cell adhesion/TGF-β signaling pathways.","PeriodicalId":7360,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurobiology","volume":"39 ","pages":"285-318"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142071744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Homeostasis to Allostasis: Prefrontal Astrocyte Roles in Cognitive Flexibility and Stress Biology. 从平衡到失衡：前额叶星形胶质细胞在认知灵活性和应激生物学中的作用

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_6

Bolati Wulaer, Mika A Holtz, Jun Nagai

{"title":"Homeostasis to Allostasis: Prefrontal Astrocyte Roles in Cognitive Flexibility and Stress Biology.","authors":"Bolati Wulaer, Mika A Holtz, Jun Nagai","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-64839-7_6","url":null,"abstract":"In the intricate landscape of neurophysiology, astrocytes have been traditionally cast as homeostatic cells; however, their mechanistic involvement in allostasis-particularly how they modulate the adaptive response to stress and its accumulative impact that disrupts cognitive functions and precipitates psychiatric disorders-is now starting to be unraveled. Here, we address the gap by positing astrocytes as crucial allostatic players whose molecular adaptations underlie cognitive flexibility in stress-related neuropsychiatric conditions. We review how astrocytes, responding to stress mediators such as glucocorticoid and epinephrine/norepinephrine, undergo morphological and functional transformations that parallel the maladaptive changes. Our synthesis of recent findings reveals that these glial changes, especially in the metabolically demanding prefrontal cortex, may underlie some of the neuropsychiatric mechanisms characterized by the disruption of energy metabolism and astrocytic networks, compromised glutamate clearance, and diminished synaptic support. We argue that astrocytes extend beyond their homeostatic role, actively participating in the brain's allostatic response, especially by modulating energy substrates critical for cognitive functions.","PeriodicalId":7360,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurobiology","volume":"39 ","pages":"137-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142071752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evaluation and Management of Traumatic Brain Injuries in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. 儿科重症监护室的脑外伤评估和管理。

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-69832-3_2

Michael Cronin

引用次数: 0

Cognitive and Neural Representations of Fractals in Vision, Music, and Action. 视觉、音乐和动作中分形的认知和神经表征。

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_46

Mauricio de Jesus Dias Martins

{"title":"Cognitive and Neural Representations of Fractals in Vision, Music, and Action.","authors":"Mauricio de Jesus Dias Martins","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_46","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_46","url":null,"abstract":"The concept of fractal was popularized by Mandelbrot as a tool to tame the geometrical structure of objects with infinite hierarchical depth. The key aspect of fractals is the use of simple parsimonious rules and initial conditions, which when applied recursively can generate unbounded complexity. Fractals are structures ubiquitous in nature, being present in coast lines, bacteria colonies, trees, and physiological time series. However, within the field of cognitive science, the core question is not which phenomena can generate fractal structures, but whether human or animal minds can represent recursive processes, and if so in which domains. In this chapter, we will explore the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying the representation of recursive hierarchical embedding. Language is the domain in which this capacity is best studied. Humans can generate an infinite array of hierarchically structured sentences, and this capacity distinguishes us from other species. However, recent research suggests that humans can represent similar structures in the domains of music, vision, and action and has provided additional cues as to how these capacities are cognitively implemented. Using a comparative approach, we will map the commonalities and differences across domains and offer a roadmap to understand the neurobiological implementation of fractal cognition.","PeriodicalId":7360,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurobiology","volume":"36 ","pages":"935-951"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140100775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fractal Dimension Studies of the Brain Shape in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. 衰老和神经退行性疾病中大脑形状的分形维度研究。

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_17

Jennilee M Davidson, Luduan Zhang, Guang H Yue, Antonio Di Ieva

{"title":"Fractal Dimension Studies of the Brain Shape in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases.","authors":"Jennilee M Davidson, Luduan Zhang, Guang H Yue, Antonio Di Ieva","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_17","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_17","url":null,"abstract":"The fractal dimension is a morphometric measure that has been used to investigate the changes of brain shape complexity in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. This chapter reviews fractal dimension studies in aging and neurodegenerative disorders in the literature. Research has shown that the fractal dimension of the left cerebral hemisphere increases until adolescence and then decreases with aging, while the fractal dimension of the right hemisphere continues to increase until adulthood. Studies in neurodegenerative diseases demonstrated a decline in the fractal dimension of the gray matter and white matter in Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and spinocerebellar ataxia. In multiple sclerosis, the white matter fractal dimension decreases, but conversely, the fractal dimension of the gray matter increases at specific stages of disease. There is also a decline in the gray matter fractal dimension in frontotemporal dementia and multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type and in the white matter fractal dimension in epilepsy and stroke. Region-specific changes in fractal dimension have also been found in Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease. Associations were found between the fractal dimension and clinical scores, showing the potential of the fractal dimension as a marker to monitor brain shape changes in normal or pathological processes and predict cognitive or motor function.","PeriodicalId":7360,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurobiology","volume":"36 ","pages":"329-363"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140100786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fractal Fluency: Processing of Fractal Stimuli Across Sight, Sound, and Touch. 分形流畅性：处理视觉、听觉和触觉的分形刺激。

Advances in neurobiology Pub Date : 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_45

Richard P Taylor, Catherine Viengkham, Julian H Smith, Conor Rowland, Saba Moslehi, Sabrina Stadlober, Anastasija Lesjak, Martin Lesjak, Branka Spehar

{"title":"Fractal Fluency: Processing of Fractal Stimuli Across Sight, Sound, and Touch.","authors":"Richard P Taylor, Catherine Viengkham, Julian H Smith, Conor Rowland, Saba Moslehi, Sabrina Stadlober, Anastasija Lesjak, Martin Lesjak, Branka Spehar","doi":"10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_45","DOIUrl":"10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_45","url":null,"abstract":"People are continually exposed to the rich complexity generated by the repetition of fractal patterns at different size scales. Fractals are prevalent in natural scenery and also in patterns generated by artists and mathematicians. In this chapter, we will investigate the powerful significance of fractals for the human senses. In particular, we propose that fractals with mid-range complexity play a unique role in our visual experiences because the visual system has adapted to these prevalent natural patterns. This adaptation is evident at multiple stages of the visual system, ranging from data acquisition by the eye to processing of this data in the higher visual areas of the brain. Based on these results, we will discuss a fluency model in which the visual system processes mid-complexity fractals with relative ease. This fluency optimizes the observer's capabilities (such as enhanced attention and pattern recognition) and generates an aesthetic experience accompanied by a reduction in the observer's physiological stress levels. In addition to reviewing people's responses to viewing fractals, we will compare these responses to recent research focused on fractal sounds and fractal surface textures. We will extend our fractal fluency model to allow for stimuli across multiple senses.","PeriodicalId":7360,"journal":{"name":"Advances in neurobiology","volume":"36 ","pages":"907-934"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140100788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0