ISME communications最新文献

{"title":"Unraveling the influence of microbial necromass on subsurface microbiomes: metabolite utilization and community dynamics.","authors":"Brianna K Finley, Brandon C Enalls, Markus de Raad, Mariam Al Said, Mingfei Chen, Dominique C Joyner, Terry C Hazen, Trent R Northen, Romy Chakraborty","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf006","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The role of microbial necromass (nonliving microbial biomass), a significant component of belowground organic carbon, in nutrient cycling and its impact on the dynamics of microbial communities in subsurface systems remains poorly understood. It is currently unclear whether necromass metabolites from various microbes are different, whether certain groups of metabolites are preferentially utilized over others, or whether different microbial species respond to various necromass metabolites. In this study, we aimed to fill these knowledge gaps by designing enrichments with necromass as the sole nutrient source for subsurface microbial communities. We used the soluble fraction of necromass from bacterial isolates belonging to <i>Arthrobacter</i>, <i>Agrobacterium</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas</i> genera, and our results indicate that metabolite composition of necromass varied slightly across different strains but generally included amino acids, organic acids, and nucleic acid constituents. <i>Arthrobacter</i>-derived necromass appeared more recalcitrant. Necromass metabolites enriched diverse microbial genera, particularly <i>Massilia</i> sp. responded quickly regardless of the necromass source. Despite differences in necromass utilization, microbial community composition converged rapidly over time across the three different necromass amendments. Uracil, xanthine, valine, and phosphate-containing isomers were generally depleted over time, indicating microbial assimilation for maintenance and growth. However, numerous easily assimilable metabolites were not significantly depleted, suggesting efficient necromass recycling and the potential for necromass stabilization in systems. This study highlights the dynamic interactions between microbial necromass metabolites and subsurface microbial communities, revealing both selective utilization and rapid community and necromass convergence regardless of the necromass source.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf006"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11843093/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143484789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbial community dynamics in the soil-root continuum are linked with plant species turnover during secondary succession.","authors":"Weiming Yan, Mengting Maggie Yuan, Shi Wang, Patrick O Sorensen, Tao Wen, Yuting Xu, Honglei Wang, Shuo Jiao, Ji Chen, Zhouping Shangguan, Lei Deng, Ziyan Li, Yangquanwei Zhong","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf012","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Grazing exclusion and land abandonment are commonly adopted to restore degraded ecosystems in semiarid and arid regions worldwide. However, the temporal variation in the soil- versus root-associated microbiome over plant species turnover during secondary succession has rarely been quantified. Using the chronosequence restored from fenced grassland and abandoned farmlands on the Loess Plateau of China, we characterized the dynamics of the soil- and root-associated microbiome of host plant with different dominance statuses during secondary succession from 0 to 40 years. Our results revealed that the root microhabitat, the host plant and their interactions were the main contributors to the bacterial community shift (R² = 15.5%, 8.1%, and 22.3%, respectively), and plant interspecies replacement had a greater effect on the shift in the root-associated microbial community than intraspecies replacement did during succession. The root-associated bacterial community of pioneer plants was particularly responsive to succession, especially the endosphere community. Endosphere microbial diversity was positively correlated with host plant coverage change, and the diversity and abundance of taxon recruitment into the endosphere of pioneer plants from the surrounding environment decreased as succession progressed. The community assembly processes also indicated that the endosphere microbiota are strongly selected in younger host plants, whereas stochastic processes dominate in aged host plants. Our study provides evidence of the unique response of the root-associated microbiome to the replacement of plant species during secondary succession, and the function of endosphere microbes should be considered when studying plant-microbe feedback.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf012"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11932647/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143702470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motility genes are associated with the occurrence of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>-associated gut microbes.","authors":"Rishi Bhandari, Caleb J Robbins, Arinder K Arora, John M Chaston, David S Kang","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf013","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent work highlighted the role of motility genes in dispersing fly-associated microbes and their spread between hosts. We investigated whether bacterial genes encoding motility are associated with the occurrence of bacteria above passive dispersal levels in the gut of wild <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. We revisited 16S amplicon and shotgun metagenome data of wild flies and correlated four genera of bacteria (<i>Commensalibacter</i>, <i>Gluconobacter</i>, <i>Lactobacillus</i>, and <i>Tatumella</i>) with motility genes. We plotted the microbes against neutral models of ecological drift and passive dispersal. Microbes with positive correlations to motility were exclusively found at or above neutral model predictions, suggesting motility genes are crucial for fly microbiota spread and colonization. This information is crucial for understanding how specific gene functions contribute to microbial community dispersal and colonization within the fly host. Moreover, this study's findings serve as a proof of concept for using the neutral model to predict microbial functions essential for survival and dissemination in diverse hosts.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf013"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11831033/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143451168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asymmetric metabolic adaptations undermine stability in microbial syntrophy.","authors":"Nan Ye, Zhi-Chun Yang, Zhuang-Dong Bai","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf011","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Syntrophic interaction, driven by metabolite exchange, is widespread within microbial communities. However, co-inoculation of most auxotrophic microorganisms often fails to establish a stable metabolite exchange relationship. Here, we engineered two auxotrophic <i>Escherichia coli</i> strains, each dependent on the other for essential amino acid production, to investigate the dynamics of syntrophic relationships. Through invasion-from-rare experiments, we observed the rapid formation of syntrophic consortia stabilized by frequency-dependent selection, converging to a 2:1 ratio of lysine-to-arginine auxotrophs. However, laboratory evolution over 25 days revealed that syntrophic interactions were evolutionarily unstable, with cocultures collapsing as ΔL cells dominated the population. Reduced fitness in cocultures was driven by the emergence of a \"selfish\" ΔL phenotype, characterized by decreased arginine production and exploitation of lysine produced by ΔA cells. Dynamic metabolic assays revealed that metabolite production and utilization patterns strongly influenced the fitness of each strain. ΔL cells displayed metabolic plasticity, adjusting lysine utilization in response to lysine availability, which enabled them to outcompete ΔA cells. In contrast, ΔA cells lacked similar plasticity, resulting in their negative selection. These findings demonstrate that asymmetric metabolic responses and the emergence of selfish phenotypes destabilize syntrophic relationships. Our work underscores the importance of balanced metabolic exchanges for developing sustainable synthetic microbial consortia and offers insights into the evolutionary dynamics of microbial cooperation.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf011"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11815887/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High ectomycorrhizal relative abundance during winter at the treeline.","authors":"Luis A Saona, Christian I Oporto, Pablo Villarreal, Kamila Urbina, Cristian Correa, Julian F Quintero-Galvis, Paulo Moreno-Meynard, Frida I Piper, Juliana A Vianna, Roberto F Nespolo, Francisco A Cubillos","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf010","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The rhizosphere is the soil region around plant roots hosting a diverse microbial community, influencing nutrient availability and how plants react to extreme conditions. However, our understanding of the fungi biodiversity and the impact of environmental variations on this biodiversity is still in its infancy. Our study investigates fungal communities' diversity and functional traits in the rhizosphere of <i>Nothofagus pumilio,</i> one of the few winters deciduous treeline species in the world, forming the treeline in southern South America. At four distinct locations covering 10° latitude, we collected soil samples at treeline and 200 m below over four seasons during a single year. We employed ITS metabarcoding to elucidate fungal community structures. Our results reveal that fungal diversity was mainly determined by latitudinal variation, with higher levels during warmer seasons and lower altitudes. Interestingly, we found a marked dominance of ectomycorrhizal fungi at the treeline, particularly during the winter. In contrast, saprotrophic fungi were more abundant at lower altitudes, particularly during the warmer spring and summer seasons. These findings highlight the temporal and spatial dynamics of rhizospheric fungal communities and their potential roles in ecological processes, emphasizing the value of these communities as indicators of environmental change in high-elevation forests.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf010"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11815889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143412023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metagenomic analyses of gut microbiome composition and function with age in a wild bird; little change, except increased transposase gene abundance.","authors":"Chuen Zhang Lee, Sarah F Worsley, Charli S Davies, Ece Silan, Terry Burke, Jan Komdeur, Falk Hildebrand, Hannah L Dugdale, David S Richardson","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf008","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Studies on wild animals, mostly undertaken using 16S metabarcoding, have yielded ambiguous evidence regarding changes in the gut microbiome (GM) with age and senescence. Furthermore, variation in GM function has rarely been studied in such wild populations, despite GM metabolic characteristics potentially being associated with host senescent declines. Here, we used 7 years of repeated sampling of individuals and shotgun metagenomic sequencing to investigate taxonomic and functional changes in the GM of Seychelles warblers (<i>Acrocephalus sechellensis</i>) with age. Our results suggest that taxonomic GM species richness declines with age and in the terminal year, with this terminal decline occurring consistently across all ages. Taxonomic and functional GM composition also shifted with host age. However, the changes we identified occurred linearly with age (or even mainly during early years prior to the onset of senescence in this species) with little evidence of accelerated change in later life or during their terminal year. Therefore, the results suggest that changes in the GM with age are not linked to senescence. Interestingly, we found a significant increase in the abundance of a group of transposase genes with age, which may accumulate passively or due to increased transposition induced as a result of stressors that arise with age. These findings reveal taxonomic and functional GM changes with age, but not senescence, in a wild vertebrate and provide a blueprint for future wild functional GM studies linked to age and senescence.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf008"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11833318/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143451167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shotgun metagenomics reveals the flexibility and diversity of Arctic marine microbiomes.","authors":"Nastasia J Freyria, Thais C de Oliveira, Arnaud Meng, Eric Pelletier, Connie Lovejoy","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf007","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polar oceanographic regions are exposed to rapid changes in temperature, salinity, and light fields that determine microbial species distributions, but resilience to an increasingly unstable climate is unknown. To unravel microbial genomic potential of the Northern Baffin Bay's polynya, we constructed eight metagenomes from the same latitude but targeting two sides of <i>Pikialasorsuaq</i> (The North Water) that differ by current systems, stratification, and temperature regimes. Samples from the surface and subsurface chlorophyll maximum (SCM) of both sides were collected 13 months apart. Details of metabolic pathways were determined for 18 bacteria and 10 microbial eukaryote metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). The microbial eukaryotic MAGs were associated with the dominant green algae in the Mamiellales and diatoms in the Mediophyceae, which tended to respectively dominate the eastern and western sides of <i>Pikialasorsuaq</i>. We show that microbial community taxonomic and functional signatures were ca. 80% similar at the latitude sampled with only 20% of genes associated with local conditions. From the metagenomes we found genes involved in osmotic regulation, antifreeze proteins, and photosystem protection, with hydrocarbon biodegradation and methane oxidation potential detected. The shared genomic compliment was consistent with adaptation to the Arctic's extreme fluctuating conditions, with implications for their evolutionary history and the long-term survival of a pan-arctic microbiome. In particular, previously unrecognized genetic capabilities for methane bio-attenuation and hydrocarbon metabolism in eukaryotic phytoplankton suggest adaptation to dark conditions that will remain, despite climate warming, in the high latitude offshore waters of a future Arctic.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf007"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11847657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143494865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symbiotic T6SS affects horizontal transmission of <i>Paraburkholderia bonniea</i> among <i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i> amoeba hosts.","authors":"Anna Chen, Rachel M Covitz, Abigail A Folsom, Xiangxi Mu, Ronald F Peck, Suegene Noh","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf005","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three species of <i>Paraburkholderia</i> are able to form facultative symbiotic relationships with the amoeba, <i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i>. These symbiotic <i>Paraburkholderia</i> share a type VI secretion system (T6SS) that is absent in other close relatives. We tested the phenotypic and transcriptional effect of <i>tssH</i> ATPase gene disruption in <i>P. bonniea</i> on its symbiosis with <i>D. discoideum</i>. We hypothesized that the ∆<i>tssH</i> mutant would have a significantly reduced ability to affect host fitness or transmit itself from host to host. We found that the T6SS does not directly affect host fitness. Instead, wildtype <i>P. bonniea</i> had significantly higher rates of horizontal transmission compared to ∆<i>tssH</i>. In addition, we observed significant differences in the range of infection prevalence achieved by wildtype vs. ∆<i>tssH</i> symbionts over multiple host social stages in the absence of opportunities for environmental symbiont acquisition. Successful symbiont transmission significantly contributes to sustained symbiotic association. Therefore, the shared T6SS appears necessary for a long-term evolutionary relationship between <i>D. discoideum</i> and its <i>Paraburkholderia</i> symbionts. The lack of difference in host fitness outcomes was confirmed by indistinguishable host gene expression patterns between hosts infected by wildtype or ∆<i>tssH P. bonniea</i> in an RNA-seq time series. These data also provided insight into how <i>Paraburkholderia</i> symbionts may evade phagocytosis by its amoeba host. Most significantly, cellular oxidant detoxification and lysosomal hydrolase delivery appear to be subject to the push and pull of host-symbiont crosstalk.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf005"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11882306/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143569188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Time of first contact determines cooperator success in a three-member microbial consortium.","authors":"Rachel Los, Tobias Fecker, P A M van Touw, Rinke J van Tatenhove-Pel, Timon Idema","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf004","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Microbial communities are characterized by complex interaction, including cooperation and cheating, which have significant ecological and applied implications. However, the factors determining the success of cooperators in the presence of cheaters remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the dynamics of cooperative interactions in a consortium consisting of a cross-feeding pair and a cheater strain using individual-based simulations and an engineered <i>L. cremoris</i> toy consortium. Our simulations reveal first contact time between cooperators as a critical predictor for cooperator success. By manipulating the relative distances between cooperators and cheaters or the background growth rates, influenced by the cost of cooperation, we can modulate this first contact time and influence cooperator success. Our study underscores the importance of cooperators coming into contact with each other on time, which provides a simple and generalizable framework for understanding and designing cooperative interactions in microbial communities. These findings contribute to our understanding of cross-feeding dynamics and offer practical insights for synthetic and biotechnological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf004"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11879117/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143558435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decrypting the phylogeny and metabolism of microbial dark matter in green and red Antarctic snow.","authors":"Ze Ren, Wei Luo, Huirong Li, Haitao Ding, Yunlin Zhang","doi":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf003","DOIUrl":"10.1093/ismeco/ycaf003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antarctic snow harbors diverse microorganisms, including pigmented algae and bacteria, which create colored snow patches and influence global climate and biogeochemical cycles. However, the genomic diversity and metabolic potential of colored snow remain poorly understood. We conducted a genome-resolved study of microbiomes in colored snow from 13 patches (7 green and 6 red) on the Fildes Peninsula, Antarctica. Using metagenome assembly and binning, we reconstructed 223 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), with 91% representing previously unexplored microbes. Green snow (GS) and red snow (RS) showed distinct MAGs profile, with <i>Polaromonas</i> and <i>Ferruginibacter</i> as the most abundant genera, respectively. GS exhibited higher alpha diversity with more unique and enriched MAGs, while RS showed greater variability with higher beta diversity. All MAGs contained genes encoding auxiliary activities (AAs), carbohydrate esterases (CEs), glycoside hydrolases (GHs), and glycosyl transferases (GTs), indicating microbial degradation of complex carbon substrates. The most abundant enzymes included GT2 (cellulose synthase), GT4 (sucrose synthase), CE1 (acetyl xylan esterase), GT41 (peptide beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase), and CE10 (arylesterase). GS had a higher abundance of GTs, whereas RS was enriched in GHs. Furthermore, 56% of MAGs contained genes for inorganic nitrogen cycling, with 18 gene families involved in assimilatory nitrate reduction, dissimilatory nitrate reduction, and denitrification. Potential coupling of nitrogen cycling and carbohydrate metabolism was observed at both genome and community levels, suggesting close links between these pathways, particularly through nitrate reduction during carbohydrate degradation. This study enhances our understanding of microbial metabolic functions in polar ecosystems and highlights their roles in maintaining Antarctic ecological stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":73516,"journal":{"name":"ISME communications","volume":"5 1","pages":"ycaf003"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11765414/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143049174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}